同步脑电图-功能磁共振成像技术在癫痫灶定位中的应用研究

目的 探讨同步脑电图-功能磁共振成像技术(EEG-fMRI)在癫痫灶定位中的作用.方法 13例难治性癫痫患者接受同步EEG-fMRI检查,根据EEG出现癫痫波的时间点作为事件相关时间曲线对fMRI数据进行分析,了解发作间期癫痫样放电时血氧水平依赖信号变化所引起的脑部激活情况,并分析这些区域与神经电生理记录所确定的癫痫灶之间的吻合程度.结果 9例患者癫痫样放电在fMRI上的激活区与皮质电极确定的癫痫灶一致;4例患者癫痫样放电在fMRI上的激活区范围大于皮质电极确定的癫痫灶范围,但最强激活区的位置仍与皮质电极确定的癫痫灶一致.结论 同步EEG-fMRI技术将癫痫灶的功能定位与解剖定位相结合,是一种无创、精确度较高的癫痫灶定位方法 .     

难治性癫痫致病灶术前定位EEG联合fMRI检查的临床研究

目的探讨对难治性癫痫患者术前进行EEG联合fMRI检查确定癫痫致病灶的准确性。方法选取行外科手术的难治性癫痫患者23例为研究对象,患者佩戴能在高场强MR室中使用的EEG高级电极帽,在MR扫描的同时采集EEG数据,记录棘波发生时间,并根据棘波的发放时间输入信号曲线,找出fMRI数据,求fMRI数据体与该曲线的相应关系,将相应程度高的区域(激活区)叠加在MRI的三维图像上,从而对癫痫致病灶进行定位。将该致病灶的位置、范围与手术中脑皮质电极及深部电极中显示的致痫灶进行比较。结果 13例(56.52%)EEG联合fMRI检查显示的癫痫致病灶与术中通过皮质电极及深部电极EEG所描记、确定的致病灶位置和范围完全相同。另外10例(43.48%)EEG联合fMRI检查显示的癫痫致病灶与术中通过皮质电极及深部电极EEG所描记、确定的致病灶位置相同,但是范围明显大于术中所确定的致病灶范围;对患者出院后进行随访6个月以上,其中15例(65.22%)癫痫未再发作,5例(14.29%)术后3周内出现癫痫发作1~4次,给予抗癫痫药物治疗后得到控制,3例(13.04%)仍有发作,给予药物控制后仍无法控制,但发作频率为每月(3.1±1.4)次,较术前发作次数明显降低。结论对难治性癫痫患者术前进行EEG联合fMRI检查定位致病灶,其定位准确,时间及空间分辨率均较高且是无创性的。     

视频脑电图结合磁共振扫描对颞叶癫痫术前定位的探讨

目的 探讨视频脑电图及磁共振扫描对颢叶癫痫术前定位的准确性.方法 回顾分析146例颞叶癫痫病例,术前均行长程视频脑电图(V/EEG)监测及磁共振扫描(MRI),发作时V/EEG所示的痫样放电部位与MRI检查所发现的病变同侧时,将此侧颞叶作为癫痫灶颞叶;MRI未见异常,则根据三次以上发作时V/EEG定侧.所有患者经术中皮层脑电图和深部脑电监测后,行前颞叶切除术.结果 术中皮层脑电图及深部脑电监测均发现有痫样放电,与术前V/EEG监测吻合.术后102例(70%)癫痫发作完全消失,显著改善35例(24%),良好6例(4%),无改善3例(2%).结论 V/EEG结合MRI对颞叶癫痫术前能进行准确定位.     

颅内电极脑电图监测对癫痫致痫灶的定位作用

目的探讨颅内电极脑电图（EEG）监测对癫痫致痫灶的定位作用。方法对经临床、影像学和常规EEG检查不能确定致痫灶部位的20例难治性颞叶癫痫患者，应用立体定向技术，经双侧颞叶植入硬膜下条状电极进行长时间EEG监测，观察发作期及发作间期EEG变化，结合常规EEG、MRI检查结果对癫痫灶进行综合定位；术后随访，评估致痫灶定位的准确性。结果20例患者颅内电极埋藏时间为1—5d，每例监测到／〉2次临床发作并记录发作间期和发作期的异常放电活动。20例患者发作期颅内电极EEG均能准确定位，15例致痫灶发作间期与发作期一致，2例发作间期为双侧棘波，3例发作间期定位与发作期不一致。术后按Engel疗效分级：发作消失13例（65％），显著改善3例（15％），良好3例（15％），无效1例（5％）。未出现因颅内电极安置所致的并发症。结论颅内电极EEG监测可为癫痫手术治疗提供可靠的病灶定位依据。     

颞叶癫痫海马萎缩与头皮脑电发作时放电相互矛盾的手术策略(附5例临床分析)

目的本文报告了一侧海马硬化对侧颞叶头皮脑电放电的临床特点、手术策略及预后。方法本组回顾了5例MRI提示海马萎缩,头皮EEG表现为发作放电在海马萎缩对侧。采用深部电极检查并与头皮EEG和MRI检查结果进行了比较,手术方法为前颞叶切除加海马-杏仁和切除术。结果5例病人均有发作先兆表现;发作放电时头皮EEG表现出的痫样放电波在海马萎缩对侧5例,发作放电间期的头皮EEG表现出的痫样放电波与海马萎缩同侧者3例,1例在海马萎缩对侧,1例为双颞叶弥漫性放电;深部电极检查与MRI结果一致;术后随访2~4年,Ⅰ级4例,Ⅱ级1例。结论颞叶癫痫发作间期痫样放电比发作期痫样放电定位更为准确;MRI与头皮EEG检查结果不一致时,深部电极检查有助于术前定位。     

MRI和CT阴性表现的脑致痫灶定位研究

目的回顾性分析难治性癫痫手术治疗的临床资料,探讨MRI和CT阴性表现病例的致痫灶定位方法.方法经MRI和CT检查呈阴性表现的癫痫患者42例,应用发作症状评估、长程头皮和颅内电极视频脑电图（video-EEG）监测等方法综合定位致痫灶.结果36例（85.7%）患者可以明确定位致痫灶,其中位于颞叶19例,额叶12例,额叶＋颞叶3例,顶枕叶2例;多灶性起源或定位不明确者6例,2例放弃手术.40例脑致痫灶组织均有不同程度的病理改变.结论一些局灶性皮质发育不良、微发育不良等细微脑组织改变通过现有的MRI和CT影像学检查尚难以发现,而它们常常是导致癫痫发作的病理基础.综合分析患者的临床发作特点,特别是长程EEG监测资料,可为大部分的此类病例明确定位脑致痫灶.     

边缘系统癫痫术前致痫灶定位的复杂性（附3例临床报道）

目的 探讨癫痫外科中边缘系统癫痫(LE)术前定位的复杂性以及临床中的相应对策.方法 选择致痫病灶位于边缘系统的局灶性癫痫患者3例,所有患者皆在我研究所实施了局灶性切除手术,术后随访1年以上效果良好.对这3例患者术前各项评估结果,包括发作症状、头皮脑电图(EEG)及MRI进行分析比较.结果 3例患者中,1例患者致痫灶位于右侧海马及海马旁回,但头皮EEG发作期与发作间期异常放电皆出现在对侧.另一例患者致痫灶位于右侧海马旁回后部,靠近穹隆.头皮EEG与发作症状显示患者为双侧独立起源的颞叶癫痫.最后1例致痫灶部位与第2例相似,但症状及头皮发作期EEG显示为额叶起源.结论 LE不论从症状、神经电生理还是在手术决策方面都非常复杂.颞叶内侧型癫痫头皮EEG可出现定位错误;临床表现为双侧颞叶癫痫的致痫灶可能来自位于颞叶后部中线附近的单一致痫灶;LE中致痫灶位于相似部位的患者,可以因致痫灶病理性质不同而表现出非常不同的临床表现.     

6例磁共振阴性额叶癫痫患者致痫灶定位研究

目的探讨硬膜下电极脑电图(ECo G)监测对磁共振阴性癫痫患者致痫灶的定位作用。方法对经临床、影像学和头皮EEG检查不能确定致痫灶部位的6例难治性额叶癫痫患者,植入硬膜下条状电极进行视频EEG监测,观察颅内电极发作期及发作间期EEG变化,结合头皮EEG、临床发作结果对癫痫灶进行综合定位;术后随访,评估致痫灶定位的准确性。结果 6例患者颅内电极埋藏时间为2~5 d,每例监测到2次临床发作并记录发作间期和发作期的异常放电活动。5例患者发作期颅内电极EEG均能准确定位,5例显示一侧局灶性放电起源,1例患者显示双侧放电起源。术后按Engel疗效分级:EngelⅠ级4例(57.1%),EngelⅡ级1例(14.3%),随访不满1年的按谭氏术后效果分级,达到了满意。结论颅内电极EEG监测可为癫痫手术治疗提供可靠的病灶定位依据。     

非侵袭性检查定位致痫灶在癫痫外科治疗中的作用

目的 评价非侵袭性检查方法定位致痫灶在癫痫外科治疗中的作用。方法 对30例难治性癫痫病人行EEG、MRI、PET检查,根据3项检查结果选择外科治疗方法（开颅手术,X－刀治疗,立体定向手术）。开颅手术,术中行皮层脑电图（ECoG)检查。结果 致痫灶位于颞叶22例,颞叶外6例,额颞区2例。方法 开颅手术16例,X－刀治疗10例,立体定向手术4例。术后除2例发作无明显改善外,28例病人发作均明显减少或消失。结论 大部分难治性癫痫病人,尤其是颞叶癫痫,开颅致痫灶切除、放射外科、立体定向手术可以根据EEG、MRI、PET检查来定位,避免术前侵袭性EEG（如植入深部电极等）检查的危险性。     

应用脑深部电极准确定位颞叶癫痫致痫灶

目的 探讨脑深部电极准确定位颞叶癫痫致痫灶的临床价值。方法 28例疑似颞叶癫痫病人,均实施脑深部电极植入术,均以颞叶内侧为靶点,对重点怀疑致痫灶侧,分别经额叶、颞叶外侧及顶枕叶最多植入3枚电极,对侧依情况植入1～2枚,疑似双颞叶癫痫者最多植入6枚。结果 27例病人明确了致痫灶的具体部位并实施相应手术治疗,其中颞叶内侧型癫痫19例,颞叶外侧型癫痫5例,颞叶外器质性病变导致癫痫发作3例。CT/MRI显示器质性病变9例,其中1例为非致痫性病变。术后癫痫发作总消失率为62.96%(17/27),其中立体定向海马杏仁复合体毁损术5例,海马横切术3例,前颞叶切除术5例,单纯器质性病变切除术4例。结论 准确应用脑深部电极,可达到颞叶癫痫致痫灶的准确定位效果并减少手术创伤,保护脑组织功能,对于颞叶外器质性病变导致的癫痫发作也有定位价值。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.     

Summary of Legislation of 1933 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -