赖氨酸锗对木瓜酶所致软骨损伤的保护作用

本文以７０～９０天人工流产的人胚软骨作样品，在Ｅａｇｔ ＭＥＭ培养液中培养，观察赖氨酸对活化木瓜酶所致软骨损伤的保护作用。通过透射电镜看到，赖氨酸锗对已活化木瓜酶所致软骨溶解、破坏有明显的防护作用。     

骨性关节炎软骨和软骨下骨之间信号通路

骨性关节炎(osteoarthritis,OA)的发生和发展离不开软骨和软骨下骨共同病变的过程。信号通路的异常在调控OA软骨下骨和软骨的病变中起重要作用。Wnt、转化生长因子β(transforming growth factorβ,TGFβ)/骨形态发生蛋白(bone morphogenetic protein,BMP)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)信号通路对骨和软骨正常生长发育和代谢有着重要的调控作用,维持了关节的健康和平衡。研究显示,在OA中,这些信号通路的改变不仅可使OA软骨下骨和软骨的细胞表型和分子功能失衡,细胞外基质的合成破坏,软骨下骨骨重塑,还可通过破坏组织细胞的代谢进一步改变骨和软骨的结构及应力承担能力。因此,本文围绕骨关节炎病变中Wnt、TGFβ/BMP、MAPK信号交流在OA中软骨下骨和软骨病变中的作用和机制进行综述,以期为OA和其他骨关节疾病的研究和治疗提供新的方法和思路。     

p38蛋白激酶抑制剂对大鼠膝骨关节炎的软骨保护作用

目的观察p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38 MAPK)抑制剂SB203580对大鼠膝骨关节炎(OA)的软骨保护作用。方法将40只大鼠随机均分为A、B、C、D组,均行单侧膝关节前交叉韧带切断。A、B组术后分别于关节腔注射0.1ml浓度为100、10μm/L的SB203580,每周1次,连续6周;C组注射等量生理盐水;D组不做任何处理。术后6周处死动物,比较各组软骨的大体变化、OA评分、软骨表面分级及Mankin炎性分级。结果A、B组软骨大体评分、软骨表面分级及Mankin炎性分级均轻于C、D组。结论关节腔注射p38 MAPK抑制剂能延缓软骨退变程度,具有软骨保护作用。     

过量氟与软骨代谢

氟中毒与软骨组织代谢有着密切的联系，过量氟对软骨有明显的损害作用，可造成钙、磷等无机元素代谢异带．导致软骨蛋白多糖合成与分解失调，干扰软骨基质胶原代谢及改变软骨组织酶的活性。     

中性粒细胞在肝缺血再灌注损伤中的作用及川芎嗪的保护效应

目的探讨肝缺血再灌注损伤时中性粒细胞（ＰＭＮ）的聚集及川芎嗪的保护作用．方法应用家兔肝缺血再灌注损伤模型，观察肝缺血再灌注损伤过程中ＰＭＮ的浸润、脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）、肝细胞形态学变化及川芎嗪的防护效应．结果随着肝缺血再灌注时间的延长，肝组织中ＰＭＮ浸润程度逐渐加重，肝细胞形态学异常变化越发显著，川芎嗪可明显减轻上述的异常变化．结论中性粒细胞聚集、粘附、活化是肝缺血再灌注损伤的重要原因，川芎嗪通过抑制ＰＭＮ聚集、粘附、活化而减轻肝缺血再灌注损伤．     

高功率和微波辐照致家兔视网膜损伤的防护研究

目的 以定量组织病理学的重要指标节细胞层和内核细胞层的厚度和细胞计数为指标,探讨三七总皂甙和480目铜丝网对高功率微波所致的视网膜损伤进行药物防护和物理防护的效果.方法 将青紫蓝兔分为假辐射对照组、辐射组、三七总皂甙防护组和480目铜丝屏蔽组.观察各实验组视网膜组织的病理形态变化.结果 三七总皂甙预处理能显著减轻高功率微波辐照所致的视网膜组织的病理形态学损伤;480目铜丝网屏蔽防护,能完全屏蔽该频率高功率微波辐射,使视网膜组织结构维持正常,表现出良好的屏蔽防护效果.结论 三七总皂甙和480目铜丝网对高功率微波致视网膜损伤具有药物和物理防护作用,为探讨可供实用的高功率微波眼损伤防护措施提供实验依据.     

维甲酸对胃上皮细胞非程序DNA合成的影响

维甲酸对胃上皮细胞非程序ＤＮＡ合成的影响刘卫房殿春梁后杰刘为纹为探讨维甲酸对化学诱癌剂所致胃粘膜上皮细胞损伤的防护作用，我们观察了不同浓度维甲酸对甲基硝基亚硝基胍（ＭＮＮＧ）诱导的胎胃粘膜上皮细胞非程序ＤＮＡ合成（ＵＤＳ）的影响。１．材料和方法：取水...     

低剂量T-2毒素对大鼠关节骺板软骨损伤的组织病理和超微结构观察

目的观察低剂量T-2毒素对机体的损伤作用，从而探讨粮食中T-2毒素的最大允许量，为将来制订粮食中T-2毒素含量卫生标准奠定理论基础。方法利用大鼠进行短期毒性实验和亚慢性毒性实验，通过透明软骨的组织病理改变来观察低剂量T-2毒素对软骨的损伤作用。结果T-2毒素组大鼠胫骨近端骺板软骨增殖层细胞柱排列紊乱．软骨细胞变形、数量明显增多，细胞的堆积造成骺板软骨向干骺端嵌入，亚慢性毒性试验高剂量T-2毒素组．在增殖层和过渡层之间还出现了大面积的软骨细胞坏死。超微结构可见，T-2毒素组软骨细胞固缩．细胞器空泡变性．数量减少。结论低剂量T-2毒素可致大鼠关节骺板软骨出现“骨软骨病”改变，而且T-2毒素与大鼠关节骺板软骨损伤之间存在剂量和时间效应。     

中西医治疗骨关节炎的研究进展

骨关节炎(OA)是进行性的关节软骨消失及关节边缘和软骨下骨质反应性改变,为发展缓慢的关节痛、僵硬、骨性肥大伴活动受限为特征的风湿性疾病.65岁以上人群50%以上关节具有放射学改变<'[1]>,其主要病理改变是软骨损害.本病的发病机制并非单一因素所致,年龄、激素代谢异常、肥胖、关节软骨基质的原发改变、软骨代谢异常、软骨代谢调控的改变、创伤、关节炎性病变、微量元素失衡等多种因素均可诱发关节软骨的变性.软骨细胞是关节软骨中唯一的细胞,它与由其分泌的细胞外基质共同组成具有独特力学和生物学特性的物质,即软骨.因此,软骨细胞在软骨形成、代谢以及修复中起着极其重要的作用.     

清毒汤对大鼠实验性肝损伤内毒素血症的治疗作用

目的：探讨清毒汤对大鼠肝损伤内毒素血症的作用机制。方法：建立硫代乙酰胺（TAA）所致大鼠肝损伤内毒素血症模型，以清毒汤进行干预，通过血液生化及病理检查，观察其对内毒素血症大鼠肝功能、肿瘤坏死因子、内毒素的影响。结果：清毒汤能明显降低肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）、内毒素的含量，减轻肝细胞坏死程度，与模型组比较差异有显著性意义（P〈0．05，P〈0.01）。结论：清毒汤能使内毒素含量、TNF-α水平降低是其对TAA所致大鼠肝损伤具有防护作用的机制之一。     

非诺贝特对大鼠心肌损伤保护作用的实验观察

目的探讨非诺贝特对异丙基肾上腺素所致大鼠急性心肌缺血性损伤的保护作用。方法应用异丙基肾上腺素复制大鼠急性心肌缺血性损伤的动物模型,Wister大鼠随机分为3组,正常对照组、模型组(Iso)、非诺贝特保护组(FF),观察非诺贝特对大鼠心肌的形态学,血清肌酸激酶和乳酸脱氢酶(CK,LDH)以及一氧化氮(NO)的影响。结果非诺贝特能对抗异丙基肾上腺素所致的大鼠急性心肌缺血性损伤,可使其病理损伤性改变减轻,抑制CK和LDH的释放,增加NO的产生。结论非诺贝特对异丙基肾上腺素所致大鼠急性心肌缺血性损伤具有保护作用。     

Binding of proteolytically-degraded human colonic mucin glycoproteins to the Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin of Entamoeba histolytica.

Rat and human colonic mucin glycoproteins bind to the Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin on the surface of Entamoeba histolytica in vitro, thus inhibiting the organism from adhering to and lysing the target cells. Human colonic mucin glycoproteins were isolated by Sepharose 4B gel filtration chromatography, they were proteolytically degraded with trypsin, pronase, and papain, and the glycoprotein fractions were reisolated by Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration chromatography. Binding of the mucin glycoprotein fractions to amoebae was quantitated by the inhibition of adherence of Chinese hamster ovary cells to the surface of the amoebae. Trypsin and papain digests caused 40 and 20% reductions, respectively, in the excluded fractions (void volume) that contained all the carbohydrates; pronase digests resulted in extensive degradation of the mucin glycoprotein with the carbohydrate fractions eluting over 40% of the gel bed volume. 3H-labelled mucin glycoprotein and sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the presence of the high molecular weight carbohydrate-rich glycoproteins with no subunits in the excluded fractions and the absence of sugars in the included peptides. Only the high molecular weight carbohydrate-containing fractions bind amoebae and inhibit amoebic adherence to Chinese hamster ovary cells. The trypsin digested mucins in the excluded volume were more efficient than the native undigested mucins in binding amoebae. The carbohydrate-containing fractions of the pronase digests were the least effective in binding amoebae and inhibiting adherence of Chinese hamster ovary cells. This suggests that proteolytically-degraded colonic mucins that are glycosylated, as well as the undegraded native mucin glycoproteins of the gut, may play a protective role in binding to amoebae, thus preventing contact of amoebae with mucosal epithelial cells and potential invasion.     

Extrinsic Cotton Effects in Hapten—Carrier and Hapten—Antibody Interactions

Two homogeneous univalent hapten-protein conjugates, prepared by the covalent attachment of a single 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP-) or 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP-) side chain to the cysteine-SH in the active site of the enzyme papain, have been found to exhibit large Cotton effects in the wavelength region of the absorption bands of the DNP or TNP groups. This indicates that the DNP or TNP groups are noncovalently bound to some asymmetric region(s) of the papain molecule. These homogeneous papain conjugates are antigens that can elicit anti-DNP or anti-TNP antibody production in mice or rabbits. It is suggested that the noncovalent binding of a hapten to the surface of its carrier protein may profoundly affect the characteristics of the anti-hapten antibodies that are elicited. It has also been observed that the specific binding of these papain conjugates, and of the simple haptens DNP-lysine or TNP-lysine, to anti-hapten antibodies produces characteristic extrinsic Cotton effects.     

芪归花宁心冲剂对心脏的保护作用

目的：研究芪归花宁心冲剂对多种原因所致心肌损害的影响。方法：连续给予动物芪归花宁心冲剂一周后，观察谝经对垂体后叶素（0．5U/kg,iv)、异丙肾上腺素（10mg/kg,ic)所致心肌缺血，以及氯化钡（20mg/kg,iv)所致心律失常的影响；采用柯萨奇B3病毒（CB3病毒）攻击动物心脏后再连续给予受试药7、14d和28d,观察芪归花宁心冲剂对动物体内病毒中和抗体含量，病毒滴度及心肌病理学改变的影响。结果：芪归花宁心冲剂各剂量组均可明显对抗垂体后叶素、异丙肾上腺素的致心肌缺血作用和氯化钡的致心律失常作用；可提高动物体内中和抗体水平，降低病毒能力，减轻病毒对心脏的损害。结论：芪归花宁心冲剂对心肌肌缺血和CB3病毒致心肌损害作用具有防治性保护作用。     

银杏叶提取物抗氧化和防治心脑血管疾病的作用机制研究

本文总结了银杏叶提取物 (EGb)对自由基的清除作用、对自由基引起的脑细胞凋亡的保护作用和对心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用的实验结果 ,分析了EGb抗氧化和防治心脑血管疾病的机制。     

Occupational allergies to papain

Occupational exposure against dusts of plant, bacterial, mould, and animal enzymes is long known to be associated with a high risk of specific sensitization. The present evaluation of literature data confirms that this is also true for papain. This frequently used industrial protease is derived from papaya (Carica papaya). Several cases of specific airway sensitization caused by papain are verified by a number of case reports and cross sectional studies. As symptoms, results of skin prick tests, detection of specific IgE-antibodies and results of specific bronchoprovocation tests are consistent, an immunologic mechanism can be assumed.     

Effect of papain on the interaction between human monocytes, erythrocytes, and IgG

The mechanism by which papain detaches IgG-sensitized erythrocytes from the monocyte surface has been explored in an in vitro assay for the monocyte IgG receptor using red cells quantitatively sensitized with IgG anti-Rh D immunoglobulin. Papain treatment of IgG-sensitized erythrocytes diminished the ability of these cells to bind to the monocyte surface; however, treatment of erythrocytes with papain prior to sensitization with IgG did not inhibit binding, and at papain concentrations is greater than or equal to 38 mug/ml binding was enhanced. IgG receptor activity was not diminished by prior treatment of monolayer cells with papain and was enhanced with high concentrations of papain. These studies suggest that papain detaches erythrocytes from the monocyte surface by virtue of its proteolytic effect on IgG and not by an effect of papain on the D antigen of red cells or the IgG receptor on monocytes.     

允许性高碳酸血症对呼吸循环系统的影响

允许性高碳酸血症是肺保护性通气策略的被动结果.早期认为动脉血二氧化碳分压升高及由之引起的酸中毒会导致心血管恶性事件发生率增高.而近期的研究结果显示高碳酸血症本身对脏器有保护作用,从而引入了治疗性高碳酸血症的概念.高碳酸血症可显著影响呼吸循环功能.该文从高碳酸血症对血管张力、肺泡通透性的影响等几个方面作一综述.     

The Role of Enzymes and Albumen in Haemagglutination Reactions: A Serological und Ulrrastrucrural Study with Ferritin-Labelled Anti-D

Abstract. In albumen and papain tests, strong haemagglutination showed large areas of cell to cell contact, whereas neuraminidase only caused loose agglutination with small areas of cell to cell contact, confirming a previous suggestion that reduced zeta-potential is not the significant factor in Rh haemagglutination. The ferritin-labelled anti-D was only clustered on neuraminidase- and papain-treated cells, possibly these enzymes cause limited membrane mobility.
It is postulated that the loose agglutination in neuraminidase tests is due to localised high density of D sites and that the much greater agglutinating activity in papain tests is due to clustering and protease activity. Increased anti-D antibody uptake is not a critical factor in enzyme tests because cells sensitized and then washed before enzyme treatment were strongly agglutinated. Recent studies have revealed that dextran does not reduce zeta-potential but acts by adsorption between adjacent cells. We suggest that a similar mechanism may explain the action of albumen.     

Epicutaneous Administration of Papain Induces IgE and IgG Responses in a Cysteine Protease Activity-Dependent Manner

Background: Epicutaneous sensitization to allergens is important in the pathogenesis of not only skin inflammation such as atopic dermatitis but also "atopic march" in allergic diseases such as asthma and food allergies. We here examined antibody production and skin barrier dysfunction in mice epicutaneously administered papain, a plant-derived occupational allergen belonging to the same family of cysteine proteases as mite major group 1 allergens.Methods: Papain and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease were patched on the backs of hairless mice. Tran- sepidermal water loss was measured to evaluate the skin barrier dysfunction caused by the proteases. Papain or that treated with an irreversible inhibitor specific to cysteine proteases, E64, was painted onto the ear lobes of mice of an inbred strain C57BL/6. Serum total IgE levels and papain-specific IgE and IgG antibodies were measured by ELISA.Results: Papain and V8 protease patched on the backs of hairless mice caused skin barrier dysfunction and increased serum total IgE levels, and papain induced the production of papain-specific IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b. Papain painted onto the ear lobes of C57BL/6 mice induced papain-specific IgE, IgG1, IgG2c, and IgG2b, whereas papain treated with E64 did not. IgG1 was the most significantly induced papain-specific IgG subclass among those measured.Conclusions: We demonstrated that the epicutaneous administration of protease not only disrupted skin barrier function, but also induced IgE and IgG responses in a manner dependent on its protease activity. These results suggest that protease activity contained in environmental sources contributes to sensitization through an epicutaneous route.