经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中闭孔神经反射的临床研究

目的 探讨利用针形电极诱发神经反射、弧形切割并结合肿瘤基底部闭孔神经阻滞在经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(TURBT)中预防闭孔神经反射的效果.方法 2008年4月至2010年10月,82例膀胱肿瘤患者在椎管麻醉下行TURBT,对针形电极弧形切割诱发的闭孔神经反射采用肿瘤基底部闭孔神经阻滞.结果 术中针形电极诱发闭孔神经反射27例,通过肿瘤基底部深肌层水平方向浸润注射利多卡因后闭孔神经反射消失.27例均顺利完成手术,未发现膀胱壁破裂、严重出血等并发症.结论 针形电极弧形切割结合肿瘤基底部闭孔神经阻滞可有效预防TURBT术中闭孔神经反射,降低膀胱穿孔及严重出血的发生率.该方法简便易行,具有一定临床应用价值.     

Neurolytic phenol blockade of the obturator nerve for severe adductor spasticity

Background: In this study, we present the 3-month follow-up results of a retrospective analysis of obturator nerve (ON) phenol neurolysis performed between 2000 and 2007 in patients with adductor spasticity.
Methods: The study was performed by retrospective investigation of the clinical follow-up results of 80 ON phenol treatments in 62 patients. Neurolysis using 5–10 ml 6% phenol was applied with the guidance of fluoroscopy and a peripheral nerve stimulator. Pain, spasticity and hygiene were evaluated and the hip abduction range of motion (ROM) was measured at the end of the first week and in the first, second and third months following the intervention.
Results: The visual analogue scale scores decreased significantly in the first week, first month and the second month, but reached their initial values in the third month. A drastic increase in the ROM values was shown in hip abduction in the first week, first month and second month. An increase in the Ashworth Scale values was observed in the second and third months, but they did not reach their initial values. The hygiene score decreased drastically in the first week and the first and second months, but worsened in the third month. The success rate in nerve localization during ON neurolysis was 100%.
Conclusion: ON phenol blockade with fluoroscopy and peripheral nerve stimulator guidance in patients with adductor spasticity led to a decrease in spasticity and pain with an increase in the ROM of the hip and better hygiene with an efficacy lasting for about 3 months.     

后入路副神经移位至肩胛上神经的应用解剖

目的 对斜方肌内的神经支配进行解剖学观察,为寻找副神经移位到肩胛上神经的最佳移位点和移位方式提供解剖依据.方法 选用成人尸体标本10具20侧.观察副神经在斜方肌内的行径及分支.并取不同水平副神经、肩胛上神经横断面制病理切片,计数各神经断面的神经纤维数,进行比较.结果 副神经在锁骨上2～3 cm进入斜方肌内,在肩胛冈中点前上方3～4 cm处,有来自颈丛的交通支加入后形成终末支.副神经的神经纤维计数:入斜方肌处(A点)为(1245±46)条,颈丛的交通支汇入前(B点)为(830±36)条,汇入后(C点)为(1074±38)条.结论 (1)副神经在与颈丛交通支合干后H-G段内的各断点,是副神经的最佳移位点.(2)后进路副神经移位术不影响斜方肌上部神经支配,充分利用了颈丛交通支,且缩短了神经再生距离,值得推广.     

The anatomy of the accessory nerve and cervical lymph node biopsy

Injury to the accessory nerve is the most frequent complication of surgical procedures in the posterior triangle of the neck. The symptoms produced by paralysis of the trapezius are disabling. The components of this disability are pain, limitation of abduction, and drooping of the affected shoulder. A detailed knowledge of the course of the nerve and its anatomic relations are essential in avoiding injury. Useful anatomic landmarks are the proximal internal jugular vein in the anterior triangle and Erb's point in the posterior triangle. Prevention of accessory nerve injury is the best management. The indications for lymph node biopsies in the neck should be sound. The use of a general anesthetic without paralysis is recommended if an excisional biopsy is necessary. Adequate exposure is essential. Whether the nerve needs to be identified in all cases has to be individualized and requires careful judgment. A divided or injured nerve is best managed with primary repair within 3 months of injury.     

The obturator nerve block

During transurethral electroresection in the posterolateral bladder neck, trigone and posterior urethra, unintentional contractions of the thigh-adductor muscles may occur due to irritation of the obturator nerve. The sudden displacement of the bladder wall against the cutting loop may cause a perforation of the bladder. The authors describe the topographic relation of the bladder wall to the passage of the obturator nerve in the minor pelvis. The technique of obturator nerve block by local anaesthesia is described and its efficacy is demonstrated in 21 patients.     

Ultrasound-guided obturator nerve block

We reviewed the technique and anatomy for the ultrasound-guided obturator nerve block, especially interadductor approach. Although it is sometimes difficult to observe obturator nerve in the ultrasound image, obturator nerve block is completed observing three muscle layers, adductor longus muscle, adductor blevis muscle and adductor magnus muscle, in the ultrasound image. Local anesthetics are injected between the muscle layers confirming the needle tip and spread of the solution. This technique will reduce incomplete effect or side effects of the obturator nerve block.     

Detailed caliceal anatomy for endourology

A thorough understanding of caliceal anatomy is required to interpret excretory urograms and to perform safely endourological manipulations. Caliceal angles, posterior rotation of the lateral renal margin and caliceal placement in relation to the lateral aspect of the body were studied in 26 right and 24 left kidneys. Differences between kidneys found to be Br?del's types from those of the Hodson type, and the significance of these findings for performing nephrostolithotomy are described.     

Surgical anatomy of the spinal accessory nerve in the posterior triangle of the neck

OBJECTIVE: The major complication of neck dissection and surgery at the posterior triangle of the neck is severe disability of the shoulder or "shoulder syndrome", which results from spinal accessory nerve injury. Surgical landmarks of the nerve in this area were studied. METHODS: Fifty-six fresh Thai cadavers (112 necks) were dissected to identify the anatomical relationship of the spinal accessory nerve and its commonly used landmarks. RESULTS: The spinal accessory nerve was found within 3.6 cm (mean, 1.43 cm) above Erb's point. The distance between the spinal accessory nerve entering the trapezius muscle and the clavicle was between 2.6 cm and 6.9 cm (mean, 4.5 cm). CONCLUSION: Our data were different from those described in the literature. Reconsideration of these two important landmarks can help to minimize iatrogenic injury of the spinal accessory nerve.     

闭孔神经阻滞的研究进展

背景闭孔神经阻滞（obturator nerve block,ONB）可用于缓解大腿内收肌痉挛及髋关节疼痛、抑制经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中闭孔神经反射等。近年来,随着人们对神经阻滞麻醉的再度关注,ONB的应用与研究也随之增多。目的概述及评价ONB适应证及穿刺方法,为临床及研究工作提供参考。内容阐述ONB的适应证,荟萃分析ONB的不同穿刺入路及方法。趋向随着ONB临床应用的不断普及,更具优势的阻滞方法也会不断涌现。     

Mucoid pseudocyst of the obturator nerve

A 71-year-old man visited the outpatients' clinic of National Saitama Hospital, Japan, complaining of pain in the right leg. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a cystic mass adjacent to the right side of the urinary bladder. He underwent the removal of the cystic mass and the pathological diagnosis was a mucoid pseudocyst of the obturator nerve. After tumor resection, the pain was diminished and he has been free of disease for 3 years.     

膀胱肿瘤电切术中行闭孔神经阻滞防止闭孔神经反射的效果分析

目的 探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中采用闭孔神经阻滞防止闭孔神经反射的临床效果.方法 对214例膀胱癌患者行经尿道电切术,治疗组113例在腰-硬联合麻醉基础上进行闭孔神经阻滞,而对照组101例仅行单纯腰-硬联合麻醉.结果 治疗组闭孔神经反射发生率（9.7%）明显低于对照组（22.8%）（P〈0.05）,两组复发率差异无统计学意义（21.2% vs 25.7%,P＆gt;0.05）.结论 在经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中采取闭孔神经阻滞能明显减少闭孔神经反射的发生,提高手术的安全性和有效性,临床效果良好.     

超声引导下闭孔神经阻滞在经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中预防闭孔神经反射的效果

目的通过对比不同麻醉方式下闭孔神经反射的发生情况,探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术中预防闭孔神经反射的有效方式。方法选取需行经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术的膀胱侧壁肿瘤患者160例,男134例,女26例,ASAⅠ~Ⅲ级,随机分为四组:全凭静脉麻醉组(G组),腰-硬联合麻醉组(C组),腰-硬联合麻醉复合静脉麻醉组(V组),腰-硬联合麻醉复合闭孔神经阻滞(obturator nerve block,ONB)组(O组),每组40例。记录不同麻醉方式下闭孔神经反射的发生情况。结果O组闭孔神经反射发生率(7.5%)明显低于C组(32.5%,P=0.005)和V组(40.0%,P=0.001),与G组闭孔神经反射发生率(5.0%)差异无统计学意义(P=0.644)。结论腰-硬联合麻醉复合闭孔神经阻滞与全凭静脉麻醉均可有效预防闭孔神经反射的发生。     

Spinal accessory nerve injury

Injury to the spinal accessory nerve can lead to dysfunction of the trapezius. The trapezius is a major scapular stabilizer and is composed of three functional components. It contributes to scapulothoracic rhythm by elevating, rotating, and retracting the scapula. The superficial course of the spinal accessory nerve in the posterior cervical triangle makes it susceptible to injury. Iatrogenic injury to the nerve after a surgical procedure is one of the most common causes of trapezius palsy. Dysfunction of the trapezius can be a painful and disabling condition. The shoulder droops as the scapula is translated laterally and rotated downward. Patients present with an asymmetric neckline, a drooping shoulder, winging of the scapula, and weakness of forward elevation. Evaluation should include a complete electrodiagnostic examination. If diagnosed within 1 year of the injury, microsurgical reconstruction of the nerve should be considered. Conservative treatment of chronic trapezius paralysis is appropriate for older patients who are sendentary. Active and healthy patients in whom 1 year of conservative treatment has failed are candidates for surgical reconstruction. Studies have shown the Eden-Lange procedure, in which the insertions of the levator scapulae, rhomboideus minor, and rhomboideus major muscles are transferred, relieves pain, corrects deformity, and improves function in patients with irreparable injury to the spinal accessory nerve.