舒芬太尼在小儿扁桃体腺样体切除术麻醉中的应用

目的:探讨舒芬太尼在小儿扁桃体腺样体手术中的可应用性。方法：将60例扁桃体腺样体肥大患儿随机分为两组，每组30例。Ⅰ组为舒芬太尼诱导，Ⅱ组为芬太尼诱导，麻醉维持两组均采用持续吸入七氟醚和笑气。结果:两组患儿血流动力学比较差异无显著性（P＞0.05）。患儿术毕自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管5 min后OAAS评分组间比较差异有显著性（P＜0.05）。结论:小剂量舒芬太尼应用于小儿扁桃体腺样体手术麻醉中是安全可行的。     

舒芬太尼在小儿扁桃体腺样体切除术麻醉中的应用

目的:探讨舒芬太尼在小儿扁桃体腺样体手术中的可应用性。方法：将60例扁桃体腺样体肥大患儿随机分为两组，每组30例。Ⅰ组为舒芬太尼诱导，Ⅱ组为芬太尼诱导，麻醉维持两组均采用持续吸入七氟醚和笑气。结果:两组患儿血流动力学比较差异无显著性（P＞0.05）。患儿术毕自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管5 min后OAAS评分组间比较差异有显著性（P＜0.05）。结论:小剂量舒芬太尼应用于小儿扁桃体腺样体手术麻醉中是安全可行的。     

舒芬太尼在小儿扁桃体腺样体切除术麻醉中的应用

目的:探讨舒芬太尼在小儿扁桃体腺样体手术中的可应用性。方法：将60例扁桃体腺样体肥大患儿随机分为两组，每组30例。Ⅰ组为舒芬太尼诱导，Ⅱ组为芬太尼诱导，麻醉维持两组均采用持续吸入七氟醚和笑气。结果:两组患儿血流动力学比较差异无显著性（P＞0.05）。患儿术毕自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管5 min后OAAS评分组间比较差异有显著性（P＜0.05）。结论:小剂量舒芬太尼应用于小儿扁桃体腺样体手术麻醉中是安全可行的。     

舒芬太尼与芬太尼在小儿扁桃体和腺样体切除术麻醉中的应用

目的探讨舒芬太尼与芬太尼用于小儿扁桃体和腺样体切除术中的麻醉效果和术后恢复情况。方法将行扁桃体和腺样体切除术的160例患儿随机分为治疗组和对照组各80例。麻醉诱导后,治疗组使用舒芬太尼0.2μg/kg,对照组使用芬太尼2μg/kg。分别记录患儿的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）和苏醒时间,并观察患儿的恢复情况。结果 T3时对照组MAP和HR水平均明显低于对照组（P〈0.05）;治疗组呼吸恢复时间为（5.4±1.4）min短于对照组的（7.2±2.0）min,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论舒芬太尼全麻用于小儿扁桃体和腺样体切除术能维持术中血流动力学稳定,提供充分的镇痛镇静,提高患儿术后恢复,减少术后患儿的躁动,具有较好的安全性。     

瑞芬太尼用于小儿扁桃体腺样体手术中的麻醉体会

目的：观察瑞芬太尼、芬太尼复合静脉麻醉用于小儿扁桃体腺样体切除时血流动力学变化和术后意识恢复的情况。方法：ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级，择期手术行扁桃体腺样体切除的患儿60例，年龄5～12岁，术前无特殊疾病，麻醉方法为气管内全麻。随机分为2组（n=30）,其中第一组：丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼-顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵30例（I），第二组：芬太尼-丙泊酚-顺苯磺酸阿曲库铵30例（II），两组术中均用丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼持续泵入维持麻醉。于麻醉诱导前10min （T0）、麻醉插管时（T1）、手术开始时（T2）、扁桃体腺样体摘除时（T3）及拔管后10min（T4）个五个时点观测患者的血流动力学变化。结果：瑞芬太尼组与芬太尼组用于诱导插管时的血流动力血变化无统计学意义（P〉0.05），瑞芬太尼组与芬太尼组比较，瑞芬太尼组术后清醒时间、拔管后呼吸抑制数均低于芬太尼组，有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：瑞芬太尼用于小儿扁桃体腺样体手术时，即能达到抑制插管应激，维持术中镇痛作用，又有利于此类短小手术术后的拔管要求，术后快速清醒，呼吸抑制率低，麻醉效果佳，值得临床推广。     

舒芬太尼与芬太尼用于小儿扁桃体与腺样体摘除术麻醉的效果比较

［摘要］目的观察舒芬太尼复合全麻在小儿扁桃体和腺样体摘除术中的麻醉效果以及术后恢复情况。 方法选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级择期行扁桃体和腺样体摘除术患儿60例，随机分为治疗组和对照组各30例。两组患儿麻醉前30 min肌内注射阿托品0.01 mL•kg 1，入手术室后开放上肢静脉。麻醉诱导：治疗组经静脉依次给予咪达唑仑0.05 mg•kg 1，舒芬太尼3 μg•kg 1（60 s注射完毕，舒芬太尼诱导剂量0.2 μg•kg 1），丙泊酚 1 mg•kg 1，维库溴铵0.08 mg•kg 1。对照组用药方法同上，仅将舒芬太尼更换为芬太尼3 μg•kg 1。分别记录两组患儿诱导前（t）、诱导后2 min（t0）、气管插管即刻（t1）、放置开口器（t2）、剥离扁桃体或腺样体时（t3）的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR），并观察术后恢复情况。 结果治疗组t0时MAP、HR较术前均明显下降（P＜0.01），在其他各测定时点差异无显著性。对照组t1时MAP、HR较术前显著升高（P＜0.01），较治疗组亦明显升高（P＜0.01）。治疗组围拔管期镇静评分高于对照组（P＜0.05），躁动评分低于对照组（P＜0.05）。结论在小儿扁桃体和腺样体摘除术中，舒芬太尼比芬太尼更能有效抑制气管插管的应激反应，维持血流动力学稳定，降低术后躁动发生率，提高麻醉恢复质量和麻醉安全性。     

舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼用于儿童扁桃体和腺样体切除术后麻醉恢复质量的比较

目的 观察舒芬太尼与瑞芬太尼在儿童扁桃体和腺样体切除术中及术后镇痛镇静作用,比较两种药物对麻醉恢复质量的影响.方法 选择择期进行扁桃体和腺样体切除术患儿80例,随机分为舒芬太尼组(S组,n=40)和瑞芬太尼组(R组,n=40).S组以舒芬太尼0.2μg/kg快速诱导,以0.2μg·kg-1·h-1术中维持,手术结束前30分钟停药.R组以瑞芬太尼2μg/kg快速诱导,以6μg·kg-1·h-1术中维持,手术结束前5分钟停药.分别观察两组术中术后血流动力学指标及术后患儿镇痛镇静程度.结果 两组在术中血流动力学指标无明显差异(P＞0.05).拔管后5分钟时S组MAP较基础值无明显差异;R组MAP较基础值明显增高(P＜0.05).S组患儿在术后Ramsay评分较适宜,VAS评分较低.结论 两种药物均适用于儿童扁桃体和腺样体切除术,舒芬太尼可提高术后麻醉恢复质量.     

舒芬太尼与芬太尼在小儿扁桃体和腺样体切除术麻醉中的应用

目的 探讨舒芬太尼与芬太尼用于小儿扁桃体和腺样体切除术中的麻醉效果和术后恢复情况.方法 将行扁桃体和腺样体切除术的160例患儿随机分为治疗组和对照组各80例.麻醉诱导后,治疗组使用舒芬太尼0.2μg/kg,对照组使用芬太尼2μg/kg.分别记录患儿的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)和苏醒时间,并观察患儿的恢复情况.结果 T3时对照组MAP和HR水平均明显低于对照组(P＜0.05);治疗组呼吸恢复时间为(5.4±1.4)min短于对照组的(7.2±2.0)min,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 舒芬太尼全麻用于小儿扁桃体和腺样体切除术能维持术中血流动力学稳定,提供充分的镇痛镇静,提高患儿术后恢复,减少术后患儿的躁动,具有较好的安全性.     

瑞芬太尼联合曲马多在儿童扁桃体腺样体手术中的应用

目的:探讨瑞芬太尼联合曲马多用于儿童扁桃体腺样体手术麻醉的可行性和临床效果.方法:扁桃体腺样体手术患儿40例,随机分为芬太尼组(A组)和瑞芬太尼组(B组)各20例,分别以瑞芬太尼泵注及芬太尼静脉注射诱导及麻醉维持,B组在手术结束前静脉注射曲马多,观测两组患儿血流动力学变化及术后恢复情况.结果:B组在插管后即刻、腺样体切出时HR、MAP低于A组(P＜0.05);A组MAP、HR在插管后即刻、腺样体切出时均高于麻醉诱导前(P＜0.05),B组各时点变化差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),B组拔管时间比A组短(P＜0.05),且苏醒更平稳.结论:瑞芬太尼联合曲马多用于儿童扁桃体腺样体手术可行且临床效果满意.     

舒芬太尼在小儿全麻诱导中的应用效果观察

目的观察舒芬太尼在小儿全麻诱导中的应用效果。方法对60例全麻患儿分别使用舒芬太尼和芬太尼全麻诱导进行观察。结果全麻诱导后舒芬太尼组的收缩压（SBP）、心率（HR）、舒张压（DBP）及心率收缩压乘积（RPP）与诱导前比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;但芬太尼组诱导后SBP、HR、DBP、SpO2和RPP与诱导前比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结果舒芬太尼适用于心血管手术麻醉。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.