生物化学与临床医学联系的教学方法探索与实践

生物化学与分子生物学是揭示生命奥秘的科学,涵盖了诸多与生命现象有关的人体结构与功能、物质与代谢、基因与调控等广博的信息,是诠释疾病的发生、发展及其转归的基本理论与实验的基础,在生物化学教科书中得到了完整的体现[1].     

药师作为临床研究协调员在新药临床试验中的作用

目的：为保证新药临床试验的安全性及客观性提供参考。方法：总结并分析药师参与临床试验的优势与必要性,介绍了药师参与药物临床试验的实践经验,包括医院临床试验制度的建立与流程管理、法规培训与宣传、不良事件记录与评估、药品管理与用药教育、质量监查等。结果与结论：药师全程参与临床试验的实施与管理,进一步确保了新药临床试验的安全性及客观性,促进了医院临床试验的有效管理,提高了临床试验的质量。     

从技术评价角度思考中药新药的临床优势与特色

从技术评价角度,回顾和总结了中药新药的发展历程,分析了中药新药在中医药治疗领域中的地位和作用,阐述了现阶段中药新药的临床优势与特色,以及制定中药新药管理与评价的基本原则。同时提出了目前影响体现中药新药临床优势与特色所面临的几个现实性问题,以期共同探讨中药新药管理与技术评价中如何更好地体现中医药优势和特色,传承和发扬中医药,推进中药新药研发与评价的发展。     

我校中药学专业中药炮制学试验课程教学的改革与实践

目的:提高中药学专业中药炮制学试验教学质量。方法:以我校中药学专业中药炮制学试验为切入点,分别从教学模式、教学方法、教学内容与考核内容4个方面进行改革。结果:改变了原有的教学模式,引入了必修试验、选修试验、开放试验和探索试验的分类方法,建立了常见中药炮制品标本库与音频、视频库的教学方法,设计了基本试验、综合性试验、设计性试验与研究性试验的教学内容,增加了对试验预习、试验操作、试验设计与试验考试4项内容的考核。结论:通过该课程教学方法与途径的改革,提高了中药炮制学试验教学的质量,培养了学生的创新能力与实践能力。     

重塑工商合作关系

网上药店完成了供应链的再造,缩短了工业企业与消费者连接的路径;同时也与工业企业一道面对并引领未来的市场趋势,由是也形成了新型工商关系的显性特征。对于网上药店这一新兴的销售渠道,如何找到合作的联结点,如何找到利益的平衡点,是建立新型工商关系的基本诉求。事实上,网上药店已完成了供应链的再造,缩短了工业企业与消费者连接的路径,同时也与工业企业一道面对并引     

医学院校医用高等数学的教学改革与实践

根据医学院校医用高等数学课程的教学特点和教学目的,对医用高等数学的教学改革前景与方法进行了分析和讨论,提出了更新教学内容,改进教学方法,增设与医学相关紧密的医用数学选修课,以及精讲与略讲、主讲与自学、理论与实践、课堂教学与校园网络辅助教学相结合等观点措施。     

一种合谋安全的数据库指纹编码与盗版追踪算法

在将数据库作为软件产品发行的应用场合,需要有相应的安全机制对叛逆用户的盗版行为进行约束.本文提出了一种基于数字指纹的关系数据库盗版追踪解决方案.以混沌二值序列将版权水印与用户指纹组合而成数据库指纹,在密钥的控制下嵌入数据库.基于混沌二值序列的随机性进行指纹提取与叛逆追踪.方案具有较高的合谋安全性,同时降低了指纹检测与叛逆追踪的运算复杂度.文中描述了数据库指纹编码与嵌入、指纹检测与提取算法,分析了算法的鲁棒性与叛逆追踪能力,并进行了实验验证.     

无线自组网与Internet互联方案比较

通过无线自组网路由协议与Internet路由协议的协作,移动节点可经由多跳与网关节点通信,从而实现移动节点与Internet互联.首先分析了自组网与Internet互联所面临的困难,然后详细比较了多种已有的互联方案,从寻址、网关带宽瓶颈、路由复杂性及组播等方面进行了对比分析,最后总结了各种方案的性能特点和适用场景,并展望了该领域的进一步研究方向.     

某部卫生信息化建设现状与思考

<正>近年来,部队卫生信息化建设在总部、军区的规划与指导下,投入了一定的资金与力量,信息化建设从无到有,信息化含量与作用不断得到提高,促进了部队卫勤管理及卫勤保障效率,机构质量建设也得到了一定的进步与发展,但也存在不少困难与问题,现结合实践,将相关情况报告如下。1部队卫生信息化建设现状目前部队信息化建设主要有以下四个系统:     

浅谈我国药品抽验工作的科学化与规范化

本文结合当前药品生产、经营、使用中影响药品质量的各种环节,提出了一套药品抽验的科学计划、措施与办法。经实践应用,落实了各级药政药检的分量范围与职责;密切了执法单位与守法单位的配合协作关系;降低了不合格药品的漏检率;提高了药品抽验质量与效率;保障了人民用药安全。     

MEASUREMENT OF NET SODIUM INTAKE BY THE OVINE FETUS WITH OESOPHAGEAL LIGATION

1. If the fetal sheep is in sodium balance, then the net intake of sodium is equal to the sum of the losses of sodium in fetal urine and lung liquid plus the rate of deposition of sodium with growth. 2. In seven fetal sheep with oesophageal ligation net sodium intake was 23.1 ± 2.8 (s.e.m.) μmol/min per kg; 11.8 ± 1,4 μmol/min per kg was excreted by the lungs and 8.7 ± 2.3 μmol/min per kg was excreted by the kidneys. The excretion of sodium by the lungs accounted for 52.8 ± 4.8% of the total amount of sodium; the excretion of sodium by the kidneys accounted for 34.9 ± 5.4% and the calculated variable, that is, sodium deposited due to growth was 12.3 ± 1.4%. 3. All but one fetus excreted more sodium from the lungs than from the kidneys. There was no relationship between the clearance of sodium by the lungs and net sodium intake but there was a direct relationship between renal sodium clearance and net sodium intake (r=0.92, P < 0.005). This suggests that fetal urinary sodium excretion is dependent upon net sodium intake by the fetus. This animal model shows that normally there must be sodium fluxes from allantoic and/or amniotic cavities to either the fetus or the ewe.     

雷贝拉唑钠树脂复合物的制备及评价

目的制备雷贝拉唑钠树脂复合物,探讨其形成机理并考察其稳定性。方法用静态离子交换法制备雷贝拉唑钠树脂复合物,通过正交设计法优化处方制备工艺;通过光学显微镜观察药物树脂复合物的形态外观;通过X-ray衍射分析、差示扫描量热分析以及红外光谱分析探讨药物树脂复合物的形成机理;通过吸湿平衡曲线评价雷贝拉唑钠树脂复合物的防潮性能;通过破坏性实验评价雷贝拉唑钠树脂复合物的耐酸性能。结果优化所得最佳制备工艺:药物初始浓度为1.0g·L~(-1),药物树脂质量比为1︰3,溶液介质离子强度为0.001mol·L~(-1)的氢氧化钠溶液,制备温度为30℃。经红外光谱分析、X-ray衍射和DSC分析,药物树脂复合物所载药物是以化学键的形式结合到离子交换树脂上的。雷贝拉唑钠树脂复合物也具有一定的防潮和耐酸性能。结论雷贝拉唑钠树脂复合物是通过化学键形成的,且在一定程度上能够提高药物的稳定性。     

火焰原子吸收光谱法测定利福霉素钠中钠的含量

目的 建立利福霉素钠中钠的含量测定方法.方法 样品微波消解处理后,火焰原子吸收光谱法测定样品中钠的含量.结果 钠在0.1～0.5mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9990;回收率在101.23％～104.27％,RSD为1.0％.结论 该方法简单、快速、准确;能很好地用于利福霉素钠中钠的质量控制.     

头孢菌素类药物皮试方法的探讨

目的:探讨头孢菌素类药物皮试方法的安全性和可行性。方法:对320例因感染而需注射头孢噻肟钠或头孢唑啉钠的患者采用自身对照法,左、右臂分别用头孢噻肟皮试液和头孢唑啉皮试液进行皮试,记录皮试结果。结果:头孢噻肟皮试阳性率7·19%,头孢唑啉皮试阳性率9·06%;二者同时阳性率3·75%,明显低于头孢噻肟皮试阳性率和头孢唑啉皮试阳性率(P<0·01)。结论:不能用头孢唑啉皮试液代替头孢噻肟皮试液进行皮肤过敏试验。影响皮试结果的临床因素较多,有关部门应尽快制定头孢菌素类药物皮试的临床操作规范。     

Age-related changes in the sensitivity to verapamil and sodium nitroprusside of vascular smooth muscle of rabbit aorta.

Age-related changes in the sensitivity to verapamil and sodium nitroprusside were examined in isolated aortic strips of the rabbit. In the aortae of newborn rabbits within 10 days of birth, the resting tone of the muscle was strongly reduced by sodium nitroprusside but not by either Ca-deficient solution or by verapamil. High K-induced contraction and noradrenaline-induced contraction were both inhibited by verapamil or sodium nitroprusside. In the aortae of 24 day-old rabbits, resting tension was slightly reduced by sodium nitroprusside but not by verapamil. High K-induced contraction was less sensitive to sodium nitroprusside than to verapamil whereas noradrenaline-induced contraction was less sensitive to verapamil than to sodium nitroprusside. In the aortae isolated from 60 day-old or older rabbits, resting tension was not affected by either sodium nitroprusside or verapamil. High K-induced contraction was inhibited by verapamil whereas sodium nitroprusside showed only a weak inhibitory effect. Noradrenaline-induced contraction was inhibited by sodium nitroprusside although verapamil had only a slight inhibitory effect. In the aortae of 1 day-old and also in adult rabbits, noradrenaline induced an additional increase in muscle tension when applied during the sustained contraction induced by high K. It is suggested that, in the newborn rabbit aorta, the voltage-dependent Ca channel is sensitive to both verapamil and sodium nitroprusside and the sensitivity to sodium nitroprusside gradually decreases during maturation whereas the receptor-linked Ca channel is also sensitive to both of the inhibitors at birth but the sensitivity to verapamil gradually decreases with age.     

Sodium regulation of agonist binding at opioid receptors. II. Effects of sodium replacement on opioid binding in guinea pig cortical membranes

We have examined the effects of sodium on the binding of opioid agonists to mu-, delta-, and kappa-receptors in guinea pig cortical membranes. Concentration curves for sodium indicated that maximal inhibition of mu binding by this cation was about 60% and maximal inhibition for delta binding was about 70%, whereas that for kappa binding was only about 20%. The concentration of sodium required for half-maximal inhibition of binding to all three sites was about 10-30 mM, corresponding to the intracellular sodium concentration. The nature of the sodium effect was further characterized by saturation analysis of binding to each of the three receptor types by comparing results obtained in the presence of 120 mM sodium with those obtained with equimolar replacement of sodium by another cation. Two radiolabeled agonists with different structural characteristics were tested for each binding site. In the presence of sodium, the affinity of the labeled agonists for mu sites was approximately 2-3-fold less than in its absence, but the density of binding sites was not changed. At kappa sites, sodium reduced agonist affinity slightly but, again, did not alter the number of binding sites. In contrast, sodium reduced the apparent density of delta-binding sites while leaving the agonist affinity unchanged. Competition against antagonist binding to delta sites indicated that, in the presence of sodium, a higher proportion of sites was in a lower affinity state, as reflected by the biphasic nature of the agonist displacement curve. In contrast, the effect of sodium on displacement of antagonist from mu sites was to of sodium on displacement of antagonist from mu sites was to lower the affinity of the agonist. Competition against antagonist binding to kappa sites also showed a reduction in agonist affinity by sodium, but no change in number of receptors. The results indicate that sodium may differentially regulate agonist binding to opioid receptor types and that this regulation may occur at an intracellular site. The kappa site appears to be less sensitive to sodium than the mu and delta sites.     

头孢噻肟钠与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液的配伍稳定性考察

目的考察头孢噻肟钠与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液的配伍稳定性。方法采用紫外分光光度法确定两者的最大吸收波长,并测定两药配伍后不同时间的含量及吸收曲线变化;用酸度计测定两药配伍后pH值并观察外观变化。结果奥硝唑在320nm,头孢噻肟钠在234.5nm处有最大吸收。混合液在4h内外观澄明,无沉淀产生;混合吸收曲线未发生改变,也未见其他吸收峰产生;含量、pH值均无明显变化。6h后两药含量测定结果略降低,8h后混合液紫外光谱发生改变。结论头孢噻肟钠与奥硝唑氯化钠注射液配伍后4h内稳定性较好,临床上两药配伍使用应在4h内完成。     

Diuretic effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition: comparison of low and liberal sodium diet in hypertensive patients

Inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) acutely increase sodium excretion. Whether or not continued treatment induces net negative sodium balance is not clear, and may depend on initial sodium balance. We therefore investigated the effects of 8 days of treatment with enalapril, 10 mg b.i.d., on sodium balance in 10 subjects with uncomplicated essential hypertension, in balance on a low (50 mmol sodium/24 h) and a liberal (200 mmol sodium/24 h) sodium intake. Sodium excretion exceeded intake during the first days of treatment, amounting to sodium losses of 101 +/- 24 and 112 +/- 15 mmol in the low and the liberal sodium diets, respectively. The sodium loss was accompanied by a fall in body weight with both regimens. The blood pressure response to enalapril was potentiated by the sodium-restricted diet. The net increase in sodium excretion after enalapril administration, however, was similar for both diets. This was particularly true for individual patients, suggesting an individual response pattern to ACE inhibition.     

Inhaled sodium metabisulphite induced bronchoconstriction: inhibition by nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate.

1. The effects of nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate on bronchoconstriction induced by inhaled sodium metabisulphite have been studied in eight atopic subjects, three of whom had mild asthma. 2. Nedocromil sodium (4 mg, 7.8 X 10(-6) M), sodium cromoglycate (10 mg, 24.1 X 10(-6) M) and matched placebo were administered by identical metered dose inhalers 30 min before a dose-response to sodium metabisulphite (5-100 mg ml-1) was performed. 3. Maximum fall in sGaw after placebo pre-treatment was -43.9 +/- 3.3% baseline (mean +/- s.e. mean). At the same metabisulphite concentration maximum fall in sGaw after sodium cromoglycate was -13.0 +/- 3.6% and after nedocromil sodium was +4.3 +/- 6.8%. Nedocromil sodium prevented any significant fall in sGaw even after higher concentrations of metabisulphite. 4. Both nedocromil sodium, 4 mg, and sodium cromoglycate, 10 mg, inhibited sodium metabisulphite induced bronchoconstriction but nedocromil sodium was significantly more effective. Relative in vivo potency of the two drugs is broadly in line with other in vivo and in vitro studies.     

双丙戊酸钠和丙戊酸钠对HepG2细胞的毒性作用及机制

目的探讨双丙戊酸钠和丙戊酸钠对肝细胞的毒性作用及其可能的作用机制。方法肝癌细胞株HepG2加入双丙戊酸钠和丙戊酸钠0.1,0.3,1和3mmo.lL-1,培养24h后,MTT法测定HepG2的细胞存活;双丙戊酸钠和丙戊酸钠0.3,0.5和1.0mmol.L-1作用HepG2细胞24h,丙酮酸法测定培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性,赖氏法测定培养液中谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性;双丙戊酸钠和丙戊酸钠62.5,125,250,500和1000μmol.L-1作用24h,实时定量逆转录聚合酶链反应RT-PCR测定细胞色素P450家族中CYP1A1mRNA和CYP1A2mRNA表达的变化。结果与溶剂对照组比较,双丙戊酸钠和丙戊酸钠0.1,0.3,1和3mmo.lL-1均显著抑制细胞的存活(P<0.05,P<0.01),且存在浓度依赖关系。双丙戊酸钠与丙戊酸钠0.3,0.5和1mmol.L-1使HepG2细胞培养液中GPT,GOT和LDH的活性明显升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),且随浓度升高,肝酶活性进一步升高。双丙戊酸钠与丙戊酸钠62.5,125,250,500和1000μmol.L-1使HepG2细胞中CYP1A1mRNA和CYP1A2mRNA的表达水平亦逐渐升高。结论双丙戊酸钠和丙戊酸钠对HepG2细胞都有明显的毒性作用,CYP1A1mRNA和CYP1A2mRNA表达水平的升高可能是丙戊酸类药物诱发肝毒性的机制之一。