冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗冠心病的临床应用研究

目的报告冠状动脉旁路移植手术（CABG）治疗冠心病的早期结果及分析。方法对270例冠心病患者行冠状动脉旁路移植手术,应用体外循环（ONCABG）63例,非体外循环（OPCABG）207例;不稳定型心绞痛130例,陈旧性心肌梗死96例,室壁瘤15例;多支病变188例,二支病变61,左主干病变21例：合并糖尿病86例,高血压91例,瓣膜病32例,均于术中同期手术处理。结果手术平均每例搭桥3.16支,术后需用IABP支持治疗8例,无围手术期心肌梗死。早期死亡1例;患者术后心绞痛症状消失,生活质量明显提高。结论 CABG手术治疗冠心病临床效果好,充分的术前准备,熟练的手术技术是手术成功的关键：对高龄、多支病变、陈旧心梗并发症及心功能较差的患者仍具有良好的安全性。     

Health-related quality of life of coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transluminal coronary artery angioplasty patients: 1-year follow-up

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to compare the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) before the interventions and 6 and 12 months afterward, and to compare their HRQoL also with that of the general population. METHODS: The sample (n = 615) consisted of consecutive coronary artery disease patients treated with elective CABG (n=432) or PTCA (n=183). The baseline data before the treatments were collected by structured interview, the follow-up data mainly by mailed self-administered questionnaires. HRQoL was measured by the 15D. For comparisons, the groups were standardized for differences in socioeconomic and clinical characteristics with a regression analysis. RESULTS: At baseline, the average 15D scores of the patient groups were 0.752 (95 percent confidence interval [CI], 0.743-0.761) in CABG and 0.730 (95 percent CI, 0.716-0.744) in PTCA. After standardization, the difference between the groups was statistically significant but not clinically important. These scores were significantly worse (statistically and clinically) than the score of 0.883 (95 percent CI, 0.871-0.879) in the general population sample matched with the gender and age distribution of the patients. By 6 months, the CABG and PTCA patients had experienced a statistically significant and clinically important improvement to 0.858 (95 percent CI, 0.844-0.872) and 0.824 (95 percent CI, 0.806-0.842), respectively. No significant change took place in either group from 6 to 12 months. CONCLUSIONS: Both CABG and PTCA produces an approximately similar, clinically important improvement in HRQoL in 1-year follow-up.     

Coronary risk factors in women one year after coronary artery bypass grafting

Given the importance of risk factor management to long-term outcome following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and the paucity of information on risk factor changes in women, a study was undertaken to examine the coronary risk factor status of women before and 1 year after CABG. This study was a prospective investigation of 130 women who underwent first-time, isolated CABG between February 1992 and October 1993. Lipid profiles, blood pressure, weight, smoking status, and other lifestyle behaviors were measured at the time of surgery and again 12 months later. The sample was 24% African American and had a mean age of 65 years and an average of 11 years of education. Substantial favorable changes in risk factor status occurred in the prevalence of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked per day among smokers. Although the women experienced weight loss, 58% continued to be obese, and the self-reported dietary intake of fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol remained above the recommended levels of the National Cholesterol Education Program's Step II diet. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures significantly increased, and a substantial number of patients (54%) continued to exhibit hypertension at 1 year. No significant changes in plasma lipid concentrations were observed. At 1 year, one third of the women exceeded recommended levels for triglycerides, 78% for total cholesterol, and 92% for low-density lipoproteins. These findings indicate that women continue to have multiple coronary risk factors after CABG, putting them at high risk for future coronary heart disease events. Healthcare professionals need to target these women for effective secondary prevention.     

Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: Misperceptions and misconceptions

Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) continues to be one of the most commonly performed cardiac surgical procedures worldwide. Conventional CABG performed on cardiopulmonary bypass termed on-pump CABG is regarded as the gold standard. However, on-pump CABG results in several physiologic derangements including but not limited to thrombocytopenia, activation of complement factors, immune suppression, and inflammatory responses leading to organ dysfunction. Furthermore, manipulating an atherosclerotic ascending aorta during cannulation and cross-clamping can predispose to embolization and stroke risk. Recognition of these detrimental effects of on-pump CABG resulted in resurgence of off-pump CABG nearly two decades ago. Off-pump CABG since its resurgence has been a subject of intensive scrutiny and speculation. Despite numerous retrospective nonrandomized studies, prospective randomized trials, and meta-analyses validating the safety and efficacy of off-pump CABG, opponents of the technique have persistently demanded abandonment of off-pump CABG. Several misconceptions and misperceptions are used as an excuse for such demands. This review article examines published scientific evidence to evaluate these misperceptions and misconceptions about off-pump CABG.     

非体外循环和体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床对比研究

目的 比较非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump CABG)和体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(on-pump CABG)的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2005年6月至2008年12月行冠状动脉旁路移植术152例患者的临床资料,其中off-pump CABG 85例(观察组),On-pump CABG 67例(对照组),对两组术后病死率、并发症发生率进行比较.结果 观察组术后死亡2例(2.35%),出现并发症13例(15.29%);对照组术后死亡9例(13.43%),出现并发症25例(37.31%).观察组术后病死率和并发症发生率均比对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01 .结论 off-pump CABG是安全的、微创的手术治疗方法.     

CT血管造影在冠状动脉旁路移植术前对乳内动脉评价的价值

目的:探讨CT血管造影在冠状动脉旁路移植术前对乳内动脉评价的价值,旨在为临床提供安全可靠的检查方法。方法:将34例冠状动脉旁路移植术前患者的CTA的原始数据传至后处理工作站进行图像的重建。采用原始轴位图像与重建图像相结合的方式进行综合分析评价,测量并记录乳内动脉的起源、走行规律、近段有无大分支,与胸骨的距离、全程长度、直径及横截面积,左右乳内动脉各指标间的差异采用独立样本均数比较的t检验。结果:34例移植前患者的乳内动脉(IMA)均可清晰的显示,5例患者的IMA起源异常,1例患者双侧IMA纤细,2例患者左侧IMA较右侧明显纤细,同时发现4例左侧锁骨下动脉(SCA)近段狭窄。IMA左右各参数之间比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:在乳内动脉-冠状动脉搭桥术前,CT血管成像检查是评价乳内动脉安全可靠的方法。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后手术部位感染的配对研究

目的 分析冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后手术部位感染(SSI)患者和非感染患者的抗菌药物预防使用情况和部分临床指标,为合理使用抗菌药物提供依据.方法 对北京市9所医院2008-2010年的CABG手术进行前瞻性目标性监测,将发生SSI的62例患者作为SSI组,未发生感染的124例患者作为对照组,分析两组患者围术期抗菌药物使用、术后早期血像和体温等临床指标.结果SSI组和对照组患者抗菌药物使用率均为100.0％,联合预防用药率分别为81.42％和79.29％,预防用药时间分别为(11.18±1.12)d和(10.95±0.98)d,两组差异无统计学意义;SSI组和对照组术后24～48 h白细胞绝对值分别为(18.2±0.48)、(17.9±0.92) k/μl,术后72 h患者体温分别为(37.8±0.86)、(38.0±0.24)℃,两组差异无统计学意义.结论 预防SSI不应单纯依赖长时间、联合使用抗菌药物,术后早期血像升高、体温升高在鉴别SSI上指示作用不明显,不应片面参考血像和体温作为延长使用抗菌药物预防SSI的绝对指征,应结合其他指标进行综合判断.     

同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术与瓣膜手术的临床研究

目的 介绍同期施行冠状动脉旁路移植术与瓣膜手术的体会.方法 选择48例患者同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术与瓣膜手术,术前心功能分级(NYHA)Ⅰ级15例,Ⅱ级13例,Ⅲ级15例,Ⅳ级5例.其中双支病变13例,多支病变35例,二尖瓣病变11例,主动脉病变10例,联合瓣膜病变27例.手术均在全身麻醉体外循环下进行,心脏停跳后先做静脉桥的远端吻合,然后置换瓣膜,静脉桥与升主动脉的近端吻合在主动脉一次阻断下或心脏复苏后完成.11例二尖瓣反流者均行二尖瓣成形术,37例患者行瓣膜替换术.其他同期手术:行室壁瘤切除术2例,左心房血栓清除术8例.结果 手术后发生低心排出量综合征2例,其中死亡1例.术后呼吸机使用时间21～282 h,平均(70.5±12.6)h.ICU停留时间4～42 d,平均(5.6±23)d.1例因Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞植入永久性起搏器.术后发生心房纤颤11例,院内肺部感染2例.术后心功能均明显改善.出院的47例患者全部获得随访,随访期间无心绞痛发作.随访中心功能Ⅰ级18例,Ⅱ级26例,Ⅲ级3例,而且随访中未发现瓣周漏等人工瓣相关并发症,亦未发生与抗凝相关的出血、血栓或栓塞等事件.结论 冠状动脉旁路移植术同时行瓣膜手术是安全、有效的.详细的术前检查、充分的心肌保护及术后预防并发症等皆是手术成功的关键.     

Glutamate metabolism of the heart during coronary artery bypass grafting

Glutamate infusion has been shown to exert beneficial hemodynamic effects in patients with heart failure after cardiac surgery. To elucidate the underlying mechanism we studied the possibility that glutamate is a Krebs-cycle precursor in the human heart. Therefore [1-13C]glutamate was infused in order to show production of 13CO2 by the heart. In five patients a primed constant infusion of [1-13C]glutamate was started 2|h before the start of sampling from coronary sinus and arterial blood. Plasma concentrations of glutamate and glutamine were determined by high pressure liquid chromatography. Blood concentration of CO2 and enrichment of [1-13C]glutamate, [1-13C]glutamine and [1-13C]glutmaine and 13CO2 were measured by GC-IRMS. The results show that approximately 85% of [1-13C]glutamate taken up by the heart is released released as 13CO2. These results show that synthesis of Krebs-cycle intermediates is a major fate of the glutamate extracted by the human heart.     

Intravascular stenting following bypass grafting in terminal coronary artery disease.

Reoperation after coronary artery bypass grafting in terminal coronary artery disease is associated with a substantial risk. Advances in coronary artery angioplasty offer alternative treatment with low morbidity and acceptable mortality.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术预防用药干预效果分析

目的讨论冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)预防用药干预效果。方法应用统计学方法,对预防用药干预后3个月和干预前1年同期CABG手术病例进行对比分析。结果干预组较对照组平均住院日缩短1.38 d,死亡率下降1.34%;干预组手术采用头孢呋辛预防用药占72.15%,单联预防用药病例医院感染发病率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);干预组手术切口感染率降低了0.44%,平均住院日缩短17.34 d;通过干预,手术当日预防用药级别降低,联合用药减少,杜绝了≥3种预防用药,手术当日预防用药类别趋于合理。结论医院对心脏手术选择二代头孢菌素的干预措施是有效的;应当把监测数据反馈临床,使外科医师建立信心,提高合理用药的依从性,进一步巩固干预成果;对于心脏外科手术预防用药的干预仍需不断探索,深入进行。     

非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术的临床应用

目的分析非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术(OPCABG)的优点及疗效。方法对2002年2月~2005年6月所行33例OPCABG患者的临床资料进行总结,患者术前心功能Ⅱ~Ⅲ级,左室射血分数34%~68%,均在非体外循环、心脏跳动状态下完成冠状动脉搭桥术。结果手术患者无一例死亡,术后心绞痛症状均消失,心功能得到不同程度改善。结论OPCABG是一种安全可行、效果良好的治疗冠心病的方法。     

Measuring the clinical consistency of panelists' appropriateness ratings: the case of coronary artery bypass surgery

OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical consistency of expert panelists' ratings of appropriateness for coronary artery bypass surgery. DESIGN: Quantitative analysis of panelists' ratings. PARTICIPANTS: Nine physicians (three cardiothoracic surgeons, four cardiologists, and two internists) convened by RAND to establish criteria for the appropriateness of coronary artery bypass surgery. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Percentage of indication-pairs given clinically inconsistent ratings (i.e. higher rating assigned to one member of an indication-pair when rating should have been equal or lower). RESULTS: In the final round of appropriateness ratings, among 1785 pairs of indications differing only on a single clinical factor (e.g., three-vessel vs. two-vessel stenosis), 6.6% were assigned clinically inconsistent ratings by individual panelists, but only 2.7% received inconsistent ratings from the panel as a whole (using the median panel rating as the criterion). Internists on the panel provided fewer inconsistent ratings (4.6%) than either cardiologists (7.8%) or cardiothoracic surgeons (6.3%) (p < 0.001). More inconsistencies were noted when the factor distinguishing otherwise identical indications was symptom severity (inconsistency rate, 13.2%) or intensity of medical therapy (13.2%) than when it was number of stenosed vessels (3.8%) or proximal left anterior descending (PLAD) involvement (1.9%). Contrary to expectations, panelists' inconsistency rates increased between the initial and final rounds of appropriateness ratings (from 3.9 to 6.6%, p < 0.001). Panelists' mean ratings across indications were only weakly correlated with individual inconsistency rates (r = 0.18, p = ns). CONCLUSIONS: The RAND/UCLA method for assessing the appropriateness of coronary revascularization generally produces criteria that are clinically consistent. However, research is needed to understand the sources of panelists' inconsistencies and to reduce inconsistency rates further.     

Chylothorax as a complication of coronary artery bypass grafting operation

The authors present the case of a 72-year-old woman who underwent coronary bypass grafting. Left sided chylothorax due to accidental dissection of a thoracic duct branch developed 2 months after sternotomy. As conservative therapy has failed, surgical pleurodesis was performed successfully. Chylothorax is a rare and underestimated complication of coronary bypass grafting. The worldwide increasing number of coronary artery bypass grafting surgeries makes it important to pay attention to this condition. Thus diagnosis of the chyle is relatively easy by its high chylomicron and triglyceride content, but identification of the etiology and its treatment is sometimes challenging for the physician. The treatment of chylothorax is usually conservative. The main goal is to keep the volume of the chyle under control. The number of surgical interventions because of chylothorax is increasing due to an increase of iatrogenic etiology.     

非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术的临床应用

目的分析非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥术（OPCABG）的优点及疗效。方法对2002年2月～2005年6月所行33例OPCABG患者的临床资料进行总结，患者术前心功能Ⅱ～Ⅲ级，左室射血分数34％-68％，均在非体外循环、心脏跳动状态下完成冠状动脉搭桥术。结果手术患者无一例死亡，术后心绞痛症状均消失，心功能得到不同程度改善。结论OPCABG是一种安全可行、效果良好的治疗冠心病的方法。