The association of perceived stress with depressive symptoms in older Taiwanese—Result of a longitudinal national cohort study

Objective

To determine the impact of perceived-stress over one's own health, financial condition, job, and conflict with family members, and family members' problems on depressive symptoms in older adults.

Methods

We analyzed datasets of the Taiwan Longitudinal Survey on Aging, and used self-reported stress in 2003 and 2007 to represent long-term stress conditions in 4854 ≥ 50-year old persons. The impact of long-term stress on depressive status (evaluated with CES-D10, score range 0–30) was determined with multivariate logistic regression analysis. Persons with proxy interviews, incomplete CES-D data, or cognitive impairment were excluded.

Results

Perceived-health stress had stronger impacts on depressive symptoms than most other stress situations. Job-related stress showed no impact. Other stress situations showed modest associations in the middle-aged and young-olds. Ongoing stress had stronger impacts than past stress. Excluding health and job stresses, the impact generally decreased with aging. The association with clinically relevant depression generally followed that with depressive symptoms.

Conclusion

All perceived stresses are not equal in their impacts on subsequent depressive symptoms. Perceived-health stress has stronger impacts under most conditions. Better understanding of the associations of various stressors with depressive symptoms could enhance planning of effective strategies to reduce the risk of depression in older persons.     

南京市初中生早期生活事件追踪研究

目的探讨青少年早期生活事件的发展变化状况以及性别差异,为初中生心理健康发展提供依据。方法随机抽取南京市3所中学的598名初中生为对象,从初一开始进行生活事件的3 a追踪研究。结果生活事件及其学习压力和人际关系维度得分在3 a中均有所上升。男生生活事件和人际关系没有显著的时间主效应;女生生活事件和人际关系的时间主效应显著,且在初二时开始显著增加。男生的学习压力在初三时开始显著增加,而女生的学习压力在初二就开始显著增加。结论初中阶段青少年的生活事件存在显著的变化趋势及性别差异。     

Early impact of depression symptoms on the decline in activities of daily living among older Japanese: Y-HALE cohort study

Objective  

It is well known that depression deteriorates basic activities of daily living (ADLs), such as eating and bathing, among the elderly, but little is known about the early impact of depression symptoms on the next higher level of functioning, namely higher-levels ADLs, such as instrumental self-maintenance, intellectual activities, and social roles. The objective of this study was to determine whether symptoms of depression are associated with a subsequent decline in higher-level ADLs within a 12-month period of time.     

Change in reciprocity as a predictor of depressive symptoms: a prospective cohort study of Finnish women and men

The purpose of the study was to examine gender differences in the association between changes in the balance of give and take in close relationships and depressive symptoms. Data from a 5-year prospective cohort study in Finland (HeSSup Study) (N=18,445) were analyzed. After adjustment for demographic characteristics, recent negative life events, baseline depressive symptoms, hostility, and the supportiveness of social network, a shift of balance toward support receiving was a significant risk factor for future depressive symptoms among women. In contrast, men whose balance of give and take had moved toward support giving had a higher risk of future depressive symptoms than other men. When the analyses were replicated in a sub-cohort of initially non-depressed participants who lived in reciprocal relationships and had no recent life events, the results became even more pronounced among women, although not among men. We conclude that, for women, a shift in their close relationships toward support receiving may lead to increased risk of depressive symptoms, whereas for men a shift toward giving may have a parallel though less evident impact.     

Prevalence of burnout syndrome among Italian volunteers of the Red Cross: a cross-sectional study

Burnout syndrome (BOS) is a work-related constellation of symptoms characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment. A cross-sectional survey was performed to study the prevalence of BOS among a randomly selected sample of 280 Italian Red Cross volunteers. A socio-demographic questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI)-HSS were used to collect data. 241 volunteers participated (response rate: 86.1%). A significant proportion of the workers had BOS subscale scores in the highest tertile: emotional exhaustion 8.0%, depersonalization 35.9% and perceived lack of accomplishment 23.5%, respectively. Volunteers in emergency care reported higher levels of emotional exhaustion (p=0.004) and depersonalization (p=0.001), and lower level of personal accomplishment (p=0.042) than volunteers engaged in non-healthcare social and administrative duties. These findings support the opportunity of a set of administrative, organizational and individual preventive interventions for emergency volunteers’ mental health.     

Working time and upper limb musculoskeletal symptoms: a longitudinal study among assembly line workers

This study followed assembly line workers during 7 months, comprising a 4-wk season holidays. The main purposes were to determine the potential effect of working time on the presence and intensity of upper limb musculoskeletal symptoms, as to verify the effect of 4 wk of job interruption in the upper limb musculoskeletal symptoms presence and intensity. Data was collected during 6 moments. Generalized estimating equations analyses were used. For the effect estimates, odds ratio with corresponding 95% confidence intervals were reported for each outcome/model. The upper limb musculoskeletal symptoms showed a significant increase (p=0.001), especially after the 4 wk off. In all data collection points there was a significant positive association between the upper limb musculoskeletal symptoms and general health status (p<0.001). Considering symptoms’ intensity, significant relations were found (p<0.001). Work time had a negative effect on the work-related upper limb musculoskeletal symptoms over 7 months (OR 0.909, 95% CI 0.861–0.960, p=0.001). For the intensity of upper limb symptoms, the effect of time was also statistical significant (OR 0.115, 95% CI 1.031–1.220, p=0.008). A 4-wk job interruption did not show an immediately positive effect on upper limb musculoskeletal symptoms presence.     

Effects of changing exposure to neighbourhood greenness on general and mental health: A longitudinal study

Green neighbourhood environments have been associated with physical and psychological wellbeing in adults. Access to greenness is potentially more important in vulnerable subgroups. In this study based on longitudinal survey data from southern Sweden the cohort was divided into prognostic groups for good self-reported general (n=8891) and mental (n=9444) health. We used independent survey data to assess perceived neighbourhood greenness in 1 km² areas, and estimated effects of changing exposure longitudinally stratified by prognostic group. The overall effect on health was small and statistically uncertain (for general health OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.98–1.10, for mental health OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.00–1.14). A more beneficial effect of increased greenness was indicated among subjects with lowest prognostic of good general health (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.01–1.52). The study provided only weak evidence for beneficial effects of increased neighbourhood greenness triggered by changing residence. It seems that altered life circumstances, e.g. changed civil or socioeconomic status that often trigger a decision to move, are also the key determinants of the health consequences of changing residence.     

安徽省长丰县中小学生抑郁症状及其相关因素两年纵向研究

目的 探讨安徽省长丰县农村地区中小学生抑郁症状纵向发展趋势,并分析抑郁症状相关影响因素。方法 以2009年12月整群抽取的长丰县3所中学和5所小学全体在校学生作为基线调查对象,对3～9年级所有学生进行问卷调查,纵向研究则以基线调查时3～4年级和7年级学生作为研究对象,每年随访1次,共随访2次,有816人参与了3次调查。采用自编的中小学生身心健康状况问卷,调查目标人群抑郁状况及相关因素。纵向研究采用广义估计方程分析抑郁症状的相关影响因素。结果 3次调查中小学生抑郁症状检出率分别是11.3%、 10.4%和8.5%。样本总人群与其中始终处于留守状态人群的抑郁症状得分,在随访中变化的差异有统计学意义 （F＝13.423,P<0.001; F＝5.761,P＝0.003）。基线调查时有抑郁症状的学生,在随访1时有25.0% （23/92） 仍存在抑郁症状; 基线调查和随访1均有抑郁症状的学生,在随访2时有87.0% （20/23） 仍有抑郁症状。广义估计方程结果显示,3年级、 非独生子女、 家庭功能障碍和自尊水平低的中小学生更易出现抑郁症状,性别、 是否留守和父母文化程度与抑郁症状检出率无统计学关联。结论 安徽省长丰县农村地区中小学生抑郁症状检出率在随访过程中呈下降趋势; 纵向发展分析显示,抑郁症状检出率与自身特质、 教育及家庭环境有关,提高家庭功能和个体的自尊水平有助于中小学生的心理健康。     

Multifactor leadership styles and new exposure to workplace bullying: a six-month prospective study

This study investigated the prospective association between supervisor leadership stylesand workplace bullying. Altogether 404 civil servants from a local government in Japancompleted baseline and follow-up surveys. The leadership variables and exposure tobullying were measured by Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire and Negative ActsQuestionnaire-Revised, respectively. The prevalence of workplace bullying was 14.8% atbaseline and 15.1% at follow-up. Among respondents who did not experience bullying atbaseline (n=216), those who worked under the supervisors as higher in passivelaissez-faire leadership had a 4.3 times higher risk of new exposure to bullying. On theother hand, respondents whose supervisors with highly considerate of the individual had a70% lower risk of new exposure to bullying. In the entire sample (n=317), passivelaissez-faire leadership was significantly and positively associated, whilecharisma/inspiration, individual consideration, and contingent reward were negativelyassociated both after adjusting for demographic and occupational characteristics atbaseline, life events during follow-up, and exposure to workplace bullying at baseline.Results indicated that passive laissez-faire and low individual consideration leadershipstyle at baseline were strong predictors of new exposure to bullying and high individualconsideration leadership of supervisors/managers could be a preventive factor againstbullying.     

Anxious and depressive symptoms in adolescents: Epidemiological data of a large scale study in Dresden

SummaryObjectives The present large scale epidemiological study was designed to assess the prevalence of mental disorders in adolescentsMethods Two cross-sectional studies have been performed in adolescents in Dresden and the results of the examination of 627 high school and 485 secondary school students (mean age 15.5 years) are presented. Self rating procedures like the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and clinical Interviews have been used to enhance validity.Results The results underline the high prevalence rates of anxiety and depression in adolescents. Up to 30% of the 9^th and 10^th grades students suffer from mental disorders or are at risk for the development of mental disorders.Conclusions Therefore primary prevention of mental disorders is desirable.

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ZusammenfassungFragestellung Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt das Design einer umfangreichen epidemiologischen Studie zur Prävalenz psychischer Störungen bei Jugendlichen.Methoden Zwei Querschnittstudien an Dresdner Jugendlichen werden vorgestellt und die Untersuchungsergebnisse von 627 Gymnasiasten und 485 Mittelschülern (Durchschnittsalter 15,5 Jahre) werden berichtet. Zur Verbesserung der Validität der Untersuchungsergebnisse wurden Selbstbeurteilungsinstrumente wie das Beck Depressions Inventar (BDI) zusammen mit klinischen Interviews verwendet.Ergebnisse Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die hohe Prävalenz von Angststörungen und Depression bei Jugendlichen. Bis zu 30% der Schüler der 9, und 10. Klassen von Gymnasien und Mittelschulen weisen manifeste psychische Störungen oder eine erhöhtes Risiko an einer solchen zu erkranken auf.Schlussfolgerungen Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Bedeutung der primären Prävention psychischer Störungen.

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RésuméeObjectifs Le travail présent décrit la conception d'une large enquête sur la fréquence des troubles psychiques chez l'adolescent.Méthodes Deux études d'échantillon effectuées sur des adolescents de Dresden sont exposées et les résultats d'enquêtes menés sur 627 lycéens et 485 collégiens (âge moyen 15,5 ans) sont présentés. Des procédures d'auto=evaluation telles que le Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) et des entretiens cliniques ont été utilisés pour améliorer la validité des résultats obtenus.Résultats Ces derniers démontrent un taux élevé de troubles liés à l'anxiété et de dépressions chez l'adolescent. Jusqu'à 30% des élèves des 3ème et Secondes des classes de collèges et lycées manifestent des troubles psychiques ou présentent un risque élevé de développer de tels troubles.Conclusions Ces résultats soulignent l'importance d'un dépistage précoce de ces troubles psychiques.

     

The problem of attrition in a Finnish longitudinal survey on depression

A cohort of all school children aged 16 years in 1983 (n=2194, 96.7%) in Tampere, Finland were studied at 16, 22 and 32 years of age by self-reported questionnaires. The non-response pattern was considered by modelling the individual response probability by panel year and gender. Gender and school performance at age 16 years were the most important predictors of non-response. They explained away the effect of all other variables at 16 and 22 years, except for earlier non-response at age 22. However, the ability of the models to predict non-respondents was very poor. The effect of attrition for the estimation of depression prevalence was evaluated first by longitudinal weighting methods used commonly in survey studies and then by Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation of the missing depression status. Under the missing-at-random assumption (MAR), both applied correction methods gave estimates of roughly the same size and did not significantly differ from the observed prevalence of depression. No indication of informative missingness was found. We therefore conclude that attrition does not seriously bias the estimation of depression prevalence in the data. In general, non-response models, which are needed to correct for informative missingness, are likely to have poor ability to predict non-response. Therefore, the plausibility of the MAR assumption is important in the presence of attrition.     

汶川震后1年内中学生心理健康状况追踪研究

目的考察震后1年内中学生心理健康状况的时序特征。方法采用症状自评量表,对汶川地震灾区两所中学430名学生,在5.12地震之后第3个月、第5个月、第9个月以及第13个月对其心理健康状况进行调查。结果震区中学生心理健康在第5个月后总体状况呈好转趋势;震后1年内的不同时段,中学生在强迫、抑郁、焦虑几个因子上得分高于常模;恐怖因子得分一直显著高于常模;震后各个时段至少1个因子高于3分的人数保持在10%以上。结论震区中学生心理健康总体状况呈好转趋势,但恐怖因子得分一直高于常模。     

Screen-based sedentary behaviour and psychosocial well-being in childhood: Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations

ObjectiveSedentary behaviour is an important contributor to the development of non-communicable diseases worldwide. Less is known about the relationship between screen-based sedentary behaviour and child mental health problems. This study explores cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between screen time (electronic gaming and television viewing) and psychosocial well-being in early and late childhood.MethodTwo independent samples of Australian children were used to explore associations. Data were collected from the parents of 3956 young children (age 6) and 3862 older children (age 10) at baseline with a two year follow-up.ResultsAfter controlling for demographic and socioeconomic factors (e.g., sex, household income), we found that screen time was negatively associated with prosocial behaviour, and positively associated with hyperactivity, peer problems and conduct problems in both samples. We also found that high screen time related to the development of emotional symptoms in young children, and to the development of hyperactivity and conduct problems in older children, over two years. Important moderators were household income, parental education level, and neighbourhood socioeconomic position.ConclusionThese findings indicate that screen-based sedentary behaviour is related to the development of psychosocial difficulties in early and late childhood.     

Longitudinal association between neighborhood cohesion and depressive mood in old age: A Japanese prospective study

Despite increasing evidence of the relationship between neighborhood cohesion and depressive mood, little is known about this longitudinal association in old age. This study examined the association between perceived neighborhood cohesion and depressive mood and the stress-buffering effect of perceived neighborhood cohesion on depressive mood among older Japanese people using the 2010 (baseline) and 2012 (follow-up) Hatoyama Cohort Study datasets. We analyzed 655 participants aged 65–84 at baseline. Although perceived neighborhood cohesion at baseline was not associated with depressive mood at follow-up, high neighborhood cohesion partially offset the deleterious effect of anticipated daily stressors on depressive mood. This effect was stronger for long-term residents of the neighborhood. Interventions to strengthen neighborhood cohesion may help reduce the deleterious effect of stressors on older residents’ depressive mood.     

An examination of the reciprocal associations between physical activity and anxiety,depressive symptoms,and sleep quality during the first 9 weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium

During the initial outbreak of the global COVID-19 pandemic, many countries imposed a total lockdown (containment at home). Although it was still allowed in Belgium to be physically active or exercise with people from your household in the vicinity of your home, engaging in sports or physical activity in a group or club context was no longer permitted. To examine whether a lack of physical activity was potentially threatening to the mental well-being of citizens and vice versa, the present study examined concurrent and reciprocal relationships between physical activity and anxiety, depressive symptoms, and sleep quality during the COVID-19 lockdown in a 9-week longitudinal design. In a sample of 983 Belgian adults (75.1% female; M_age = 43.78, range = 18–82 years), we explored these relationships at both the between- and within-person levels through random intercept cross-lagged panel models. The findings indicate that more physical activity was associated with lower symptoms of anxiety and depression and better sleep quality, a finding observed both at the between-person (across weeks; β_anxiety = −0.25, β_depression = −0.30, β_{sleep quality} = 0.24, p < .001) and within-person level (within weeks; β_anxiety = −0.10, β_depression = −0.14, β_{sleep quality} = 0.11, p < .05). Moreover, at the within-person level, an increase in feelings of anxiety and depression at one moment predicted lower levels of physical activity one week later (β_anxiety = −0.04, β_depression = −0.06, p < .05). Since poor mental health poses a threat to the maintenance of physical activity, the current findings suggest that it is critical to invest in the mental health of individuals during distressing times.     

Sustaining habits of attending cultural events and maintenance of health: a longitudinal study

The purpose of this study was to assess how changes in the habit of attending cultural events in the community might predict self-reported health. This study made use of data based on two interviews, 8 years apart, with 3793 adults aged 25-74 years from a simple random sample of the Swedish population. The subjects were interviewed in 1982-1983 and re-interviewed using the same questionnaire in 1990-1991. The setting was a Swedish interview survey of living conditions comprising a random sample of the adult population. Self-reported health status was the main outcome measure. The variables used for control purposes were baseline health status according to the survey of 1982-1983, age (at baseline), type of residence, geographical region of domicile, and socio-economic status (level of education). A correlation was found between perceived poor health and all the independent variables, as well as an influence in the expected direction for all of them; poor education, increasing age and a low degree of urbanization all predicted poorer perceived health. In the full model (including all nine independent variables), those who became culturally less active between the first and second occasion, or those who were culturally inactive on both occasions, ran a 65% excess risk of impaired perceived health compared with those who were culturally active on both occasions. Furthermore, those who changed from being culturally less active to being more active had about the same level of perceived risk as those active on both occasions. These results could be in agreement with a causal influence of stimulation and suggest that cultural stimulation is a 'perishable commodity'. While recruiting new consumers would in that case promote health, continued frequent replenishment of the cultural stimulation may be just as important.     

Associations between objectively measured sedentary behavior patterns and depressive symptoms in older adults: A cross sectional study

BackgroundThe association between sedentary behavior and geriatric depressive symptoms remains unclear. Moreover, few studies use objective measurement to examine the relationship between comprehensive sedentary behavior patterns and geriatric depressive symptoms.AimsTo investigate the association between sedentary behavior patterns and geriatric depressive symptoms in older adults by objective measurement.MethodsA cross-sectional study was implemented in an outpatient department from September 2020 to September 2021. Participants were community-dwelling older adults aged 65 and older who could walk independently and were not at risk for cognitive dysfunction. Sedentary behavior patterns were measured by a tri-axial accelerometer for 7 consecutive days, and geriatric depressive symptoms were measured via the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale. A binary logistic regression model and multiple linear regression model were performed to examine the relationship between sedentary behavior patterns and geriatric depressive symptoms scores.ResultsA total of 167 older Taiwanese adults (mean age: 80.2 ± 7.0 years; 50.9% male; 15.6% at risk for geriatric depressive symptoms) were included. After adjusting for potential confounders, achieving sedentary behavior time >9 h/day was not significantly associated with geriatric depressive symptoms; greater times of sedentary bouts and more sedentary breaks were also not associated with geriatric depressive symptoms.ConclusionThis study showed that the sedentary behavior patterns were not associated with geriatric depressive symptoms among older adults in the study sample. However, the important limitation in this study was that passive versus mentally active sedentary behavior were not assessed. It is suggested that further research could simultaneously use objective measurement and self-reported questionnaires to completely clarify the association between sedentary behavior patterns and geriatric depressive symptoms in older adults.     

Comparing sense of coherence, depressive symptoms and anxiety, and their relationships with health in a population-based study

The strong negative correlations observed between the sense of coherence (SOC) scale and measures of depression and anxiety raise the question of whether the SOC scale inversely measures the other constructs. The main aim of the present study was to examine the discriminant validity of the three measures by comparing their associations with health indicators and behaviours. The participants were 25 to 74-year-old Finnish men (n=2351) and women (n=2291) from the National Cardiovascular Risk Factor Survey conducted in 1997. The SOC scale had high inverse correlations with both depression (r=-0.62 among both men and women) and anxiety measures (r=-0.57 among the men and r=-0.54 among the women). Although confirmatory factor analyses suggested that it was possible to differentiate between SOC, cognitive depressive symptoms and anxiety, the estimated correlations were even higher than those mentioned above. Education was related only to SOC, but the associations of SOC, cognitive depressive symptoms and anxiety with self-reported and clinically measured health indicators (body mass index, blood pressure, cholesterol) and health behaviours were almost identical. The variation in the lowest SOC tertile was more strongly associated with health variables than in the highest tertile. To conclude, the size of the overlap between the SOC and depression scales was the same as between depression and anxiety measures. This indicates that future studies should examine the discriminant validity of different psychosocial scales more closely, and should compare them in health research in order to bring parallel concepts into the same scientific discussion.