血浆同型半胱氨酸和胱抑素C与糖尿病周围神经病变的相关性研究

目的 探讨同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）和胱抑素C（Cys-C）与糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）的相关性. 方法 选取2009年1月至2013年10月于我院就诊的T2DM患者248例,根据2010年版《中国2型糖尿病防治指南》诊断标准将对象分为亚临床糖尿病神经病变组（SDPN组）80例、糖尿病神经病变组（DPN组）52例和单纯T2DM组（T2DM组）116例.检测各组Hcy、Cys-C、FPG、HbA1 c、TG及TC等水平. 结果 3组年龄、性别比、BMI、FPG、TG、TC、HDL-C和LDL-C、SBP、DBP及血清肌酐（Scr）比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.与T2DM组比较,SDPN组和DPN组病程、Hcy和Cys-C升高（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,且DPN组Hcy高于SDPN组（P＜0.05）.SDPN组和DPN组正中神经运动神经传导速度（MCV）和感觉神经传导速度（SCV）、腓总神经MCV和SCV较T2DM组降低（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;DPN组正中神经MCV和SCV、腓总神经MCV和SCV较SDPN组低（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）.SDPN组和DPN组正中神经F波潜伏期和腓总神经H反射潜伏期较T2DM组升高（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）;DPN组正中神经F波潜伏期,腓总神经H反射潜伏期较SDPN组高（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）.Logistic回归分析显示,Hcy、Cys-C、病程、SBP和HbA1c是DPN的独立影响因素. 结论 SDPN和DPN患者神经反射潜伏期延长,MCV和SCV减慢,且血浆Hcy与肌电图各参数相关,提示血浆Hcy与神经传导异常相关,说明血浆Hey可作为DPN的预测因子与危险因素.这两类患者Cys-C浓度升高,且与Hcy水平相关,提示Cys-C可能与Hcy共同作用,加重DPN.     

前列腺素E2与糖尿病周围神经病变的相关性研究

目的 探讨前列腺素E2(PGE2)与糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）的相关性。方法 选取2018年11月至2019年9月于我院内分泌科住院的T2DM患者60例,分为单纯T2DM组（T2DM组）和合并DPN组（DPN组）,每组各30例。同期选取体检健康者30名为正常对照（NC）组。比较各组生化指标及PGE2浓度。结果 NC、T2DM、DPN组PGE2水平依次升高[（1455.55±245.99）vs(1601.21±227.91)vs(1752.07±244.65)pg/ml,(P<0.05或P<0.01)]。Pearson相关分析显示,PGE2与FPG呈正相关（P<0.05）,与正中神经及腓总神经感觉神经传导速度、运动神经传导速度呈负相关（P<0.05）。Logistic回归分析结果显示,DM病程、2 h PG、HbA1c、PGE2水平是DPN的危险因素。结论 PGE2与DPN密切相关,是DPN的影响因素。     

腓肠神经超声检查在糖尿病周围神经病变患者中的应用价值

目的探讨腓肠神经超声检查在糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)患者中的应用价值。方法 82例DPN患者(DPN组)、82例2型糖尿病(T2DM)非DPN患者(非DPN组)及82例健康志愿者(对照组)进行腓肠神经超声学检查,观察腓肠神经形态学改变,并采用肌电图诊断仪测量腓肠神经传导速度。结果糖尿病(DM)患者腓肠神经超声下多表现神经外膜模糊、筛网状结构不清、神经束回声减低、与邻近组织分界不清,DPN组上述超声表现比例均高于非DPN组(P>0.05)。DM患者超声下腓肠神经横径、厚径及截面积均高于对照组,腓肠神经传导速度低于对照组;DPN组超声下腓肠神经横径、厚径及截面积均高于非DPN组,腓肠神经传导速度低于非DPN组(P>0.05)。结论高频超声能清晰显示DDPN患者腓肠神经形态学改变,表现为腓肠神经增粗、肿胀。DM患者在发展成DPN之前周围神经已经出现了异常。     

神经调节素1、甲基乙二醛、高迁移率族蛋白B1联合检测在糖尿病周围神经病变中诊断价值的研究

目的 探讨神经调节素1(NRG1)、甲基乙二醛（MG）、高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB-1)联合检测在糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）中的诊断价值。方法 选取2019年1月至2020年12月于苏州大学附属第一医院内分泌科住院治疗的T2DM患者240例，分为单纯T2DM组（n=108）及合并DPN组（DPN,n=132），比较两组一般资料及生化指标。结果 DPN组血清NRG1、MG及HMGB1高于T2DM组（P<0.05）。Spearman相关分析显示，多伦多临床神经病变评分与血清NRG1、MG及HMGB1呈正相关（P<0.05）。Logistic回归分析显示，NRG1、MG及HMGB1是DPN的危险因素。受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析显示，NRG1、MG及HMGB1联合检测DPN的敏感度、特异度和ROC曲线下面积均高于单独检测（P<0.05）。结论 血清NRG1、MG及HMGB1与DPN严重程度相关，联合检测对DPN的诊断价值优于单独检测。     

糖尿病周围神经病变神经损害特点及相关因素分析

目的 探讨糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）的神经损害特点及相关危险因素. 方法 根据神经传导速度（NCV）将T2DM患者分为DPN组和无DPN（NDPN）组,分析各组糖尿病病程、BP、FPG、HbA1c、BMI、血脂,以及体感诱发电位等. 结果 年龄、病程是DPN发生的危险因素（OR=1-096、1.121,P＜0.05）.SBP、FPG、TG、TC与DPN呈正相关,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.HDL-C为DPN的保护因素（OR=2.013,P＜0.05）.粗有髓鞘神经纤维及细有髓鞘神经纤维病变组HDL-C水平下降（P＜0.05）,且下肢细有髓神经纤维是DPN的好发部位. 结论 糖尿病患者增龄、病程长是DPN的危险因素,HDL-C降低与DPN发生发展密切相关.     

C肽变化与糖尿病周围神经病变的关系

目的探讨C肽变化与糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）的关系。方法检测120例2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者的空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、空腹C肽（FC—P）、餐后2hC肽（2hC—P）、尿微量白蛋白及神经传导速度（NCN）。根据患者有无DPN分为DPN组及非DPN组,按病程分为〈5a组、5-10a组、〉10a组,比较各组C肽水平。结果DPN组2hC—P明显低于非DPN组,且不同病程组两两比较均有统计学差异（P均〈0．05）。与正常者比较,DPN组运动、感觉纤维异常者的NCV及2hC—P均明显降低（P〈0．05或〈0．01）。结论2hC—P水平与T2DM患者的DPN密切相关。     

神经传导速度在糖尿病无症状性周围神经病中的应用价值

目的：探讨神经传导速度（NCV）在糖尿病（DM）无症状性周围神经病变患者中的应用价值。方法：选择DM伴周围神经病变患者（有症状组）25例及无周围神经病变症状患者（无症状组）30例,分别测定双侧正中神经、尺神经、胫神经及腓总神经运动传导速度（MCV）和双侧正中神经、尺神经、胫神经及腓浅神经感觉传导速度（SCV）,并对30例无神经系统症状的患者用空腹血测糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）,3个月后复查神经传导速度和HbAlc。结果：NCV能及早发现有周围神经损害亚临床糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）患者,NCV的异常率与血糖升高关系密切,动态观察NCV对了解疾病预后很重要。     

2型糖尿病周围神经病变患者血清脑源性神经营养因子水平的变化及临床意义

目的 探讨脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）与T2DM及糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）的相关性及临床意义. 方法 选取T2DM患者102例,根据DPN诊断标准分为DPN组60例和单纯T2DM组42例.另选取健康体检者97名作为正常对照（NC）组,对各组BDNF表达水平变化的相关因素进行Pearson相关分析及多因素线性回归分析. 结果 （1）与单纯T2DM组和NC组比较,DPN组BMI、FPG、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）升高（P＜0.05或P＜0.01）,BDNF表达水平降低（P＜0.01）.（2）T2DM患者中,女性BDNF表达水平高于男性（P＜0.05）.（3）多因素线性回归分析显示,糖尿病病程、感觉阈值与BDNF表达水平相关.Pearson相关性分析显示,血清BDNF表达水平与HOMA-IR呈负相关性（P＜0.05）. 结论 T2DM患者外周血BDNF表达水平下降,BDNF表达水平与感觉阈值、病程及HOMA-IR负相关.     

脂蛋白(a)、淀粉样蛋白A及胱抑素C水平在糖尿病合并高血压患者并发糖尿病周围神经病变中的临床意义

目的 探讨脂蛋白(a)、淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)及胱抑素C水平在糖尿病合并高血压患者并发糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)中的临床意义。方法入选2014年1月-2018年1月内分泌科就诊的200例2型糖尿病合并高血压(T2DM+EH)患者,根据是否合并DPN分为T2DM+EH组120例,DPN+EH组80例;同期收治单纯2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者100例为T2DM组。比较3组对象的基本资料、血清脂蛋白(a)、SAA及胱抑素C水平,并进行Spearman相关和多元Logistic回归分析。结果DPN+EH组与T2DM+EH组的糖尿病病程、体质量指数(BMI)、血压、总胆固醇、三酰甘油、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血肌酐高于T2DM组(均P0.05);DPN+EH组与T2DM+EH组相比,病程、收缩压、平均动脉压(MAP)、空腹血糖、2hPG、HbA1c、血肌酐更高(均P0.05)。DPN+EH组与T2DM+EH组运动神经传导速度(MCV:正中神经、腓总神经)、感觉神经传导速度(SCV:正中神经、腓肠神经)低于T2DM组(均P0.05);DPN+EH组MCV(正中神经、腓总神经)、SCV(正中神经、腓肠神经)又低于T2DM+EH组(均P0.05)。DPN+EH组与T2DM+EH组的血清脂蛋白(a)、SAA、胱抑素C水平高于T2DM组(均P0.05);DPN+EH组血清脂蛋白(a)、SAA、胱抑素C水平又高于T2DM+EH组(均P0.05)。Pearson相关性分析显示,病程、MAP、HbA1c、脂蛋白(a)、SAA及胱抑素C与DPN+EH患者腓总神经MCV、腓肠神经SCV呈负相关(均P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,病程、HbA1c、MAP、脂蛋白(a)、SAA及胱抑素C是DPN+EH发病的影响因素。结论脂蛋白(a)、SAA及胱抑素C是糖尿病合并高血压患者发生DPN的影响因素。     

糖尿病周围神经病变患者血清脑源性神经营养因子与高迁移率族蛋白B1水平相关性的研究

目的 探讨糖尿病周围神经病变（DPN）患者血清脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）与高迁移率族蛋白B1（HMGB1）水平的相关性. 方法 将T2DM患者60例分为T2DM组和DPN组,每组各30例,另选取健康体检者30名作为对照（NC）组.ELISA检测血清BDNF及HMGB1含量,RT-PCR法检测其mRNA在外周血单个核细胞中的相对表达水平,分析DPN患者中BDNF与HMGB1相关性. 结果 DPN组和T2DM组血清BDNF含量及rnRNA表达水平均低于NC组（P＜0.05）,而HMGB1含量及mRNA表达水平高于NC组（P＜0.05）.DPN组血清BDNF含量及mRNA表达水平低于T2DM组,血清HMGB1含量及mRNA表达水平高于T2DM组（P＜0.05）.DPN组血清BDNF与HMGB1水平负相关（r=-0.425,P＜0.05）. 结论 DPN患者血清BDNF与HMGB1相关,二者可能共同参与了DPN的发病.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.