血管内支架治疗髂动脉闭塞的临床研究

目的:评价未经先期溶栓直接机械性开通完全闭塞的髂动脉支架成形术的安全性和可靠性。材料与方法:18例髂动脉完全闭塞的患者接受了机械性管腔开通并血管内支架成形术,其主要方法是采用导丝与导管组合逐渐通过髂动脉闭塞段。结果;成功通过18例髂动脉闭塞段,辅助球囊扩张随后血管内支架植入。平均踝肱指数从术前0.39±0.33(x±s)上升至术后0.86±0.13(P<0.01)。所有患者的临床分级术后均得到提高。随访1～23个月(平均17个月),踝肱指数稳定在平均0.96,并且临床分级无显著变化。髂动脉吏架植入后的所有的髂动脉开通率是满意的。结论:完全闭塞的髂动脉用机械性血管再通和支架植入的方法进行治疗是安全、有效和可行的。     

血管内介入治疗滤器源性下腔-髂静脉长段阻塞8例北大核心CSCD

目的探讨血管内介入治疗滤器源性下腔-髂静脉长段阻塞的可行性和安全性。方法2014年1月至2016年10月采用经皮腔内血管成形术(PTA)和支架植入术治疗8例下腔静脉滤器置入后慢性下腔-髂静脉长段闭塞患者。收集8例患者临床及影像学资料,对血管内介入治疗方法、技术成功率、并发症发生率及随访情况进行统计分析。结果 8例患者闭塞段血管均成功开通。7例球囊成形结合植入支架术后即刻造影显示支架位置良好,支架内血流通畅,侧支血管减少;1例球囊成形结合支架植入术后发生急性支架内血栓形成,经导管直接溶栓2 d后复查造影显示支架内血栓完全溶解,血流恢复通畅。术后随访2~13个月,平均(4.7±3.9)个月。至末次随访,8例患者CT及下肢静脉造影均显示支架在位良好,其中3例支架内可见内膜轻度增生,但血流均通畅。结论滤器长期置入可导致慢性下腔-髂静脉长段闭塞。球囊成形及支架植入可有效开通闭塞血管,是一种安全可行的方法。     

支架成形联合置管溶栓治疗TASC(Ⅱ)D型主髂动脉闭塞性疾病

目的探讨TASC(Ⅱ)D型主髂动脉闭塞性疾病血管内成形术辅助置管溶栓治疗的可行性、安全性及疗效,并对髂-股/股深动脉血管内成形术的可行性作一探索。方法 8例主髂动脉闭塞患者病变均为TASC(Ⅱ)D型,其中3例主动脉-髂总动脉-髂外动脉闭塞,主动脉闭塞长度为2~6 cm,1例腹主动脉远端重度狭窄伴右侧髂总动脉、髂外动脉闭塞,另外4例为双侧或单侧髂总动脉及髂外动脉闭塞。其中4例伴有股浅动脉长段闭塞。所有患者均采用PTA+内支架治疗,5例于血管内成形术后行辅助置管溶栓治疗。结果8例患者主髂动脉闭塞段病变均成功开通;4例伴股浅动脉长段闭塞患者仅行主/髂-股/股深动脉内支架成形术,而股浅动脉病变未予处理。技术均获成功,症状均获缓解,踝臂指数术前为0.58,术后为0.76。1例于术后出现左侧小脑小面积梗死,未发生严重后遗症。平均随访时间14个月,无再狭窄发生。结论慢性广泛主髂动脉闭塞病变,血管腔内成形术是一项安全有效的治疗措施,可获得较满意的临床疗效及近中期通畅率;支架植入后留置导管溶栓可以有效防止血栓形成的发生;髂-股深动脉血管内成形术可以达到改善患肢症状的治疗目的。     

CDT联合血管成形术治疗髂动脉闭塞症的研究

目的评价导管接触溶栓(catheter-directed thrombolysis,CDT)联合血管成形术在髂动脉闭塞症治疗中的疗效。方法选取髂动脉闭塞症患者58例,分为直接腔内治疗组(介入组) 28例和CDT联合血管成形术组(溶栓组) 30例。评估溶栓组CDT溶栓效果及安全性,观察两组术后有效性及安全性。对比观察支架植入率、随访期间术后通畅率。结果两组手术成功率100%,术后ABI均明显升高。介入组、溶栓组术后支架植入率分别为96.4%(27/28)、73.3%(22/30),支架平均长度分别为(11.7±1.2) cm、(7.6±2.9) cm,随访1年术后通畅率分别为78.6%、93.3%,两两比较P 0.05,差异有统计学意义。溶栓组溶栓后血管病变段长度明显缩短,溶栓总有效率93.33%,无严重出血事件发生。结论 CDT联合血管成形术在髂动脉闭塞症治疗中具有显著的减容作用、减少支架的植入,提高术后通畅率。     

髂动脉闭塞介入治疗的临床观察

目的探讨髂动脉闭塞性病变介入治疗的技术要点。方法本组41例髂动脉闭塞的患者通过行闭塞段开通、经导管局部溶栓、血管腔内成形术（PTA）和内支架置入等多种介入方法综合治疗来观察效果。结果 41例患者介入治疗成功率达100%,治愈36例,好转5例,共9例血管闭塞者进行了溶栓治疗。术后随访2～24个月,平均18个月,除2例分别在术后11个月和8个月发生支架内再闭塞行二次介入治疗外,其余患者症状均无加重或复发。结论血管腔内介入治疗可作为治疗髂动脉闭塞可选择的手术替代方案,尤其是对于有高手术风险的患者,具有微创、简单、有效的优点。     

血管内支架在髂股静脉血栓形成介入治疗中的应用

目的　探讨血管内支架在髂股静脉血栓形成介入治疗中的应用价值。方法　 2 0 0 1年 1月～ 2 0 0 3年 8月 ,对 38例接受综合性介入治疗的髂股静脉血栓形成的患者施以血管内支架植入术 ,术后口服抗凝治疗。术后 1、3、6、12个月定期临床随访 ,并通过静脉造影或超声检查支架开通情况。结果　38例患者在接受综合性介入治疗的基础上 ,对其残存狭窄 >30 %的病变之髂股静脉成功植入血管内支架。其中 35例患者支架植入后临床症状明显改善 ,术后平均住院日为 7.8d ;另外 3例支架植入后症状改善不明显 ,术后 6个月造影显示支架内闭塞。结论　在髂股静脉血栓形成介入治疗中应用血管内支架可有效地解决髂股静脉节段性狭窄闭塞的基础病变 ,从而提高疗效。     

膝下动脉硬化闭塞症外科介入综合治疗早期疗效

目的探讨膝下动脉硬化闭塞症外科介入综合治疗的早期疗效。方法回顾分析2006年9月～2008年12月我科收治的24例26条肢体膝下动脉硬化闭塞症行球囊成形术,结合髂、股动脉支架置入和动脉取栓综合治疗的早期疗效。结果平均随访8．5个月,24例26条肢体膝下动脉硬化病变50条,球囊成形术成功疏通48条动脉。流入道病变予髂动脉支架置入4例,股动脉支架置入6例,股、胭动脉血栓取栓6例。术中并发导丝穿通血管壁2例。结论膝下动脉硬化闭塞症外科介入综合治疗的早期疗效好。     

主-髂-股动脉闭塞性病变介入治疗的技术探讨及疗效观察

目的探讨主-髂-股动脉闭塞性病变介入治疗的技术要点。方法本组34例主-髂-股动脉闭塞的患者中，腹主动脉下段、双侧髂动脉完全闭塞8例，同时肾动脉受累3例；单侧髂动脉闭塞23例，其中病变累及股总动脉4例；单纯单侧股浅动脉长段闭塞3例。分别行闭塞段开通、经导管局部溶栓、血管腔内成形术(PTA)和内支架置人等多种介入方法综合治疗。结果除3例髂动脉闭塞未能开通外，8条腹主动脉，36条髂动脉，4条股总动脉和3条股浅动脉均得以开通，开通率为94％。共置入裸支架46枚，覆膜支架3枚。其中包括腹主动脉支架6枚，髂动脉支架34枚，股总动脉支架2枚、股浅动脉支架4枚和肾动脉支架3枚。在治疗成功的31例中，9例临床症状和体征得到缓解，21例明显改善，1例因长期慢性肾功能衰竭于术后第2天死亡；其中4例合并有并发症。术后平均随访21．5个月(2～53个月)，除2例分别在术后2个月和14个月发生支架内再闭塞行二次介入治疗外，其余患者症状均无加重或复发。结论综合应用多种介入方法治疗主-髂-股动脉闭塞性病变是一项安全有效的治疗手段，可获得满意的临床效果。     

超声消融及支架置入在髂静脉受压综合证中的应用

目的 :采用超声溶栓和支架植入治疗髂静脉受压综合证 (ICS)。方法 :在硬膜外麻醉下 ,行患肢股部小切口暴露腹总静脉 ,行超声溶栓 ,打通阻塞的血管至下腔静脉 ;随行受压静脉超声溶栓并对血管狭窄行球囊扩张 ,并予支架植入。结果 :本组 6例经此治疗后 ,随访 2～ 17个月患者自觉症状和肿胀肢体消失 ;采用血管多普勤超声检查患肢深静脉血液回流通畅。结论 :随着血管腔内技术的发展 ,对髂静脉血栓形成行导管直接溶栓 ,结合腔内血管成形术及支架植入术已取得良好效果 ,且创伤小 ,安全 ,能大大缩短住院时间。所以采用超声溶栓配合支架植入治疗ICS病人是值得信赖、有价值的方法。     

动脉粥样硬化所致髂-股动脉狭窄或闭塞的血管腔内介入治疗

目的 探讨动脉粥样硬化所致慢性下肢缺血通过髂-股动脉腔内介入治疗的可行性和疗效.方法 15例患者经多排螺旋CT下肢血管造影证实为动脉硬化性髂.股动脉狭窄或闭塞性病变行经皮腔内成形术(PTA)和支架植入术.通过术后血管造影及临床症状改善等来评价治疗效果.PTA术后病变段血管残余狭窄<30%被认为技术成功;按照Fontaine分型治疗后临床症状改善1级或1级以上被认为临床成功.结果 经同侧逆行PTA及支架植入术5例,共计6段同侧髂动脉血管.包括植入髂动脉支架3枚、3段髂动脉行VFA术;跨主动脉对侧髂.股动脉PTA及支架植入术10例,共计20支病变血管,包括植入髂动脉支架5枚、股浅动脉支架5枚、10支股动脉行PTA术.髂股动脉支架、成形术后重复血管造影证实所有病变段血管血流明显改善,技术成功率为100%,无血管夹层及血栓形成等并发症.临床随访2～24个月,平均11.9个月,术前及术后6个月踝臂指数测定差异具有统计学意义(t=-4.64,P<0.01).术后6个月Fontaine分型提高1、2和3级的患者分别有7、5和3例,所有患者均未施行截肢(趾)术,随访期间临床有效率为100%.结论 动脉粥样硬化性髂-股动脉狭窄或闭塞的腔内介入治疗是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,能够改善患者的生存质量,及早改善下肢外周动脉病患者的血运状况,为中长期保肢提供较好途径.     

四肢动脉狭窄伴血栓形成的急诊介入治疗

目的 评价四肢动脉狭窄伴血栓形成急诊介入治疗的临床意义。方法 26例四肢动脉狭窄伴血栓形成的患者实施了急诊OASIS导管流变溶栓、ATD浸软溶栓或尿激酶溶栓术，对狭窄段采取经皮球囊扩张(PTA)和支架成形术，其中锁骨下动脉3例，髂动脉5例，股动脉7例，胭动脉4例，胫前胫后动脉及足部动脉4例，人造血管2例，支架术后再狭窄1例。结果 PTA或支架置入术后狭窄段的血管腔复通率100％，溶栓术后血栓完全消失，患肢远端血运明显改善或恢复，临床症状消失。DSA或B超随访1～20个月，动脉均保持通畅。溶栓后消化道出血1例，无截肢病例。结论 采用急诊机械性和药物性溶栓术结合PTA和支架治疗四肢动脉狭窄伴血栓形成，可有效地解除动脉闭塞，避免截肢。     

Pulsed-spray thrombolysis of arterial and bypass graft occlusions.

Pulsed-spray thrombolysis is accomplished through forceful injection of a spray of highly concentrated urokinase into clot by using catheters with multiple side holes. We previously reported the immediate technical efficacy of the method in eight arterial and 10 bypass graft occlusions. We now describe the clinical efficacy of the method in a second, larger series of 23 native artery occlusions and 25 bypass graft occlusions. Transluminal angioplasty was performed after thrombolysis in 21 of the arteries and 24 of the bypass grafts. Initial thrombolysis was observed in all artery occlusions and all but one bypass graft occlusion with an average time for pulsed-spray lysis of 65 +/- 28 min in native arteries and 93 +/- 38 min in bypass grafts. Recanalization with improvement in symptoms or distal pulses after thrombolysis and angioplasty was achieved in 74% of treated arterial occlusions and 92% of treated graft occlusions. Of the 15 arteries that were recanalized and did not require adjunctive surgery, seven remained patent at 3-28 months follow-up. Nine of 23 recanalized bypass grafts required early adjunctive surgery. Of the nine synthetic and five saphenous vein grafts successfully recanalized and not requiring surgical revision, the mean patency was 4.3 +/- 3.1 months and 3.0 +/- 2.2 months, respectively. Minor complications were seen in 23% of cases. The two major complications (4%) involved one groin hematoma requiring surgery and one episode of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. We conclude that combined pulsed-spray thrombolysis and angioplasty achieve rapid and consistent arterial and graft recanalization with minimal risk. The method offers a favorable alternative to standard thrombolytic therapy of arterial occlusions. In occluded synthetic and vein bypass grafts, the technique is sometimes beneficial, either alone or combined with surgical revision.     

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting of the proximal vertebral artery for symptomatic stenosis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) for significant stenosis involving the origin of the vertebral artery is now a well established treatment for selected patients when posterior cerebral arterial circulation is compromised. Arterial spasm, dissection, and restenosis may occur in some instances, with subsequent hemodynamic compromise. To prevent these potential complications, we combined PTA of the vertebral artery with primary stenting, using coronary stents, in seven patients. We herein present our short- and intermediate-term results. METHODS: A total of seven lesions affecting the origin of the vertebral artery were treated by primary trans-stenotic coronary stent placement. All patients were symptomatic, fulfilling the general criteria for vertebral artery angioplasty. Patients were followed for up to 36 months after treatment. RESULTS: All seven lesions were successfully dilated. Residual stenosis was never greater than 20% in diameter. No perioperative complications occurred. Clinical follow-up showed immediate resolution or improvement of symptoms in all patients. One patient's condition deteriorated 15 months after stent placement because of atheromatous stenosis of the prevertebral segment in the ipsilateral subclavian artery. CONCLUSION: Stent placement to treat significant stenosis involving the origin of the vertebral artery is safe and effective for alleviating symptoms and improving blood flow to the posterior cerebral circulation. Coronary stent design seems to be particularly well suited to cover atherosclerotic lesions of the origin of the vertebral artery. The stent mesh probably prevents elastic recoil and early restenosis after PTA, as it does in coronary arteries.     

Nonsurgical treatment of acute iatrogenic renal artery injuries occurring after renal artery angioplasty and stenting.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the success of the nonsurgical treatment of acute iatrogenic renal artery injuries that occur after renal artery angioplasty and stenting at a tertiary referral center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During a 5-year period, 212 patients (308 renal arteries) underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or stent dilatation of the renal artery. Through a retrospective review of medical and radiology records, we determined that 13 of these patients suffered iatrogenic renal artery injuries. RESULTS: The renal arterial complication rates were 4.2% per artery treated and 6.1% per patient treated. All 13 patients were successfully treated nonsurgically. Five patients with acute rupture of the renal artery were treated immediately with balloon tamponade or with placement of an additional stent or stent-graft. Six patients suffered acute thrombotic occlusion; five were successfully treated with thrombolysis, and one was successfully treated without thrombolysis by the placement of an additional stent. Presumed distal guidewire perforation caused subcapsular hematoma in one patient and a perirenal and pararenal hematoma in another; both were successfully treated with conservative management. During the clinical follow-up period (mean period, 19 months), one patient required long-term hemodialysis. No other patients required additional treatment. CONCLUSION: The nonsurgical treatment of acute iatrogenic renal artery injuries occurring after renal artery angioplasty and stenting can be successful and may obviate additional surgery.     

血管成形术和内支架置入术对放射治疗后动脉损伤的治疗

目的评价经皮穿刺血管成形术和内支架置入术在放射治疗（简称放疗）后所致动脉疾病的治疗,及靶血管和内支架的长期支撑开放作用。方法１４例患者,因为放疗所致１８处动脉性病变,而给予血管球囊成形术治疗。并将１３个内支架置入于８例患者,分别治疗血管闭塞３例,动脉瘤１例,残存狭窄２例,多发狭窄１例,球囊成形术后再发狭窄１例。所有病例均用ＣＴ扫描和（或）多普勒超声检查,观察内支架及其靶血管内的血流情况。结果血管成形术成功治疗１４例,其中８例患者在动脉病变处置入内支架。随访８个月至５年,１１例动脉病变基本消失,血管造影示狭窄＜２０％,临床症状完全解除,３例狭窄＜３０％,临床症状改善。结论单一的血管成形术以及多技术综合运用,可有效治疗放疗所致的动脉性病变,应考虑其为动脉损伤性病变的首选治疗方法     

Diffusion-weighted imaging abnormalities after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting for intracranial atherosclerotic disease

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The literature contains relatively few reports of distal embolism associated with intervention for intracranial atherosclerotic disease. Our purpose was to evaluate the frequency of thromboembolic events after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) or stent placement in this setting by using diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging. METHODS: Between October 1999 and January 2004, 16 consecutive patients with symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis greater than 60% were treated with PTA or stent placement without a protection system. Whole-brain DW imaging was performed before and after intervention. DW imaging findings were retrospectively analyzed and divided into three groups according to new hyperintensities: type A was none; type B, a single lesion; and type C, multiple lesions. RESULTS: Nine type A, five type B, and three type C lesions were detected after the interventions. All hyperintense lesions were less than 5 mm in diameter. All type C lesions occurred in the context of internal carotid artery stenosis treated with stent placement. DW imaging abnormalities occurred most frequently when PTA followed by stent placement was performed for long internal carotid artery stenoses. No new neurologic deficits occurred in any patient. CONCLUSION: In this series, PTA or stent placement or both for intracranial atherosclerotic lesions was safe. New DW imaging abnormalities were less frequent in patients who underwent PTA alone or primary stent placement than in those receiving PTA followed by stent placement.     

慢性长段股腘动脉闭塞病变介入治疗分析

目的评价慢性长段股腘动脉完全闭塞病变腔内介入治疗技术及其临床意义。方法回顾总结56例慢性长段股腘动脉完全闭塞性病变,多种介入治疗技术如血管再通术、导管溶栓术、PTA及内支架置入术等的综合应用治疗效果。结果技术成功率92.9%(52/56)。52例开通者治疗后肢体状态改变为:+3:14例;+2:29例;+1:9例。踝/肱指数(ABI)由术前平均0.46±0.12增至术后平均0.83±0.08。随访48例,+3:11例;+2:24例;+1:6例;0:4例;-1:1例;-2:2例。症状改善总有效率为85.4%(41/48)。结论多种介入技术治疗股腘动脉完全闭塞病变安全、有效。     

Deep venous thrombosis associated with protein C and/or S deficiency: management with catheter-directed thrombolysis

We performed this study to evaluate the efficacy of catheter-directed thrombolysis with urokinase in treating acute symptomatic iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis associated with protein C and/or S deficiency. A total of 42 consecutive patients with deep venous thrombosis were seen between September 2000 and August 2002. Of these, catheter-directed thrombolysis via the popliteal vein was performed in 5 patients (11.9%) with acute iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis associated with protein C and/or S deficiency. Average duration of symptoms was 4.2 days (range, 1-7 days). The average urokinase dose was 2.7 million IU (range, 0.6 million to 7.0 million IU) infused over an average of 33.1 h (range, 16-67 h). Lysis was complete in all five treated cases. Two cases had underlying iliac venous stenoses (>50%) that were treated with angioplasty and stent placement. In one patient in whom recanalization of a right iliac vein occlusion was successful, thrombosis occurred in the treated vein within 3 weeks of intervention despite full anticoagulation therapy, and further intervention was required. There were no complications or clinically detectable pulmonary emboli. The technical and clinical success rates were 100%. This initial experience suggests that catheter-directed thrombolysis for treatment of acute symptomatic iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis associated with protein C and/or S deficiency is safe and effective.