内侧半月板半脱位与膝关节损伤的MRI评价

目的：通过分析伴有内侧半月板半脱位的膝关节MRI影像学改变,探讨内侧半月板半脱位与膝关节损伤的关系。方法：回顾性分析77例内侧半月板半脱位的膝关节MRI表现。结果：①韧带损伤：26例前交叉韧带断裂（4例完全断裂、22例部分断裂）,与关节镜诊断完全符合率为88.8%;26例后交叉韧带断裂（3例完全断裂、23例部分断裂）,与关节镜诊断完全符合率为95%;17例内侧副韧带损伤（1例Ⅲ级损伤、13例Ⅱ级损伤、3例Ⅰ级损伤）;13例外侧副韧带损伤（8例Ⅱ级损伤,5例Ⅰ级损伤）;与关节镜诊断完全符合率为90%。②半月板损伤：73例内侧半月板损伤（50例Ⅲ度损伤、13例Ⅱ度损伤、10例Ⅰ度损伤）;30例外侧半月板损伤（10例Ⅲ度损伤、8例Ⅱ度损伤、12例Ⅰ度损伤）;MRI对半月板诊断结果与关节镜诊断完全符合率为90.5%;46例内侧半月板后根部损伤,与关节镜诊断完全符合率为92.21%。③软骨损伤：68例软骨损伤（1例4级损伤,21例3级损伤,46例2级损伤）;与关节镜诊断完全符合率为73%。④骨质增生：40例骨赘形成。结论：半月板半脱位是膝关节韧带损伤、半月板损伤、软骨损伤及骨质增生的重要间接征象。重视MRI内侧半月板半脱位,对于上述膝关节损伤的检出具有重要意义,能够有效防止膝关节骨性关节病的发生与发展。     

Traumatic brain injury is under-diagnosed in patients with spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the occurrence and severity of traumatic brain injury in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study with prospective neurological, neuropsychological and neuroradiological examinations and retrospective medical record review. PATIENTS: Thirty-one consecutive, traumatic spinal cord injury patients on their first post-acute rehabilitation period in a national rehabilitation centre. METHODS: The American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine diagnostic criteria for mild traumatic brain injury were applied. Assessments were performed with neurological and neuropsychological examinations and magnetic resonance imaging 1.5T. RESULTS: Twenty-three of the 31 patients with spinal cord injury (74%) met the diagnostic criteria for traumatic brain injury. Nineteen patients had sustained a loss of consciousness or post-traumatic amnesia. Four patients had a focal neurological finding and 21 had neuropsychological findings apparently due to traumatic brain injury. Trauma-related magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities were detected in 10 patients. Traumatic brain injury was classified as moderate or severe in 17 patients and mild in 6 patients. CONCLUSION: The results suggest a high frequency of traumatic brain injury in patients with traumatic spinal cord injury, and stress a special diagnostic issue to be considered in this patient group.     

Evaluation of in vivo measurement of transesophageal electrical resistance as an indicator of early experimental esophageal mucosal injury

Experimental esophageal mucosal injury has been characterized by an increase in mucosal permeability to acid and a fall in transmucosal electrical potential difference (PD). We have developed a technique for measuring transesophageal electrical resistance in an in vivo rabbit model of esophageal injury and have performed experiments to assess this parameter as an index of esophageal injury. As expected, tissue resistance varied inversely with mucosal area. The current-voltage plot for the esophagus with or without trypsin, bile, or acid injury remained linear with no "breakpoints." Tissue resistance was compared with standard indices of mucosal injury such as acid flux, PD, and morphologic change in experimental esophageal injury due to acid, bile, and trypsin. Our results show that tissue resistance is more sensitive than either PD or acid flux in detecting early esophageal injury due to low concentrations of acid or trypsin and, as opposed to PD, always showed a persistent, unidirectional change with injury. Thus these data show that in vivo measurement of transesophageal electrical resistance is a useful technique for assessing esophageal mucosal injury, in that it is the most sensitive indicator of esophageal injury we have observed.     

COVID-19 combined with liver injury: Current challenges and management

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) combined with liver injury has become a very prominent clinical problem. Due to the lack of a clear definition of liver injury in patients with COVID-19, the different selection of evaluation parameters and statistical time points, there are the conflicting conclusions about the incidence rate in different studies. The mechanism of COVID-19 combined with liver injury is complicated, including the direct injury of liver cells caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 replication and liver injury caused by cytokines, ischemia and hypoxia, and drugs. In addition, underlying diseases, especially chronic liver disease, can aggravate COVID-19 liver injury. In the treatment of COVID-19 combined with liver injury, the primary and basic treatment is to treat the etiology and pathogenesis, followed by support, liver protection, and symptomatic treatment according to the clinical classification and severity of liver injury. This article evaluates the incidence, pathogenesis and prevention and treatment of COVID-19 combined with liver injury, and aims to provide countermeasures for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 combined with liver injury.     

The Urban Epidemiology of Recurrent Injury: Beyond Age, Race, and Gender Stereotypes

Objectives: To profile all patients presenting to an urban ED with any injury, and to determine whether the rate of subsequent injury treated in the ED varied by demographic and E-code (external mechanism of injury) category. The hypothesis that young black males were disproportionately at risk for re-injury was addressed.
Methods: A cohort of consecutive patients presenting to an urban ED with any injury between January 1, 1991, and November 31, 1992, were followed prospectively for 1 year from their index visit dates. Any repeat ED visits due to injury were sought. The mean number of injury visits per year (the total number of ED injury visits for each patient divided by 1 year) was computed for the overall population and by race, age, gender, and E-code.
Results: The sample consisted of 34,378 patients who made 44,813 visits to the ED for injury. Of these patients, 22% had a repeat injury in 1 year, with a cohort mean of 1.30 injury visits per year. This mean did not vary appreciably by race (black 1.33, white 1.27), age (1–17 yr, 1.21; 18–24 yr, 1.32; 25–64 yr, 1.34; >65 yr, 1.23), gender (males 1.33, females 1.27), or E-code category. Having a prior injury visit in the preceding year was the best predictor of future injury (mean repeat visit rate = 2.08).
Conclusions: When examining patients presenting with any injury to an urban ED, the mean numbers of injury visits are remarkably similar across demographic and E-code categories. Although there are factors that place patients at risk for recurrent injury, those factors are not demographic—all patients presenting to an ED with injury should be considered at risk for re-injury.     

Microalbuminuria in acute burn injury.

Microalbuminuria is a known finding in inflammatory states. We hypothesized that urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) would correlate with injury severity and resuscitation demands after acute burns. This pilot study evaluated 30 adults admitted within 12 hours of injury with burns > or =10% total body surface area burn injury (TBSA). The urinary ACR was calculated for each patient at 7 to 12 hours, 19 to 24 hours, and 43 to 48 hours following burn injury. Microalbuminuria was defined as a urinary ACR > or =20 mg/g. Study patients (23 males, 7 females) had a mean age of 42.9 + 14.0 years and a median TBSA burn injury of 18.8%. Inhalation injury was present in 10 of the study patients, and all patients with inhalation injury had microalbuminuria at the time of admission. One study patient died. Median time from burn injury to resuscitation was 30 hours, and the median fluid requirement was 4.2 ml/kg/%TBSA. Microalbuminuria was not uniformly present in burn-injured patients during the first 48 hours after injury. ACR values early in the hospital course correlated with higher lactate concentrations early after burn injury. However, ACR correlated with neither injury severity nor resuscitation demands after burn injury during any studied time range. Microalbuminuria does not have apparent clinical utility in burn-injured patients, and other markers of injury severity and resuscitation demands should be sought.     

Pseudoaneurysm formation following a traumatic wrist laceration

Pseudoaneurysms occur secondary to partial disruption of the arterial wall. They are a commonly described complication of arterial injury, with penetrating injury and iatrogenic arterial catheterization being the most common etiologies in children. Many present weeks to months after the injury, and the initial vascular injury is often missed. The complications of pseudoaneurysm, which include thromboembolism, neurapraxia, and compartment syndrome, underscore the importance of early recognition and management. Definitive therapy consists of ultrasound-guided compression or resection and possible graft interposition. We describe a case of pseudoaneurysm formation in the radial artery of an adolescent girl 6 weeks following a penetrating injury. The patient's injury was complicated by sensory and motor deficits consistent with ulnar nerve compression. This case attests to the importance of adequately ruling out arterial injury in penetrating injury and close follow-up if the history is suggestive. In addition, a high index of suspicion is warranted to facilitate imaging of a pulsatile mass to avoid confusion of a thrombosed artery with an abscess.     

Characteristics and rehabilitation for patients with spinal cord stab injury

[Purpose] The objective of the study was to compare the incidence, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of patients with spinal cord stab injury to those with the more common spinal cord contusion injury. [Subjects] Of patients hospitalized in China Rehabilitation Research Center from 1994 to 2014, 40 of those having a spinal cord stab injury and 50 with spinal cord contusion were selected. [Methods] The data of all patients were analyzed retrospectively. The cases were evaluated by collecting admission and discharge ASIA (American Spinal Injury Association) and ADL (activity of daily living) scores. [Results] After a comprehensive rehabilitation program, ASIA and ADL scores of patients having both spinal cord stab injury and spinal cord contusion significantly increase. However, the increases were noted to be higher in patients having a spinal cord stab injury than those having spinal cord contusion. [Conclusion] Comprehensive rehabilitation is effective both for patients having spinal cord stab injury and those with spinal cord contusion injury. However, the prognosis of patients having spinal cord stab injury is better than that of patients with spinal cord contusion.Key words: Spinal cord injury, Stab injury, Rehabilitation     

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and attendance at hospital.

The aim of this study was to identify the risk of injury for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were matched with controls and attendances at the Accident and Emergency department and injury rates were compared. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder are at a greater risk of injury and also attend the Accident and Emergency department more frequently. The pattern and causation of injury is also different. This paper identifies attention deficit hyperactivity disorder as a predisposing cause of injury.     

急性颈髓损伤患者继发肺部感染高危因素的回顾性研究

目的 回顾性分析急性外伤性颈髓损伤患者继发肺部感染的高危因素。 方法 收集符合标准的脊髓损伤患者共154例,获取其病历资料中的性别、年龄、损伤原因、损伤节段、损伤平面和是否合并椎体骨折或脱位等相关临床资料,根据是否发生肺部感染分成对照组120例和病例组34例,对2组患者的临床资料进行单因素分析和Logistic回归分析。 结果 154例患者中,继发肺部感染34例。年龄［比值比（OR）=0.953,95%可信区间（CI）（0.913～0.995）］、美国脊柱损伤学会（ASIA）分级A级［OR=17.013,95%CI（5.187～55.801）］、C4及以上损伤［OR=3.225,95%CI（1.236～8.414）］、损伤至救治时间>8 h［OR=4.010,95%CI（1.447～10.887）］是继发肺部感染的危险因素。 结论 年龄、ASIA分级A级、高位脊髓损伤、损伤至救治时间>8 h是急性外伤性颈髓损伤后继发肺部感染的危险因素,对患者进行高危因素评估并进行早期预防性护理或干预,有望降低其肺部感染发生率,进而减少损伤后的死亡率。     

Electrocardiographic findings in patients with chronic spinal cord injury

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the prevalence and prognostic value of electrocardiographic abnormalities in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. METHODS: All electrocardiographs obtained in the Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Medical Center since 1987 have been digitally recorded and stored in a computerized database. For this study, only the first electrocardiograph was considered for analysis. The subjects were divided according to age and level of spinal cord injury. The Social Security Death Index was used to ascertain vital status as of December 1999. RESULTS: Annual mortality was similar in those with chronic spinal cord injury and the able-bodied. However, individuals with a higher level of injury had a significantly higher death rate than those with a lower level of injury. The prognostic characteristics of electrocardiographic abnormalities were similar in both the able-bodied and those with spinal cord injury. CONCLUSION: In general, electrocardiographic abnormalities had the same prevalence in the spinal cord injury subjects as in the able-bodied ones. The prognostic value of electrocardiographic abnormalities in subjects with spinal cord injury is similar to that observed in able-bodied subjects.     

高频超声在肌腱损伤诊治中的应用价值

目的探讨高频超声在肌腱损伤诊断治疗中的应用价值。方法对26例肌睫损伤患者术前均行高频超声检查，并与术中探查情况比较，术后行高频超声复查。结果26例患者术中探查情况均与高频超声检查结果相符。肌腱损伤后断端及吻合口的形态及内部回声随时间的推移而改变。结论高频超声诊断肌腱损伤具有特异性，且简便、准确，并对其治疗、评估治疗疗效和判断预后具有重要的临床价值。     

2012-2021年山东省烟台市居民伤害死因特征及趋势分析

目的 分析烟台市居民伤害死亡分布情况及发展趋势,为烟台市人群伤害防控提供政策依据。方法 收集2012—2021年烟台市居民伤害死因监测数据,应用Excel 2019和SPSS 22.0软件进行粗死亡率、标化死亡率等指标计算,采用Joinpoint回归模型计算死亡率、标化死亡率的年度变化百分比（APC）和平均年度变化百分比（AAPC）,并进行趋势检验。结果 2012—2021年烟台市居民伤害粗死亡率为53.02/10万,标化死亡率为35.48/10万,随年份变化伤害标化死亡率呈下降趋势（AAPC=-5.45%,P<0.001）。男性伤害粗死亡率为73.54/10万,标化死亡率为51.79/10万,随年份变化标化死亡率呈下降趋势（AAPC=-6.67%,P<0.001）,死因前3位分别是道路交通事故、跌落和自杀。女性伤害粗死亡率为31.86/10万,标化死亡率为18.78/10万,随年份变化标化死亡率呈下降趋势（AAPC=-4.78%,P<0.001）,死因前3位是道路交通事故、自杀和跌落。0～14岁儿童青少年伤害粗死亡率为8.23/10万,标化死亡率为8.20/10万,...     

Brachial plexus trauma: the morbidity of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis

Phrenic nerve palsy has previously been associated with brachial plexus root avulsion; severe unilateral phrenic nerve injury is not uncommonly associated with brachial plexus injury. Brachial plexus injuries can be traumatic (gunshot wounds, lacerations, stretch/contusion and avulsion injuries) or non-traumatic in aetiology (supraclavicular brachial plexus nerve block, subclavian vein catheterisation, cardiac surgeries, or obstetric complications such as birth palsy). Despite the known association, the incidence and morbidity of a phrenic nerve injury and hemidiaphragmatic paralysis associated with traumatic brachial plexus stretch injuries remains ill-defined. The incidence of an associated phrenic nerve injury with brachial plexus trauma ranges from 10% to 20%; however, because unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis often presents without symptoms at rest, a high number of phrenic nerve injuries are likely to be overlooked in the setting of brachial plexus injury. A case report is presented of a unilateral phrenic nerve injury associated with brachial plexus stretch injury presenting with a recalcitrant left lower lobe pneumonia.     

Functional improvement after pediatric spinal cord injury

OBJECTIVE: To describe the functional gain (FGain) with pediatric spinal cord injury inpatient rehabilitation and to identify the relationship of various factors to FGain in pediatric spinal cord injury inpatient rehabilitation. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review of a series of 91 children with spinal cord injury admitted from 1993 to 1998 in a freestanding rehabilitation hospital. Admission and discharge functional status were assessed with the Pediatric Functional Independence Measure (WeeFIM) instrument for children 7 yr. The outcome measure is the FGain (difference between the discharge and admission functional status). RESULTS: Significant gains in functional status were observed in all patients. FGain was not significantly related to age, sex, length of inpatient rehabilitation, pathogenesis, or completeness or neurologic level of injury. However, there was a trend for higher FGain for patients with incomplete spinal cord injury and traumatic spinal cord injury. CONCLUSIONS: Functional improvement occurs with pediatric spinal cord injury inpatient rehabilitation. There is a trend for higher FGain in patients with less severe injury and traumatic injury. The lack of relationship between FGain and length of inpatient rehabilitation suggests that a variety of other factors influence the relationship between FGain and length of inpatient rehabilitation.     

Elevated von Willebrand factor antigen is an early plasma predictor of acute lung injury in nonpulmonary sepsis syndrome.

In this prospective study of 45 patients, we tested the hypothesis that markedly elevated levels of plasma von Willebrand antigen (vWf-Ag) a marker of endothelial cell injury, might predict the development of acute lung injury in patients with nonpulmonary sepsis syndrome. Acute lung injury was quantified on a four-point scoring system. At the time of entry into the study, none of the 45 patients had evidence of lung injury. Subsequently, 15 patients developed lung injury and 30 patients did not develop lung injury. The mean plasma vWf-Ag level was markedly elevated in the 15 patients who developed lung injury compared with the 30 patients who did not develop lung injury (588 +/- 204 vs. 338 +/- 196, percentage of control, P less than 0.01). Furthermore, a plasma vWf-Ag level greater than or equal to 450 was 87% sensitive and 77% specific for predicting the development of acute lung injury in the setting of nonpulmonary sepsis. In addition, the combination of a plasma vWf-Ag greater than 450 and nonpulmonary organ failure at the time of entry into the study had a positive predictive value of 80% for acute lung injury. Also, a plasma vWf-Ag level greater than 450 had a positive predictive value of 80% for identifying nonsurvivors. Thus, in patients with nonpulmonary sepsis, an elevated level of plasma vWf-Ag is a useful, early biochemical marker of endothelial injury and it has both predictive and prognostic value.     

Radial nerve injuries from gunshot wounds and other trauma: comparison of electrodiagnostic findings

OBJECTIVE: To identify the difference and similarity of radial nerve injury in gunshot wounds compared to blunt trauma with regard to level of injury, completeness of injury, and other associated nerve injury. DESIGN: This study was a retrospective review of electrophysiologic data performed in an electromyographic laboratory of a county hospital. A total of 67 consecutive patients had gunshot wounds or other trauma to the radial nerve during a 7-yr period (1992-1998). Forty patients met the criteria for this study. The radial nerve injury was categorized according to the level of involvement and completeness of injury. The relationship between the etiology, level of injury, completeness of injury, and other associated nerve injury was analyzed via Fisher's exact test. RESULT: There was no difference in the level of radial nerve injury, completeness of nerve injury, and associated nerve involvement between gunshot wound cases and blunt trauma cases. CONCLUSION: In contrast to the upper and lower extremity traumatic plexopathy in which differences were seen, our study showed that gunshot wound-induced radial nerve injury is similar to injury induced by other trauma in the factors measured.     

Intravascular temperature modulation as an adjunct to secondary brain injury prevention in a patient with an epidural hematoma

Epidural hematomas (EDHs) account for 10% of fatal injuries in patients with head trauma. Up to 35% of patients suffering EDHs develop secondary brain injury within days after the initial trauma. Secondary brain injury can profoundly affect a patient's subsequent neurologic recovery and functional status. This case study presents a patient who developed an EDH following severe head trauma with signs and symptoms of secondary brain injury; intravascular temperature modulation was used to treat the secondary injury for a prolonged period of 13 days. The patient showed a complete neurologic recovery with return to work 6 months after her injury.     

Acquired brain injury: acute management

Acquired brain injury is a non-degenerative brain injury that may affect anyone at any time. Patients with acquired brain injury are often critically ill and this injury can have a devastating and long-lasting effect on the patient's quality of life. Although hospital treatment cannot change the initial injury, good nursing care will help to limit and prevent secondary damage thus reducing the probability of long-term disability.