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1.
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) serves as an animal model for certain neuroinflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, in particular multiple sclerosis (MS). EAE is accompanied by transient weakness or paralysis of hind limbs. We have investigated the effect of partial and transient conduction failure in the central nervous system on skeletal muscle function. At approximately 2.5 days after development of maximal clinical signs, body and medial gastrocnemius muscle mass were lower (by approximately 21 and 33%, respectively; P < 0.05) in EAE rats compared with controls. Fiber cross-sectional area was lower by 40-50% in all fiber types. Maximal force and power were substantially lower (by 58% and 73%) in EAE rats, as was the force normalized for muscle mass (35%). However, no such weakness was found when lower stimulation frequencies were used. Generation of similar submaximal forces was attributable to a slower relaxation in EAE muscles. This advantage for the EAE muscles was lost during repeated exercise. While fatigability was similar, the difference in relaxation rate between EAE and control disappeared in fatigue. Our data suggest that, as a result of central neuroinflammatory diseases, maximal performance of skeletal muscle is impaired but submaximal performance is relatively well maintained.  相似文献   

2.
Triptolide (TPT), a diterpenoid triepoxide, is the major component isolated from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. Previous studies have shown that TPT has immunosuppressive properties and is effective in prolonging graft survival and suppressing autoimmune responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of TPT in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Treatment of C57BL/6 mice with TPT from the date of EAE induction significantly delayed EAE onset and suppressed disease severity, accompanied with reduced inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system. TPT treatment lead to a significant inhibition of the mRNA expression of both Th1/Th(IL-17) and Th2 cytokines in spleen mononuclear cells (MNC) as well as in spinal cord tissues. In addition, the expression of Forkhead box p3 (Foxp3) was up-regulated in spleen MNC after TPT treatment. Furthermore, we detected apparent inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB)-DNA binding activity, increased expression of the inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa Balpha (IkappaBalpha) and decreased expression of pIkappaBalpha in spleen MNC in TPT-treated EAE mice. Taken together, these findings indicate that TPT has profound immunoregulatory functions and potential protective values for the treatment of autoimmune inflammatory disorders.  相似文献   

3.
目的 观察外周和中枢一氧化氮 (NO)在大鼠实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎 (EAE)中的动态变化 ,探讨EAE大鼠发病的相关生物学机制。方法  采用免疫组化法和硝酸还原酶法 ,观察豚鼠全脊髓匀浆诱导的Wistar大鼠EAE的过程中 ,脊髓内表达iNOS胶质细胞与外周NO代谢物NO 2 和NO 3的变化。 结果  对照组脊髓内未发现表达iNOS阳性细胞 ,表达iNOS的CNS胶质细胞可能是小胶质细胞 ,而且它的变化与EAE大鼠的病情一致 ,评分 2分和 3分EAE大鼠脊髓表达iNOS的小胶质细胞比评分 1分大鼠明显增多 (P <0 .0 1) ,恢复期EAE大鼠表达iNOS的小胶质细胞明显减少 (P <0 .0 1)。EAE大鼠外周血清NO值随症状程度加重而升高 ,但在EAE恢复期时仍保持较高水平。未发病大鼠血清NO值明显增高 ,与对照组之间具有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 1)。 结论  小胶质细胞产生的NO可能在急性期EAE大鼠的发病中起重要作用  相似文献   

4.
5.
实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎的视神经病理改变   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
目的 研究实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)的视神经病理改变.方法 足垫皮下注射豚鼠脊髓匀浆和完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)混合物制作Wismr大鼠EAE模型,于发病后第6d将大鼠处死,取视神经、脑和脊髓,行HE和LFB染色,光镜和电镜下观察其病理改变.结果 病理检查发现EAE模型组大鼠脑、脊髓有不同程度的炎症反应和脱髓鞘改变;均有视神经病变,光镜主要表现为炎症反应和脱髓鞘,视神经髓鞘脱失重于炎症反应;电镜主要表现为髓鞘稀疏,少突胶质细胞数量减少、胞核固缩,其周围包裹的髓鞘板层松解,轴突髓鞘分离.结论 EAE大鼠存在明显的视神经病变,主要为视神经炎症反应和脱髓鞘改变.  相似文献   

6.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Activated coagulation factors are associated with inflammation and are elevated in the plasma of animals with EAE. Thrombin is a key coagulation factor and its major endogenous inhibitors are antithrombin III (ATIII) in the plasma and protease nexin 1 (PN-1) in the brain. We measured the capacity of brain homogenates to inhibit exogenous thrombin and the CNS levels of ATIII and PN-1 during the course of EAE. Acute EAE was induced in SJL/J mice by immunization with mouse spinal cord homogenates. On Days 8, 13, and 22 post-immunization, inhibition of exogenous thrombin activity was measured by a recently developed fluorimetric assay. PN-1 and ATIII were assayed both by immunohistochemistry and by immunoblots in the brain and spinal cord. Total brain thrombin inhibitory activity increased (32%) in EAE mice at the peak of clinical disease (Day 13, P=0.04 compared to controls). Brain ATIII also increased at the peak of disease (2.5-fold higher than controls, P=0.0001), and correlated significantly with clinical scores at all stages of disease (r=0.72, P=0.0068). In contrast, PN-1 elevations were more pronounced at the preclinical stage on Day 8 (3-fold higher than controls, P=0.01) than on Day 13 (1.4-fold higher, P=0.005). Increased brain thrombin inhibition at the clinical peak of EAE probably reflects increased influx of plasma thrombin inhibitors. Early PN-1 changes represent a potential target for thrombin modulating drugs in EAE and MS.  相似文献   

7.
目的研究实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎(EAE)大鼠发病后不同时期胸腺形态学变化。方法取发病后3天、5天及恢复期EAE大鼠胸腺,测量各组大鼠体重、胸腺重量,计算胸腺指数,并于光镜、电镜下观察胸腺细胞变化情况。结果光镜显示发病3天胸腺显著萎缩,皮质变薄,淋巴细胞数减少,细胞松散。凋亡细胞数增多,核染色质浓缩,核固缩;发病5天组较3天组细胞数量有所恢复,低于恢复期组。恢复期组细胞数明显增多,结构较为紧密。电镜显示3天组与5天组淋巴细胞较恢复期组减少,可见多数凋亡细胞。3天组、5天组胸腺重量与恢复期组相比有显著差异(P<0.05)。胸腺指数显示3天组胸腺指数较其他组明显下降(P<0.05),其余组两胸腺指数相比无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论发病的EAE大鼠胸腺呈现先萎缩、后恢复的过程,细胞减少以发病后3天最明显,可见多数凋亡细胞,恢复期细胞数量增多,结构较为紧密。表明胸腺随疾病的发生呈动态变化,具有可恢复性。  相似文献   

8.
Pregnant Lewis rats challenged with encephalitogen during the second or third week of gestation were afforded a high level of protection against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, whilst females sensitised during the first week of pregnancy enjoyed only limited protection from clinical signs of disease. When rechallenged with encephalitogen, females which had been sensitised during pregnancy were marginally more susceptible to reinduction of clinical signs of disease than their virgin counterparts. Mothers inoculated during the first week of gestation were the only group to produce abnormal young.  相似文献   

9.
The effect of ribavirin on development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was investigated. The disease was induced in genetically susceptible Dark Agouti rats with syngeneic spinal cord homogenate in complete Freund's adjuvant (SCH-CFA). Depending on the amount of mycobacteria in CFA, the animals developed either moderate or severe EAE. Ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) was applied i.p. at a daily dosage of 30 mg/kg in two treatment protocols: from the start of immunization (preventive treatment) or from the onset of the first EAE signs after the induction (therapeutic treatment). Signs of EAE began between 7 and 9 days after induction and peaked at days 11-13. In moderate EAE (mean maximal severity score 3.33 +/- 0.21), the recovery was completed by days 23-26, whereas, in severe EAE (mean maximal severity score 4.5 +/- 0.23), obvious recovery was not detected. Preventive ribavirin treatment significantly decreased clinical signs after both moderate (score 1.75 +/- 0.25, P < 0.05) and severe (score 3.62 +/- 0.31, P < 0.015) immunization. Also, disease manifestations were reduced by therapeutic treatment of ribavirin (mean maximal severity score 2.5 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.33 +/- 0.21 in controls, P < 0.005) but less so in comparison with preventive treatment. Analysis of the effects of ribavirin on histopathologic changes in the spinal cord tissue revealed a reduction of mononuclear cell infiltrates, composed of T cells and macrophages/microglia, and the absence of demyelination, which were pronounced in control EAE animals. Beneficial effects of preventive and therapeutic treatment with ribavirin on development of EAE suggest this nucleoside analogue as a useful candidate for therapy in multiple sclerosis.  相似文献   

10.
目的 探讨雌激素对实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎(EAE)大鼠的保护作用及其与黏附分子CD44的关系。方法 将40只大鼠随机分为4个组:正常对照组、EAE组、大小剂量雌激素治疗组,每组10只。观察大鼠发病情况及脑组织病理变化,并采用免疫组织化学法检测各组大鼠脑组织CD44的含量。结果 EAE组及大小剂量雌激素治疗组大鼠均有不同程度的发病,但大小剂量雌激素治疗组EAE临床症状均较EAE组轻。免疫组织化学显示,EAE组及大小剂量雌激素治疗组大鼠中枢神经系统(CNS)白质及灰白质交界处可见不同程度的CD44阳性细胞表达。图像分析结果显示,与EAE组比较,大小剂量雌激素治疗组CNS白质CD44表达水平均明显降低(P<0.01);与小剂量雌激素治疗组比较,大剂量雌激素治疗组CNS白质的CD44表达水平显著降低(P<0.01)。结论 多发性硬化动物模型EAE大鼠中存在黏附分子CD44的高表达,雌激素可能通过抑制黏附分子CD44的表达而发挥对EAE大鼠的保护作用。  相似文献   

11.
目的观察黄芩苷(BAC)对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)大鼠髓鞘的保护作用。方法将大鼠随机分为正常对照(NC)组、EAE组、地塞米松(DXM)组和BAC组。抗原免疫1周后分别予以DXM组和BAC组大鼠DXM和BAC治疗7d;观察免疫后14d各组动物发病情况、脊髓病理变化及髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)的表达。结果(1)EAE组、DXM组和BAC组大鼠于抗原免疫后8~10d发病,发病潜伏期分别为9.62d、11.0d、9.85d,DXM组较EAE组潜伏期显著延长(P<0.05),BAC组与EAE组间差异无统计学意义;各组发病率分别为75.0%、66.7%、80%,各组间差异无统计学意义。(2)病程中EAE组和DXM组质量较BAC组明显下降(均P<0.05);DXM组和BAC组神经功能评分明显优于EAE组(均P<0.05)。(3)与EAE组比较,DXM组脊髓病灶数明显减少(P<0.05),BAC组病灶数有所减少,但差异无统计学意义。(4)与EAE组比较,DXM组和BAC组脊髓MBP阳性数显著增多(均P<0.05)。结论BAC对缓解EAE大鼠的临床症状、减轻髓鞘脱失的作用与DXM相似,而没有质量降低的不良反应。  相似文献   

12.
The release of leukotriene C4 (LTC4), an important 5-lipoxygenase product of the arachidonic acid metabolism from polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) of guinea pigs with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model of MS, has been found to be significantly increased compared with healthy animals. Subsequently, the dual cyclo-oxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor BW755C was applied to 15 guinea pigs with EAE. Two control groups (15 each) were treated with the cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor indomethacin or physiological saline, respectively. In the BW755C treated group, no animal developed symptoms of the disease in contrast to, respectively, 5 and 3 animals in the 2 other groups. Histological examination of the CNS revealed a highly significantly lower inflammation score in the BW755C treated animals, and the release of LTC4 from PMNLs was highly significantly decreased in this group compared with each of the others. The findings suggest that the vascular permeability enhancing LTC4 plays a pathogenetic role in EAE and indicate that inhibition of this sulfidopeptide leukotriene suppresses the disease. Therefore, the application of leukotriene inhibitors could contribute to the future treatment of MS.  相似文献   

13.
14.
目的探讨1,25二羟基维生素D3[1,25(OH)2D3]对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)的免疫调节作用。方法建立Lewis大鼠主动免疫EAE实验动物模型,分别于致敏当天(预防组)及EAE症状出现当天给药(治疗组),并设立相应对照组。动态观察各组大鼠的临床评分,于致敏第13天处死,测定其引流淋巴结中细胞总数,单个核细胞(MNC)中CD 4CD 25T细胞含量、CD 86干细胞含量及MNC培养上清中干扰素(IFN)γ和白细胞介素(IL)4含量。结果预防组1,25(OH)2D3使EAE发病高峰延迟,治疗组显示1,25(OH)2D3能减轻EAE的病情,使高峰期评分[(3.3±0.6)分]比对照组[(4.0±0.3)分]降低(P<0.05);1,25(OH)2D3干预后EAE大鼠高峰期发现淋巴结中CD 4CD 25T细胞、引流淋巴结的细胞总数与对照组差异无统计学意义;而预防组CD 4CD 25/CD 4T细胞比值(15.1±3.3)高于其对照组(12.3±2.6,P<0.05);预防组、治疗组CD 86细胞明显降低(P<0.05)。1,25(OH)2D3干预后预防组及治疗组中淋巴结MNC培养上清中IFNγ无明显改变,而IL4显著增多(P<0.01)。结论应用1,25(OH)2D3治疗EAE大鼠,可通过改变共刺激分子表达、调节性T细胞比例以及不同细胞因子的分泌能力使EAE症状缓解。  相似文献   

15.
BACKGROUND:Previous studies have focused on the correlation between Nogo-A expression and multiple sclerosis or between Nogo-A receptor (NgR) expression and multiple sclerosis in the central nervous system. Expression patterns of Nogo-A and NgR remain poorly understood in rat models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).OBJECTIVE:To observe dynamic changes in Nogo-A and NgR protein expression, and to verify the correlation between Nogo-A and NgR protein, as well as expression patterns at various time points, in periventricular tissue of EAE rats.DESIGN, TIME AND SETrlNG:A neuroimmunological, randomized, controlled experiment was performed at the Clinical Institute of Hunan People's Hospital of China from September to November 2008.MATERIALS:Immunohistochemistry (streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase complex method) kit was purchased from Boster, China.METHODS:A total of 60 female, Wistar rats, aged 6-8 weeks, ware randomly assigned to EAE and control groups (n = 30, respectively). Guinea pig spinal cord homogenate, self-made complete Freund's adjuvant (0.2 mL/100 g), and pertussis vaccine (0.2 mL) were subcutaneously injected into the hindlimb foot pad of rats from the EAE group to create rat models of EAE. Complete Freund's adjuvant (0.2 mL) was infused into rats from the control group.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Nogo-A and NgR protein expression was determined in periventricular white matter using immunohistochemical methods. Neurological scores ware determined in all rats.RESULTS:Rats from the EAE group developed acute-onset EAE following immunization. The pathogenetic symptoms reached a peak on day 15, and neurological scores ware also greatest at this time point. Neurological scores decreased with recovery of the illness. Nogo-A was shown to be expressed in neuronal cells and oligodendrocytes, and expression increased 11 days after immunization (P < 0.01), decreased by day 13 (P < 0.01), and then increased again by day 15. Nogo-A expression remained greater in the EAE group compared with the control group at day 30 (P < 0.01). In the EAE group, NgR protein was primarily expressed on the surface of neuronal bodies and axons. NgR expression increased 13-18 days after immunization (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:Nogo-A and NgR protein expression altered with disease course in periventdcular white matter of EAE rats. Results suggested that Nogo-A and NgR were involved in EAE occurrence.  相似文献   

16.
Summary Mast cell populations were identified within brain parenchyma by their specific proteases, using antibodies for immunohistochemistry and ELISAs, and riboprobes were developed for in situ hybridisation. Connective tissue mast cells expressing rat mast cell protease I (RMCPI) mRNA and immunoreactivity were observed in thalamus and showed no degranulation at 3, 8 and 13 days after induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). Mucosal-like mast cells were clearly demonstrated in control rats by measuring RMCPII and by visualising cells expressing RMCPII mRNA and immunoreactivity. At day 13, but not 3 and 8 post immunisation, the number of RMCPII-expressing cells markedly increased in the EAE-induced group, mainly within brainstem and spinal cord close to inflammed blood vessels.The markers of histaminergic neurons were marginally affected 13 days after immunisation and the increase of [3H] histamine synthesis elicited by the H3-receptor antagonist, thioperamide, was not modified in any region of the brain.It is concluded that the cerebral RMCPII-expressing mast cells could play a role during EAE.  相似文献   

17.
This paper assesses reactive gliosis in the optic tracts and other regions of brain in Lewis rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Enhanced immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in brains from rats with EAE occurred primarily in the white-matter tracts and was not restricted to sites of inflammation. Immunocytochemical staining for other putative astrocytic antigens demonstrated glutathione-S-transferase (Yb isoenzyme) to be localized extensively in GFAP-positive cells and vimentin to be present both in inflammatory cells and in some GFAP-positive astroglial cells. Positive staining for carbonic anhydrase and glutamine synthetase was observed in oligodendrocytes. In the optic tracts glutamine synthetase, but not carbonic anhydrase, was also observed in some astrocytes.  相似文献   

18.
目的探讨雌激素对实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎(EAE)的影响。方法将30只大鼠随机分为EAE组及大、小剂量雌激素干预组,每组10只,制作EAE模型,大、小剂量雌激素干预组分别给予皮下注射苯甲酸雌二醇1 mg/kg/d、250μg/kg/d,连续10 d,观察各组的发病情况并采用HE染色观察脑和脊髓组织病理变化。结果大、小剂量雌激素干预组的临床症状均较EAE组轻,表现为发病率减少、潜伏期延长、进展期缩短、高峰期神经功能损害较轻。病理切片提示雌激素干预组脑和脊髓炎症细胞浸润明显减少,其中以大剂量组更明显。结论雌激素对多发性硬化动物模型EAE具有保护作用,且与剂量相关。  相似文献   

19.
The induction of local graft-versus-host reaction (GvH) prior to the encephalitogenic challenge resulted in the conversion of acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) to the chronic-like EAE. This inhibitory effect of GvH on EAE development was cyclophosphamide (CY) sensitive. Cell-free supernatants of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) isolated from guinea pigs with chronic-like EAE and during recovery from EAE showed suppressor activity on the in vitro proliferative response of myelin basic protein (MBP) sensitized PBL. The appearance of anaphylactic anti-MBP antibodies and a change in the ratio complement fixing: haemagglutinating (CF/HA) antibodies was also registered.  相似文献   

20.
Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) which includes a neurodegenerative component. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neuroprotective agent which might be useful in preventing neurodegeneration but its application has been limited because the blood brain barrier restricts its access to the CNS. We have developed a novel delivery system for BDNF using transformed bone marrow stem cells (BMSC) and undertook studies of EAE to determine whether the delivery of BDNF could reduce inflammation and apoptosis. Mice receiving BDNF producing BMSC had reduced clinical impairment compared to control mice receiving BMSC that did not produce BDNF. Pathological examination of brain and spinal cord showed a reduction in inflammatory infiltrating cells in treated compared to control mice. Apoptosis was reduced in brain and spinal cord based on TUNEL and cleaved Caspase-3 staining. Consistent with the known mechanism of action of BDNF on apoptosis, Bcl-2 and Akt were increased in treated mice. Further studies suggested that these increases could be mediated by inhibition of both caspase dependent and caspase independent pathways. These results suggest that the BDNF delivered by the transformed bone marrow stem cells reduced clinical severity, inflammation and apoptosis in this model.  相似文献   

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