青年与中老年急性心肌梗死患者心理特点及社会支持现状

目的:探讨青年与中老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)心理特点及社会支持现状.方法:选取2017年12月-2018年12月收治的200例AMI患者作为研究对象,根据患者年龄分为青年组(＜45岁,n=56)和中老年组(≥45岁,n=144).比较两组一般资料及临床特点,比较两组心理特点[焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)、A型行为量表]、社会支持[社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)],采用Pearson分析患者心理特点与社会支持的关系.结果:①青年组男性占比、吸烟史占比、高血脂占比、早发冠心病家族史占比较中老年组高(x2=6.196,5.466,8.544,4.079;P＜0.05),中老年组高血压占比、糖尿病占比高于青年组(x2=3.888,5.957,P＜0.05);②青年组SAS、A型行为量表得分高于中老年组(t=3.936,2.458;P＜0.05),焦虑情绪障碍和A型性格占比高于中老年组(x2=15.286,8.005;P＜0.01);中老年组SDS得分高于青年组(t=-5.078,P＜0.001),抑郁情绪障碍占比高于青年组(x2=10.094,P＜0.01);③青年组 SSRS、PSSS得分均略高于中老年组(t=5.261,2.600;P＜0.05);④Pear-son 相关分析法显示:SAS、SDS 均与 SSRS、PSSS 呈负相关关系(r=-0.368,-0.390,-0.162,-0.192;P＜0.05),A 型性格与SSRS、PSSS关系均不显著(r=0.028,0.117;P＜0.05).结论:青年与中老年AMI患者具有不同的心理特点,青年主要表现为焦虑和A型性格,中老年主要表现为抑郁;青年患者社会支持水平略高,焦虑抑郁情绪与社会支持水平存在联系.     

食道癌患者的社会支持与希望的相关性研究

目的探讨食道癌患者的社会支持与希望的水平以及两者之间的关系。方法应用社会支持评定量表及Herth希望量表对50例食道癌患者进行调查,并以50名正常人做对照,应用SPSS-11．5进行相关分析。结果食道癌患者社会支持总分、客观支持分。主观支持分和对支持的利用度分值与希望总体呈正相关。结论通过增强食道癌患者的社会支持,可以增强食道癌患者的希望水平。     

社会支持能提高肺心病患者生存质量

目的 探讨社会支持对肺心病患者生存质量的影响,为临床护理提供依据.方法 采用生活质量测定简表(WHOQOL-BREF)和社会支持量表(SSRS)对90例肺心病患者(肺心病组)和90名健康人(对照组)进行生活质量及社会支持状况调查和评估.结果 肺心病组患者生活质量和社会支持总分,较对照组显著降低(均P<0.01);社会支持低的患者其生活质量较低.结论 在临床护理实践中应了解患者生存环境、生活质量、社会支持状况,尽可能制定个性化的护理方案,调动和利用社会支持,改善生存环境,提高患者的生活质量.     

乳腺癌患者的焦虑、抑郁、幸福感指数及社会支持

目的:调查不同治疗阶段乳腺癌患者的焦虑、抑郁、幸福感指数和社会支持情况,分析社会支持与情绪状况的关系.方法:收集术前组、术后组与康复组的乳腺癌患者各105例为病例组,以及年龄与教育年限匹配的健康对照105例,应用汉密顿焦虑量表(HAMA,≥8分为可疑焦虑)、汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD, ≥8分为可疑抑郁)、幸福感指数量表(Index of Well-being)和领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)进行有关测评.结果:病例组的可疑焦虑、抑郁发生率均高于健康对照(42.9％,61.9％,59.0％ vs.9.5％;33.3％,60.0％,46.7％ vs.5.7％;均P＜0.01),病例组的HAMA、HAMD得分均高于健康对照[(7.2±4.3),(9.4±5.1),(9.2±5.6)vs.(3.9±3.1);(6.2±3.8),(9.2±4.8),(7.9±4.6) vs.(3.1±2.4),均P＜0.01];术前组与术后组的幸福感指数低于健康对照[(10.6±2.3),(10.5±2.6) vs.(11.5±2.2),均P＜0.01].病例组中,有可疑焦虑患者的幸福感指数、PSSS得分均低于无焦虑组[如,术后组PSSS得分(63.0±10.1)vs.(70.4±9.1),P＜0.01];有可疑抑郁患者的幸福感指数、PSSS得分低于无抑郁组[如,康复组PSSS得分(63.8±10.6) vs.(70.1±8.4),P＜0.01].结论:本研究提示,不同治疗阶段的乳腺癌患者的可疑焦虑、抑郁发生率和焦虑、抑郁得分均高于健康人群;有可疑焦虑、抑郁患者的幸福感指数和社会支持相对更低.     

肺结核患者抑郁与社会支持的相关性

目的探讨肺结核患者抑郁状况与社会支持的关系,为进一步实施护理干预积累临床资料。方法对100例肺结核患者,用一般情况调查表、社会支持量表(SSRS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)进行调查,分析社会支持对患者抑郁状况的影响。结果本组患者SDS评分显著高于国内常模(t=10.513,P=0.000),阳性率56%;SDS评分与SSRS各因子分和总分显著负相关(r=-0.776、-0.462、-0.781和-0.833,P均=0.000)。结论肺结核患者普遍存在抑郁情绪,良好的社会支持有利于降低和缓解抑郁。     

大学生的感戴与归因方式、领悟社会支持

目的:探讨大学生感戴与归因方式和领悟社会支持之间的关系。方法:采用方便取样,选取河南省某综合性大学320名大学生为被试(其中主动参与过志愿者活动272人),采用归因风格问卷(ASQ)、大学生感戴量表(SCSG)及领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)进行调查。结果:主动参与过志愿者活动的大学生的感戴量表总分和感戴广度得分均高于没有主动参与过志愿者活动的大学生(P﹤0.05)。积极归因、领悟社会支持均与大学生感戴呈正相关(r=0.24、0.49,均P﹤0.01);领悟社会支持在积极归因和大学生感戴的关系中有部分中介效应,中介效应占总效应的41.1%。结论:积极归因能通过增强大学生的领悟社会支持能力而提升其感戴水平。     

新市民主观幸福感与社会支持的相关研究

目的 探讨新市民主观幸福感与社会支持的关系.方法 选取360名新市民,采用"中国城市居民主观幸福感量表"和"社会支持量表"进行问卷调查,并进行相关分析.结果 新市民主观幸福感低于普通市民,存在显著性差异(t=8.75,P<0.001);新市民社会支持与其主观幸福感有显著的正相关(r=0.465,P<0.01);客观支持...     

社会支持和希望水平在2型糖尿病相关痛苦与自我管理间的中介作用

目的:探讨社会支持、希望水平在2型糖尿病相关痛苦与自我管理关系中的内在作用机制,为降低糖尿病相关痛苦,提高患者自我管理能力提供理论依据。方法:采用一般资料调查表、中文版糖尿病痛苦量表、糖尿病患者自我管理行为量表、社会支持评定量表和Herth希望量表对2020年7月2021年1月安徽省某三级甲等医院内分泌科236例2型糖尿病患者进行调查。结果:(1)糖尿病相关痛苦、自我管理、希望水平、社会支持得分分别为40.94±12.2、42.45±12.96、34.87±7.16和45.97±11.78;(2)糖尿病相关痛苦不仅能够直接影响自我管理(β=-0.223,P0.05),还能够通过社会支持(β=-0.136,P0.01)、希望水平的单独中介(β=-0.108,P0.01)及社会支持-希望水平的链式中介(β=-0.044,P0.01)这3条中介路径间接对自我管理产生影响;总中介效应占总效应比例为56.32%。结论:糖尿病痛苦和自我管理呈负相关,希望水平与社会支持在2型糖尿病相关痛苦与自我管理间呈单独间接中介效应和多重中介效应。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者社会支持状况的调查研究

目的调查慢性乙型肝炎患者的社会支持状况,为临床开展社会支持提供依据。方法采用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)及自编简易问卷对100例慢性乙型肝炎患者和100例健康家属进行问卷调查。结果慢性乙型肝炎患者社会支持总分为36.81±8.61分,健康人群社会支持总分为42.53±8.62分,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。慢性乙型肝炎患者实际得到的社会支持来源依次为配偶、家人、亲戚等,希望得到的社会支持来源依次为医护人员、配偶、家人等。慢性乙型肝炎患者最希望得到的社会支持依次为物质支持、精神支持、信息支持。结论慢性乙肝患者社会支持水平较低,建议针对低水平社会支持的相关因素及希望得到的社会支持,实施进一步的医疗护理干预,提高患者社会支持水平,从而提高其生活质量,促进患者身心全面康复。     

肝癌部分切除术患者心理弹性与社会支持、应对方式的相关性

目的:探讨肝癌部分切除术患者心理弹性与社会支持、应对方式的相关性.方法:选取某院2018年5月-2020年5月112例肝癌部分切除术患者,调查患者一般资料,使用中文版心理弹性量表(CD-RISC)评价患者心理弹性,并通过中文版医学应对问卷(MCMQ)和社会支持评定量表对患者进行问卷调查,分析患者心理弹性与社会支持、应对方式的相关性.结果:肝癌部分切除术患者心理弹性CD-RISC量表坚韧、乐观、自强及量表总分均低于国内常模(t=-15.278,-14.425,-25.434,-21.392;P＜0.05);肝癌部分切除术患者社会支持量表中主观支持、客观支持、对社会支持的利用度及量表总评分均低于国内常模(t = 12.345,19.822,24.273,19.156;P＜0.05);肝癌部分切除术患者应对方式MCMQ量表中面对维度评分低于国内常模,回避、屈服维度评分高于国内常模(t =-9.166,9.538,8.092;P＜0.05);肝癌部分切除术患者心理弹性量表评分与社会支持量表中主观支持、客观支持、对社会支持的利用度以及量表总分呈现正相关(r = 0.659,0.468,0.596,0.742;P＜0.05);心理弹性量表评分与应对方式MCMQ量表中面对维度呈现正相关,与回避、屈服维度分别呈现负相关(r = 0.631,-0.598,-0.538;P＜0.05).结论:肝癌部分切除术患者心理弹性水平低于正常人,且心理弹性水平与社会支持及应对方式密切相关,患者社会支持度越高,采取的积极应对方式越多,心理弹性水平也越高.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.