体外膜肺氧合在临床肺移植中的应用

目的 总结体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)技术在临床肺移植中应用的经验.方法 45例肺移植受者,年龄(50.5±8.6)岁(16～74)岁.原发病为肺纤维化合并肺动脉高压32例,慢性阻塞性肺病4例,矽肺2例,肺结核2例,弥漫性细支气管炎1例,支气管扩张2例,以及原发性肺动脉高压2例.其中3例受者在术前经股动、静脉切开置ECMO管道,分别维持13、19和6d后,在ECMO支持下接受了肺移植手术;40例受者在术中应用了ECMO辅助;2例未在体外循环下接受肺移植的受者,因原发性移植物功能丧失(PGD)于术后行ECMO辅助支持.结果 40例术中应用ECMO者,37例于术毕顺利撤除ECMO,术中辅助流量为(2.8±0.6)L/min,辅助持续时间为(7.7±0.9)h,存活31例;3例术后继续使用ECMO,直至血流动力学稳定,其中2例分别于术后36 h和7d时顺利撤除,另1例术后使用ECMO维持5d后出现急性肾功能衰竭,术后2周时死于多器官功能衰竭.2例术中无体外循环辅助受者和其余3例术中辅助受者因术后发生PGD或急性心力衰竭,而初次或再次使用ECMO,辅助流量分别为(2.5±0.3)L/min和(2.6±0.4)L/min,辅助持续时间分别为(53.5±21.9)h和(88.7±45.9)h,其中3例治愈出院,2例因多器官功能衰竭而死亡.所有受者均未发生明确与ECMO相关的并发症.结论 ECMO是肺移植围手术期支持的重要辅助工具,对于降低等待肺移植过程中的死亡率、稳定术中血流动力学、改善术后严重呼吸功能障碍以及原发性移植物功能不良,可以提供良好的辅助功能.     

体外膜肺氧合在肺移植围手术期的应用30例

目的 总结体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)在肺移植围手术期应用的经验.方法 30例原发性终末期肺病伴继发性肺动脉高压的患者在肺移植术中应用了ECMO,其中单肺移植18例,不横断胸骨序贯式双肺移植12例.在术前使用ECMO维持者2例,分别维持19 d和6 d;其他患者在麻醉完成后开始置ECMO管道.受者在氧合和血流动力学平稳后撒除ECMO.结果所有受者均顺利完成移植.27例于移植术后顺利撤除ECMO;3例术后继续使用ECMO,其中2例分别于术后36 h和7 d时顺利撤除,另1例未能撤除ECMO,术后5 d出现急性肾功能衰竭,术后2周时死于多器官功能衰竭.发生股动、静脉切口感染并发症者2例,股动脉血栓形成(中度)者1例,经治疗后均好转.结论 体外膜肺氧合可应用于伴有原发性或继发性肺动脉高压患者的肺移植手术,其并发症的发生可能与患者病情较重、血流动力学不稳定等因素有关,早期发现和积极有效地治疗可以改善患者的预后.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the perioperative application of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in lung transplantation. Methods Thirty patients with primary and end-stage pulmonary disease accompanied by pulmonary hypertension were subjected to operation under the accessory of ECMO. Eighteen patients received single-lung transplantation and 12 patients bilateral sequential lung transplantation without sternal division in our hospital from November 2005 to July 2009. In 2 patients ECMO was given before operation and maintained for 19 days and 6 days respectively. In the remaining patients, ECMO pipeline was placed after anesthesia. After lung trarnsplantation,ECMO was removed after the recipients' oxygen saturation and hemodynamics were stable. Results In all recipients lung transplantation was successfully done. ECOM was removed in 27recipients after operation, and the rest 3 recipients were supported by ECMO after operation: the ECMO was removed at 36th h and 7th day after lung transplantation in two patients respectively,and another one was supported by ECMO for 5 days after operation and suffered acute kidney failure, and died of multiple organ failure 2 weeks post-transplantation. Two recipients were infected in thigh arteriovenous cut and one suffered femoral artery thrombosis, but all of them got better and discharged from hospital after treatment. Conclusion ECMO can be used for lung transplantation on patients with primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension. The complications may be associated with patients'serious condition and unstable hemodynamics. Early detection and active and effective treatment can improve patient's prognosis.     

肺移植术中体外膜肺氧合插管方式及应用策略

目的总结肺移植术中体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)的插管方式及应用策略。 方法回顾性分析广州医科大学附属第一医院2016年1月至2018年7月完成的107例肺移植中，31例术中应用ECMO辅助的受者资料，其中双肺移植20例，单肺移植11例。术中ECMO辅助方式为静脉-动脉(VA)-ECMO 30例，VVA-ECMO 1例。 结果31例术中ECMO辅助指征：不能耐受单肺通气(术前及术中移植一侧肺后)14例，肺动脉高压7例，术中血流动力学不稳定3例，术中上半身缺氧1例，术前VV-ECMO过渡6例。插管方式：中央插管20例，股静脉-股动脉插管5例，股静脉-腋动脉插管5例，股静脉-颈内静脉-升主动脉插管1例。术后30 d内2例受者因多器官功能衰竭死亡。不同插管方式中，中央插管无明显并发症；股静脉-股动脉插管出血2例，下肢缺血3例，术中上半身缺氧1例，术后切口愈合不良2例；股静脉-腋动脉插管出血1例。5例受者因术后移植肺功能未达标，ECMO延续至术后早期。 结论肺移植术中ECMO是有效的呼吸循环辅助方式，腋动脉插管有助于避免肢体远端缺血、血栓形成及上半身灌注不足等并发症。     

体外膜肺氧合在肺移植麻醉中的应用

目的 总结肺移植麻醉中体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal memberane oxygenation,ECMO)辅助的适应证及术中运用ECMO支持的经验.方法 58例终末期肺病患者在麻醉诱导气管插管后,常规给予非术侧单肺通气30 min,监测肺动脉压(PAP)、氧分压(PaO2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、肺泡气·动脉氧分压差(PA-aO2)和呼吸力学等指标,根据监测指标调节机械通气参数,必要时行手控通气.17例患者分别因肺动脉高压、低氧血症和高碳酸血症而给予ECMO辅助,转流期间维持激活凝血时间(ACT)160秒～200秒,流量控制在1.8 L·m-2·min-1～2.5 L·m-2·min-1.结果 所有患者ECMO转流后PAP及PaCO:下降明显,氧合改善.麻醉伞程生命体征平稳.手术经过顺利.结论 ECMO是肺移植术中肺辅助的有效手段,可提高肺移植手术的麻醉成功率.原发性肺动脉高压、肺纤维化合并肺动脉高压、严重的低氧血症和高碳酸血症是肺移植术中ECMO转流的适应证.     

术前肺动脉高压对肺纤维化患者肺移植术后早期存活率的影响

目的 探讨术前肺动脉高压对特发性肺纤维化(IPE)患者肺移植术后早期(<90 d)存活率的影响.方法 2002年9月至2009年4月为30例特发性肺纤维化患者进行了肺移植.根据术前肺动脉压的检测结果,将30例患者分为两组.肺动脉高压组:13例,术前平均肺动脉压≥30 mmHg;对照组:17例,术前平均肺动脉压<30 mm Hg.对两组患者的年龄、术式(单、双肺移植)、肺动脉乐力、是否应用体外膜氧合(ECMO)等进行多因素逻辑同归分析比较.结果 肺动脉高压组和对照组患者肺移植术后早期存活率分别为61.5%和94.1%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P相似文献   

体外膜肺氧合在肺移植手术中的应用进展

目前,肺移植手术是诸多类型终末期肺疾病的首选治疗方法,然而肺移植受者常因病程迁延多伴随严重的心肺功能障碍,其中多表现为呼吸衰竭及不同程度的肺动脉高压。体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）是一项体外支持呼吸、循环的有效手段,可过渡性支持危重患者的心肺功能,在肺移植过程中发挥着重要作用。本文就ECMO在肺移植手术中的应用价值、置管策略及管理、疗效评价等方面进行综述,以期加深ECMO在肺移植临床工作中的应用体会。     

特发性肺动脉高压患者行双肺移植的围麻醉期管理

目的探讨治疗特发性肺动脉高压(idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension,IPAH)患者行双肺移植术的围麻醉期管理的要点。方法回顾性分析20例接受双肺移植治疗的重症IPAH患者的临床资料,男2例,女18例,ASAⅢ或Ⅳ级。观察麻醉后双肺通气30min、体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)转流后15min、单肺通气、肺动脉阻断30min、肺动脉开放和手术结束各时点血流动力学变化以及手术前后心超检查心血管形态学的改变。结果与麻醉后双肺通气30min比较,ECMO转流后15min时PaO_2、每搏输出量变异度(SVV)明显升高,肺动脉压(PAP)、肺动脉楔压(PAWP)和PaCO_2明显降低(P0.05)。与ECMO转流后15min比较,单肺通气时PAP、PAWP明显升高,SVV明显降低(P0.05);与肺动脉阻断30 min比较,肺动脉开放时SVV明显升高,PAP、PAWP明显降低(P0.05)。4例术毕即刻撤除ECMO,余16例辅助带入ICU。3例术后第1天行开胸探查止血术;13例术后发生不同程度左心功能不全,其中4例出现急性左心衰竭后,2例给予右股静脉-右股动脉(V-A)ECMO转流,2例给予右股静脉-右颈内静脉(V-V)ECMO转流。术后仅3例分别于第5、第6和第13天行气管切开。所有患者均治愈出院,心血管形态学均得到改善。结论积极改善围术期心功能、麻醉诱导和术中血流动力学的平稳、ECMO的合理应用和术后的过渡辅助是IPAH患者手术成功的关键。     

肺移植治疗儿童肺动脉高压的临床疗效

目的 探讨同种异体肺移植治疗儿童肺动脉高压(PAH)的临床疗效.方法 受者例1、2为特发性肺动脉高压( IPAH)患儿,均经右心导管术确诊为IPAH,术前心功能不全Ⅳ级,肺动脉收缩压、平均压分别为110、70 mm Hg(1 mm Hg =0.133 kPa)和148、72 mm Hg,在全麻体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)支持下行序贯式双侧单肺移植术,术中ECMO支持时间分别为550 min和450 min,出血量分别为3000 ml和1200 ml.受者例3为先天性心脏病室间隔缺损合并艾森曼格综合征心内直视探查术后,超声心动图(UCG)提示先天性心脏病室间隔缺损,双向分流,肺动脉收缩压、平均压为110、60 mm Hg,在全麻低温体外循环(CPB)下行室间隔缺损修补术同期右侧单肺移植术,术中CPB时间244 min.3例受者与供者体型较匹配,ABO血型相同.结果 受者例1、2术后ECMO分别维持16h、13 h后撤离,术后第3、4天均出现不同程度的血流动力学不稳定,诊断为急性左心衰,均于术后第3、6天行气管切开呼吸机辅助正压通气,经强心、利尿、扩血管等治疗,分别于术后第33天、12天脱离呼吸机.受者例3术后3天内移植肺出现中等程度再植反应性肺水肿,术后第7天气管切开,第12天撤离呼吸机;术后第14天出现急性排斥1次,治疗后缓解.3例受者术后UCG提示心脏形态和心功能明显改善,受者例3室间隔缺损修补完整,无残余分流.分别于术后第93天、32天、62天康复出院,心功能均达Ⅰ级,肺动脉收缩压、平均压分别降为54、32 mm Hg,60、36 mm Hg和53、39 mm Hg.术后已随访41、21、82个月,患儿正常工作学习,至今生活质量良好.结论 对终末期经内科保守治疗效果欠佳的PAH患儿行肺移植能很好改善生活质量.     

肺移植麻醉330例临床分析

目的总结肺移植麻醉期间肺隔离技术、麻醉管理及体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)的应用价值。方法收集无锡市人民医院330例肺移植受者的临床资料,年龄(51.4±9.6)岁,ASA分级Ⅲ或Ⅳ级。所有受者术前均需卧床接受吸氧治疗,其中包括6例气管切开和12例气管插管呼吸支持患者。入室后常规给予静脉注射咪达唑仑0.05~0.1 mg/kg、芬太尼4μg/kg、依托咪酯0.2~0.4 mg/kg及维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg后,行气管内插管。气管导管根据手术需要分别选择双腔支气管导管、单腔双囊气管(Univent导管)导管或支气管阻塞器。通气方式均采用压力控制,根据受者血气指标及生命体征调节通气参数,必要时行手控通气。对于术中不能耐受单肺通气或心功能异常的患者给予ECMO辅助。结果 132例单肺移植患者中,121例应用非术侧双腔支气管导管;3例术前气管切开患者和6例术前气管插管给予呼吸支持患者应用支气管阻塞器;2例因身材矮小而应用Univent导管。198例双肺移植中,187例应用左侧双腔支气管导管,其中5例术中因手术操作刺破套囊而更换导管,7例在吻合左侧支气管时退管;6例应用Univent导管;5例应用支气管阻塞器。5例支气管扩张患者和3例特发性肺纤维化(IPF)患者在麻醉诱导后出现痰液阻塞,经处理后4例好转,1例因持续低氧血症而死亡;共148例术中应用ECMO,包括肺动脉高压69例;心功能不全17例;低氧血症57例;高碳酸血症5例。133例术毕即刻撤除ECMO,15例因血流动力不稳定、氧合差,术后继续使用ECMO。结论合理应用肺隔离技术是完成肺移植麻醉的前提;对围麻醉期受者的呼吸和循环进行有效地管理,是确保手术麻醉成功的基础;ECMO是肺移植术中心肺辅助的有效手段,可提高肺移植手术的麻醉成功率。     

肺移植患者应用体外膜肺氧合的护理

目的 探讨肺移植患者体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)应用过程中的观察内容及护理要点.方法 对6例肺移植应用ECMO患者采取开始转流后的常规护理,ECMO管路的管理,生命体征与实验室指标观察,营养支持等护理措施.结果 4例患者在肺移植术后即撤离ECMO;1例房间隔缺损伴Eisemenger患者由于术后血流动力学不稳定,连续使用ECMO 34 h后顺利撤离;1例双肺移植因术中出血多,血流动力学不稳定,术中紧急行ECMO支持,术后第7天顺利撤离.全组患者未发生ECMO相关并发症.术后4例患者顺利出院,出院后生活质量良好;1例由于术后出现MODS于术后第9天死亡,另1例再次移植患者处于术后恢复中.结论 ECMO应用过程选择合理的护理方案及手段,可及时发现应用过程中存在的问题,为医生及时、正确的处理提供依据.     

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Nonintubated Patients as Bridge to Lung Transplantation

We report on the use of veno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) as a bridging strategy to lung transplantation in awake and spontaneously breathing patients. All five patients described in this series presented with cardiopulmonary failure due to pulmonary hypertension with or without concomitant lung disease. ECMO insertion was performed under local anesthesia without sedation and resulted in immediate stabilization of hemodynamics and gas exchange as well as recovery from secondary organ dysfunction. Two patients later required endotracheal intubation because of bleeding complications and both of them eventually died. The other three patients remained awake on ECMO support for 18–35 days until the time of transplantation. These patients were able to breathe spontaneously, to eat and drink, and they received passive and active physiotherapy as well as psychological support. All of them made a full recovery after transplantation, which demonstrates the feasibility of using ECMO support in nonintubated patients with cardiopulmonary failure as a bridging strategy to lung transplantation.     

序贯式双肺移植九例报告

目的探讨9例序贯式双肺移植的手术指征和安全性。方法自2003年1月至2005年6月，共进行了9例序贯式双肺移植。2例受者在第1侧肺植入后恢复通气和灌注，再作第2侧肺的切除和植入；6例在第1侧肺植入后使用体外膜氧合（ECMO），再完成第2侧肺的切除和植入；1例在体外循环（CPB）下完成，同时使用一氧化氮（NO）吸入。结果前2例患者术中出现严重的移植肺水肿，术后仅生存12和36h。使用ECMO的6例患者均安全渡过手术关，术后移植肺氧合良好，拔除口插管时间为36～72h，平均为48h，其中4例患者顺利恢复出院，最长已生存16个月，1例术后1个月死于肺部感染大咯血，1例术后3周死于肾功能衰竭。使用CPB的1例患者术中死于大量渗血和严重的酸中毒。结论序贯式双肺移植手术指征较广，但手术风险大；使用ECMO可显著提高手术的安全性。     

双肺移植治疗特发性肺动脉高压二例

目的 探讨双肺移植治疗特发性肺动脉高压(IPAH)的可行性及围手术期的处理方法.方法 回顾分析2例IPAH患者接受双肺移植的临床资料,2例均经右心导管术确诊为IPAH.例1为男性,17岁,体重45kg,身高165 cm,术前心功能不全Ⅳ级,肺动脉收缩压和平均压分别为110和70 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),右心房压力为18mm Hg.例2为女性,16岁,体重58 kg,身高162 cm,术前心功能不全Ⅳ级,肺动脉收缩压和平均压分别为148和72 mm Hg,右心房压力为23mm Hg.术前胸部X线片及CT显示,2例患者心脏扩大并向左偏,肺动脉增粗突起,左下肺部的血管增粗扭曲.例1和例2均在体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)支持下行序贯式双侧单肺移植术,先行右全肺切除,植入右供肺,后行左全肺切除,植入左供肺,完成双侧前外侧切口不横断胸骨序贯式双肺移植术.供、受者体型较为匹配,ABO血型相同或相容,供肺冷缺血时间为185～300 min.例1和例2术中ECMO支持时间分别为550和450 min,出血量分别为3000和1200 ml.结果 术后12 h患者胸部X线片和CT显示双侧移植肺清晰,心脏大小恢复正常.例1和例2分别在术后16和13 h撤离ECMO;术后第3和第4天均出现不同程度的血液动力学不稳定,发生急性左心功能衰竭,于术后第3和6天行气管切开呼吸机辅助正压通气,经强心、利尿、扩血管等治疗,分别于术后第33和12天脱离呼吸机,术后第93和32天康复出院.出院时,心脏超声检查显示,患者心脏形态及心功能明显改善,心功能达Ⅰ级.2例患者分别随访25和10个月,已恢复正常的工作和学习,生活质量良好.结论 对于终末期IPAH经内科保守治疗效果欠佳的患者行序贯式双肺移植是可行的.良好的供肺切取和保护技术、术中ECMO的支持以及术后左心功能衰竭的防治是手术成功的关键.     

Replacing cardiopulmonary bypass with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in lung transplantation operations

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is required in some lung transplantation (LTx) operations. However, it increases risks of bleeding and early graft dysfunction. We report our experiences of replacing CPB with heparin-bound extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in LTx operations. If extracorporeal circulation was anticipated for the LTx operations, ECMO support was set up through the femoral venoarterial route after induction of anesthesia; then, LTx was done as usual. Five thousand units of heparin was injected intravenously during the femoral vessels cannulation, but no more was used during the first 24 h of ECMO support. If necessary, as in patients undergoing single LTx for end-stage pulmonary hypertension, the ECMO support was directly extended into the postoperative period until reperfusion edema of the graft lung subsided. Twelve single LTxs and 3 bilateral sequential single LTxs were done under ECMO support. The advantages of using femoral ECMO rather than conventional CPB in LTx operations were the operative field was not disturbed by the bypass cannula, stable cardiopulmonary function and normothermia were maintained throughout the operations, there were less blood loss and transfusion requirements, and the left LTx was as easily performed as the right LTx. Red blood cell transfusion requirements during the operation and the first postoperative day were 4.4 +/- 2.8 and 2.4 +/- 2.0 U, respectively, in 10 adult patients undergoing uncomplicated single LTx with ECMO support, and 4.3 +/- 1.3 and 1.5 +/- 1.5 U in 8 adult patients undergoing single LTx without any extracorporeal circulatory support. The difference was not significant between the 2 groups (p = 0.53 and 0.32 by Mann-Whitney U test). The ECMO did not increase blood transfusion requirements. In comparison, 13 U of red blood cell transfusion was required in 2 patients receiving single LTx under CPB support. The ECMO support made the postoperative critical care easier in recipients with graft lung edema. Except for 2 cases of primary graft failure, the ECMO could be weaned off and removed at bedside within a short period (27.9 +/- 24.6 h, n = 13) with no major complications. In conclusion, the heparin-bound femoral ECMO rather than CPB should be used for LTx operations unless concomitant cardiac repair is planned.     

Extracorporeal life support during and after bilateral sequential lung transplantation in patients with pulmonary artery hypertension

The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenator instead of standard cardiopulmonary bypass during lung transplantation is debatable. Moreover, recently, the concept of prolonged postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO) support has been introduced in many transplant centers to prevent primary graft dysfunction (PGD) and improve early and long-term results. The objective of this study was to review the results of our extracorporeal life support strategy during and after bilateral sequential lung transplantation (BSLT) for pulmonary artery hypertension. We review retrospectively our experience in BSLT for pulmonary artery hypertension between January 2010 and August 2018. A total of 38 patients were identified. Nine patients were transplanted using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), in eight cases CPB was followed by a prolonged ECMO (pECMO) support, 14 patients were transplanted on central ECMO support, and seven patients were transplanted with central ECMO support followed by a pECMO assistance. The effects of different support strategies were evaluated, in particular in-hospital morbidity, mortality, incidence of PGD, and long-term follow-up. The use of CPB was associated with poor postoperative results and worse long-term survival compared with ECMO-supported patients. Predictive preoperative factors for the need of intraoperative CPB instead of ECMO were identified. The pECMO strategy had a favorable effect to mitigate postoperative morbidity and mortality, not only in intraoperative ECMO-supported patients, but even in CPB-supported cases. In our experience, ECMO may be considered as the first choice circulatory support for lung transplantation. Sometimes, in very complex cases, CBP is still necessary. The pECMO strategy is very effective to reduce incidence of PGD even in CPB-supported patients.     

Bilateral lung transplantation during pregnancy after ECMO for influenza-A caused ARDS

Pregnant women with influenza-A have an increased risk of developing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can be used as salvage therapy, with lung transplantation as a therapeutic option. However, successful bilateral lung transplantation during pregnancy has never been reported before. We herein report the case of a 34-year-old primipara, who was diagnosed with ARDS caused by influenza-A-induced pneumonia at early gestation. After considering all possible therapeutic options and being fully dependent on VV-ECMO support, she underwent bilateral lung transplantation. The transplantation with intraoperative central VA-ECMO support was successfully performed with good recovery after an initial primary graft dysfunction. The pregnancy was prolonged until 29⁺⁵ gestational weeks. The newborn exhibited growth retardation and was initially stabilized, but later died due to severe, hypoxic respiratory failure and pulmonary hypertension. In conclusion, lung transplantation is a possible salvage therapy for patients with severe lung failure following ARDS during pregnancy. However, it places the mother and unborn child at risk. A multi-professional approach is warranted to diagnose and treat complications at an early stage.