局灶性脑缺血后海马各区NMDAR表达的实验研究

目的：观察局灶性脑缺血对N－甲基－D－天门冬氨酸受体（NMDAR）及NMDARmRNA表达的影响。方法：采用线栓法制作可复流脑中动脉闭塞大鼠模型。30只雄性大鼠随机分为3组;正常组、假手术组和大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）组。MCADO后第5天处死动物,取脑组织进行NR1免疫组化及NR1mRNA原们杂交检测。结果（1）正常组海马各区均有NR1阳性细胞伯分布,其中海马CA3区、DG区分布较多;MCAO组NR1阳性细胞在海马CA1区、CA3区及DG区的数密度、光密度较正常组高;（2）正常组海马各区均有极少量的NR1mRNA阳性细胞分布,MCAO组NR1mRNA阳性细胞在海马CA1区、CA3区的数密度、光密度均较正常组有显著性增高。结论：大鼠海马各区都存在着NR1及NR1mRNA不同程度的表达,MCAO后NR1及NR1mRNA的表达水平上调。     

大鼠脑缺血后海马CA1区胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达与迟发性神经元死亡的关系

目的观察大鼠大脑缺血再灌注后海马CA1区胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达与迟发性神经元死亡的关系。方法采用大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞再灌注模型(MCAO),将大鼠随机分为MCAO后3d、7d、30d组及假手术组,应用免疫荧光与TUNEL染色法分别观察脑缺血再灌注后不同时间点缺血侧海马CA1区GFAP表达情况和迟发性神经元死亡(DND)的变化。结果(1)3d组海马DND阳性(DND 组)的MCAO大鼠、海马DND阴性(DND-组)的MCAO大鼠与假手术组大鼠比较,缺血侧海马CA1区GFAP染色的平均光密度无显著性差异(P>0.05),但GFAP阳性细胞的形态发生变化;(2)7d组大鼠缺血侧海马CA1区GFAP阳性细胞大量活化增殖,表现为胞体变大,突起增多;DND( )、DND(-)组海马CA1区GFAP染色的平均光密度较假手术组增高(P<0.01),且DND(-)组的GFAP平均光密度较DND( )组明显增高(P<0.01);(3)30d组大鼠缺血侧海马CA1区GFAP表达呈瘢痕样改变,DND( )、DND(-)组与假手术组比较其GFAP染色的平均光密度明显增高(P<0.05),且DND( )组的GFAP平均光密度较DND(-)组明显增高(P<0.05)。结论大鼠MCAO后星形胶质细胞反应性变化的差异可能与海马CA1区迟发性神经元死亡的发生有关。     

胰岛素对脑缺血后鼠海马CA1区神经元凋亡及记忆影响

目的　观察胰岛素对全脑缺血后海马CA1区神经元凋亡及大鼠学习记忆力改变的影响 ,探讨胰岛素对全脑缺血后海马CA1区神经元产生中枢直接保护作用的机理。方法　利用 4 VO法制作大鼠全脑缺血模型。造成脑缺血 15min后行再灌注 ,于再灌注后即刻经脑室注入 1U胰岛素 ,利用免疫组化及原位标记法分别于全脑缺血后 1、3d观察海马CA1区Bcl 2、Bcl xl蛋白表达及神经元凋亡的情况 ;缺血后 8周 ,利用“Y”型迷宫测试大鼠的学习记忆功能。结果　全脑缺血后 3d ,缺血组大鼠海马CA1区Bcl 2、Bcl xl蛋白的表达呈阴性 ,海马CA1区原位标记阳性细胞计数为 14 3.5± 11.6。治疗组大鼠海马CA1区Bcl 2、Bcl xl蛋白呈阳性表达 ,海马CA1区原位标记阳性细胞计数为 75 .6±6 .7。全脑缺血后 8周 ,治疗组大鼠学习记忆力明显好于缺血组。结论　全脑缺血后脑室内注入胰岛素可促进海马CA1区Bcl 2、Bcl xl蛋白表达 ,减少神经元的凋亡 ,进而减轻脑缺血后大鼠的学习记忆力损害 ,这可能是其对全脑缺血后海马CA1区神经元产生中枢直接保护作用主要机理之一     

大鼠短暂脑缺血后海马区c-fos mRNA和FOS蛋白表达的时间规律

目的 探讨大鼠脑缺血-再灌注后脑海马区c-fos mRNA和FOS蛋白表达规律。方法 采用左侧大脑中动脉插入丝线结扎(LMCAO)方法制作大鼠脑缺血-再灌注缺血模型，分别按照30min至7d的不同灌注时间取材，应用原位杂交方法标记各实验组大鼠脑组织海马区c-for mRNA表达数量；应用免疫组化方法标记各实验组大鼠脑组织中海马区FOS阳性神经元数量。结果 c-fos mRNA阳性细胞在MCAO缺血再灌注1h开始表达，2h达高峰，至2d时c-fos mRNA阳性细胞表达基本消失；c-fos免疫活性细胞从2h开始表达，4h达高峰，4d时表达基本消失。脑缺血—再灌注后c-fos mRNA与FOS蛋白在海马区表达具有一定的时间上规律性。结论 本研究证明了大鼠MCAO缺血—再灌注后可诱发FOS蛋白和c-fos mRNA表达增加，且基因和蛋白的表达均具有一定的时间规律性和相关性。     

NE1反义抑制剂对局灶性脑缺血作用的初步研究

目的 探讨NR1反义寡核苷酸对局灶性脑缺血的治疗作用。方法 于大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞后2小时、24小时分别经侧脑室注射磷酸缓冲液（PBS）、错义寡核苷酸（MSODN）及反义寡核苷酸（ASODN），然后在不同时间点进行神经功能缺损评分，术后第5天进行Nissl染色、TTC染色及梗死体积比测定。结果 各组局灶性脑缺血的神经功能缺损评分无显著性差异；反义寡核苷酸治疗组的梗死体积比显著低于单纯缺血组；反义寡核苷酸治疗海马各区神经元损伤轻，神经元丢失相对较少。结论 局灶性脑缺血后侧脑室注入NR1反义寡核苷酸，可以减轻缺血脑组织病理学损害，具有脑保护作用。     

亚低温对大鼠短暂全脑缺血后神经元凋亡的影响

目的 探讨亚低温对大鼠脑缺血后神经元凋亡的影响，揭示亚低温的部分神经保护机制。方法 采用“双侧颈总动脉阻断＋全身低血压”方法来建立大鼠短暂性全脑缺血模型。用神经元尼氏体亚甲兰特殊染色法观察大鼠脑缺血后海马CA1区神经元损害情况；原位细胞凋亡检测法（TUNEL染色）及电镜观察脑缺血后CA1区神经元凋亡情况。结果 与假手术组、低温缺血组相比，常温缺血组海马CA1区神经元缺失明显（P＜0．01）。常温及低温缺血组海马CA1区均存在神经元凋亡，但低温缺血组海马CA1区凋亡神经元数明显少于缺血组（P＜0．01）。结论 经“双侧颈总动脉阻断＋全身低血压”方法建立的大鼠短暂全脑缺血模型证实了亚低温的脑保护作用。全脑缺血后的迟发性神经元死亡很可能经由凋亡途径，而亚低温可通过抑制缺血性神经元凋亡而发挥一定的神经保护作用。     

肾上腺髓质素对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经元凋亡、梗死体积及Egr-1的影响(英文)

目的探讨肾上腺髓质素(adrenomedullin, ADM)对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠神经元凋亡、梗死体积及早期生长反应基因Egr-1 mRNA表达的影响,进一步研究ADM在局灶性缺血再灌注脑损伤中的作用。方法采用线栓法制成大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注(MCAO)模型,阻断血流2 小时后进行再灌注。TTC染色法测定梗死体积,TUNEL法检测神经元凋亡,原位杂交法检测Egr-1 mRNA阳性细胞表达。结果大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后脑梗死体积为269 ± 20 mm3,股静脉、颈动脉、侧脑室注射ADM 后,梗死体积分别缩小为239 ± 17mm3(减少11.2%),214 ± 14 mm3 (减少20.4%),209 ± 13 mm3 (减少22.3%)。颈动脉注射ADM和侧脑室注射ADM在减少脑梗死体积方面明显优于股静脉注射ADM(P < 0.05)。缺血再灌注组大鼠缺血侧大脑皮质、海马CA1区TUNEL染色阳性细胞明显多于假手术组(P < 0.01)。给予ADM后缺血侧大脑皮质、海马CA1区TUNEL染色阳性细胞显著少于缺血再灌注组,以颈动脉给予ADM组和侧脑室给予ADM组更明显(P < 0.01)。假手术组大鼠大脑皮质有少量Egr-1mRNA阳性细胞表达,缺血再灌注后缺血侧大脑皮质、海马Egr-1mRNA阳性细胞表达多于假手术组(P < 0.01),应用ADM后三组大鼠大脑皮质、海马Egr-1 mRNA阳性细胞的表达明显高于缺血再灌注组(P < 0.01),但以颈动脉给予ADM组和侧脑室给予ADM组Egr-1 mRNA阳性细胞表达增高最明显(P < 0.01)。结论股静脉、侧脑室和颈动脉给予外源性ADM能减少神经元凋亡,减少梗死体积,激活Egr-1 mRNA的表达。     

小檗碱对大鼠脑缺血后MCP-1表达的影响

目的探讨小檗碱处理对大鼠脑缺血后单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）表达的影响及小檗碱对脑缺血的神经保护作用。方法建立大鼠短暂性全脑缺血模型，采用尼氏体亚甲蓝染色观察脑缺血后大鼠脑海马CA1区神经元存活情况；采用免疫荧光染色方法检测脑缺血后大鼠缺血脑组织中MCP-1的表达情况。结果（1）与假手术组比较，脑缺血组大鼠脑海马CA1区神经元明显缺失，而小檗碱处理组大鼠脑海马CA1区神经元存活数明显多于缺血对照组；（2）与假手术组比较，脑缺血组大鼠脑缺血区MCP-1表达显著增多，而小檗碱处理显著降低了大鼠脑缺血区MCP-1的阳性表达。结论脑缺血引起MCP-1表达上调，提示MCP-1可能参与脑缺血损伤。小檗碱可抑制缺血脑组织MCP-1的表达，推测其可能经此途径减轻脑缺血的炎症反应而发挥一定的神经保护作用。     

酸敏感离子通道2a对缺血预处理诱导大鼠海马缺血耐受的作用

目的探讨脑缺血时的组织病理学变化及酸敏感离子通道2a（ASIC2a）在缺血预处理诱导的脑缺血模型耐受中的作用。方法取成年雄性SD大鼠160只,随机分为假手术组、预缺血组、缺血组、缺血预处理组共4组。行焦油紫染色观察各组大鼠海马CAI区存活神经元密度,TUNEL染色观察大鼠海马CA1区神经元凋亡情况,RT—PCR和Western blotting检测ASIC2a在大鼠海马CAl区mRNA和蛋白表达情况。结果缺血预处理能够显著减少大鼠海马CA1区锥体神经元的死亡和凋亡,PC＋Isch组和Isch组相比具有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。全脑缺血能够上调ASIC2a在大鼠海马CA1区mRNA和蛋白表达,在24h达到高峰,而缺血预处理进一步上调ASIC2a表达,呈进行性上升,在24h和72h时相点,PC＋Isch组和Isch组相比具有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论在脑缺血耐受中,缺血预处理对第二次致死性缺血表现出保护作用。在这个过程中,大鼠海马CA1区ASIC2a基因和蛋白表达上调发挥了重要的保护作用。     

缺血预处理对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠缺血侧海马CA1区低氧诱导因子-1α及存活素表达的影响

目的探讨缺血预处理对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠缺血侧海马CA1区低氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)及存活素表达的影响。方法健康雄性SD大鼠130只随机分为假手术组(SO组,n=10)、局灶性脑缺血再灌注组(MCAO组,n=60)、缺血预处理组(BIP组,n=60),MCAO组和BIP组又分别分为再灌注2 h、6 h、12h、24 h、48 h、72 h 6个亚组,每亚组10只大鼠。采用线栓法制备大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型。BIP组在缺血前24h给予10 min的预缺血。采用免疫组化染色法检测HIF-1α、存活素的阳性细胞数。采用Western blot法检测HIF-1α、存活素的蛋白相对含量。结果与SO组比较,MCAO组和BIP组各时间点亚组大鼠缺血侧海马CA1区HIF-1α及存活素的阳性细胞数及蛋白相对含量均明显升高(均P0.05)。与MCAO组比较,BIP组各时间点亚组大鼠缺血侧海马CA1区HIF-1α及存活素的阳性细胞数及蛋白相对含量均明显升高(均P0.05)。在MCAO组和BIP组中,大鼠缺血侧海马CA1区HIF-1α及存活素的阳性细胞数及蛋白相对含量均在再灌注24 h时达到最高峰(均P0.05)。结论缺血预处理能够诱导局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠缺血侧海马CA1区HIF-1α、存活素表达上调,这或许与脑缺血耐受的产生机制有关。     

NR_1反义抑制剂对局灶性脑缺血作用的初步研究

目的　探讨NR1反义寡核苷酸对局灶性脑缺血的治疗作用。方法　于大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞后2小时、2 4小时分别经侧脑室注射磷酸缓冲液 (PBS)、错义寡核苷酸 (MSODN)及反义寡核苷酸 (ASODN) ,然后在不同时间点进行神经功能缺损评分 ,术后第 5天进行Nissl染色、TTC染色及梗死体积比测定。结果　各组局灶性脑缺血的神经功能缺损评分无显著性差异 ;反义寡核苷酸治疗组的梗死体积比显著低于单纯缺血组 ;反义寡核苷酸治疗组海马各区神经元损伤轻 ,神经元丢失相对较少。结论　局灶性脑缺血后侧脑室注入NR1反义寡核苷酸 ,可以减轻缺血脑组织病理学损害 ,具有脑保护作用。     

慢性脑缺血老龄大鼠海马区突触素及NMDAR2B表达的研究

目的 本实验旨在观察慢性脑缺血老龄大鼠海马区突触素及NR2B表达的变化.方法 健康Wistar大鼠100只,随机分为5组,A组(对照组)、B组(缺血4周组)、C组(缺血8周组)、D组(缺血12周组)、E组(缺血16周组),每组20只.造模方法采用手术结扎大鼠双侧颈总动脉.分别于手术后4周、8周、12周、16周,采用免疫...     

Preconditioning with sevoflurane ameliorates spatial learning and memory deficit after focal cerebral ischemia–reperfusion in rats

Previous studies have demonstrated that sevoflurane could attenuate cerebral neuron necrosis and apoptosis in ischemia–reperfusion models in rats. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of preconditioning with sevoflurane on spatial learning and memory ability after focal cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury in rats and its potential mechanisms. Focal cerebral ischemia was performed via 1 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by reperfusion. Before ischemia, rats were subjected to preconditioning with inhalation of 2.4% sevoflurane for 1 h. The spatial learning and memory ability of rats was measured by the Morris water maze. The activity of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in hippocampus CA1 region was observed by immunohistochemistry method. We found MCAO elicited a significant decrease of the ability of spatial learning and memory in contrast to the sham surgery controls. However, preconditioning with sevoflurane resulted in significantly ameliorates spatial learning and memory deficit induced by MCAO. Furthermore, the number of ChAT positive cells in hippocampus CA1 region in sevoflurane preconditioning group was striking more than that of ischemia–reperfusion group. All results suggested that preconditioning with 2.4% sevoflurane could ameliorate the ability of spatial learning and memory after focal cerebral ischemia–reperfusion in rats via protecting the cholinergic neurons in hippocampal CA1 region.     

慢性脑缺血老龄大鼠海马NMDA受体亚单位NR2B表达的特征

目的研究老龄大鼠慢性脑缺血后大脑海马中NR2B表达特征。方法应用免疫组化染色技术检测大鼠脑海马中CA1、CA3区和齿状回中NR2B的表达。结果缺血组海马CA1、CA3区和齿状回三处NR2B灰度值均低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论老龄大鼠海马结构内CA1、CA3区及齿状回内NR2B的表达明显减少。     

The effect of ECr on HSP70 expression and morphologic changes following transient cerebral lschemia in rats

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Cudrania tricuspidata root extract (ECr) on ischemic cerebral damage and the expression of the 70KDa heat shock protein (HSP70) following transient focal ischemia. BACKGROUND The role that ECr plays in cerebral ischemia has not been studied. METHODS Healthy wistar rats were randomized to the normal control group(Group A,n=4),the sham-operated control group(Group B,n=4),the ischemia and reperfusion group (Group C,n=24),the ischemia and reperfiusion after ECr pre- administration group(Group D,n=24).The rats of Group C and Group D were subjected to transient left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)as described by Zea Longa for 1 hour. Brain sections at the level of striatum were performed for HSP70 immunohistochemistry and morphology.HSP70 positive reactions and morphologic changes were semiquantiratively analyzedl. RESLULTS In the rats of Group A and Group B, there were scarcely HSP70 immunoreactivities either in cortex or in striatal neurons. In the ischemic brain regions for Group C rats,the HSP70 was induced in morphologically intact neurons and endothelial cells at hour 6 after recirculation, increased at hour12,peaked at day I, decreased at day 3,and HSP70 expression only occured in endothelial cells at day7. In Group D rats, the HSP70 was induced in the neurons of left MCA distribution at hour 1 after reperfusion, The changes in expression of HSP70 at different time points in Group D rats was in accord whth in Group C, but the number of HSP70 positive cells in Group D increased more, and HSP70 irnmunoreactivity in the HSP70-postive cells were more intense than in Group C. Histopathological study with HE staining showed no neuron pyknosis in Group A or in Group B. While pykrotic cells were present in the ipsilateral cortex and striatal neurons of MCA territory of Group C rats beginning at 6 hours after roper fusion. The change of histopathology in Group D was lighter at every time point. The number of pyknotic neurons in left MCA distribution was less than in Group C and there was no evident cell damage at 3 days and 7 days of reperfusion in Group D rats. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that transient focal cerebral ischenia could induce the HSP70 expression and induce neurons pyknosis.While ECr pre-treatment before transient focal ischemia in rats could increase the expression of HSP70 and reduce neuronal injury. These data suggests that might be able to enhance neuronal ischemic tolerance of the rats and might have prophylactic neuroprotective effect on ischemic cerebral damage in rats.     

血红素氧合酶-1及血红素氧合酶-2在大鼠局灶性脑缺血中的意义

目的　研究血红素氧合酶 1(HO 1)及血红素氧合酶 2 (HO 2 )在局灶性脑缺血中的作用。方法　采用大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞脑缺血模型 ,对 6 6只大鼠脑缺血后不同时间点进行HO 1、HO 2免疫组化染色及病理学研究 ,并用计算机图像分析技术计算两者表达水平。结果　栓塞后 30min大鼠皮质及海马即有HO 1阳性神经元及胶质细胞的表达 ,且随着时间推移HO 1的表达逐渐增强 ,到栓塞后 12h达峰值 (P <0 0 1) ,以后逐渐下降 ,栓塞后 1周仍有HO 1表达。HO 2在正常大鼠及梗死大鼠脑组织内均有表达。栓塞后不同时间段 ,HO 2阳性神经元的数量无明显变化 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但HO 2表达呈动态变化 ,2 4h时最高 (P <0 0 1) ,以后逐渐下降。结论　脑缺血时脑内HO 1、HO 2表达的不同变化 ,是脑组织对损伤恢复重要的机制之一。HO 1修复受损的神经元和胶质细胞 ,而HO 2在于维护正常细胞的稳定     

PS-1反义寡核苷酸对大鼠脑缺血损伤的影响

目的　探讨脑缺血损伤时早老素 1 (PS 1 )基因的表达与神经细胞变性、丢失及骨架改变的关系。方法　向脑缺血大鼠侧脑室注入PS 1反义寡核苷酸以阻断脑组织PS 1基因的表达 ,并用生理盐水、PS 1正义、错义寡核苷酸为对照。观察脑组织病理学改变 ,采用原位杂交及免疫组织化学技术对脑内阳性神经元平均面积、积分光密度及形态的改变进行对比研究。结果　PS 1反义寡核苷酸可有效地阻断脑组织PS 1基因的表达 ,导致动物对脑缺血耐受性下降 ,表现为脑组织损害加重 ,毛细血管间隙增大 ,皮质及海马区阳性神经元数目减少 ,平均面积及积分光密度显著下降 ;部分细胞固缩 ,细胞骨架蛋白破坏呈嗜银性改变。结论　PS 1基因在脑缺血时起脑保护作用 ,如果抑制PS 1表达 ,则加重缺血性损伤 ,导致神经元结构改变 ,神经细胞内嗜银样变和突起迂曲以及神经细胞丢失 ,提示PS 1基因在阿尔茨海默病 (AD)中的作用机制值得进一步探讨     

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 protein expression in the hippocampus and temporal cortex of kainic acid-induced epilepsy rats

BACKGROUND: The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 (NMDAR1) contributes to the incidence of epilepsy. However, the relationship between epilepsy-induced brain injury and NMDAR1 remains poorly understood.OBJECTIVE: To investigate changes in NMDAR1 protein expression in the hippocampus and temporal cortex of kainic acid-induced epilepsy rats.DESIGN, TIME AND SETrlNG: A randomized, controlled, animal experiment was performed at the Department of Physiology and Department of Pathology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University from March 2002 to March 2003.MATERIALS: Rabbit anti-NMDAR1 antibody was purchased from Wuhan Boster Biological Technology, China.METHODS: A total of 80 healthy, male, Wistar rats, aged 22 weeks, were randomly assigned to sham-surgery (n = 10) and model (n = 70) groups. Epilepsy models were established by injecting kainic acid (1 μL) into the right amygdala, and rats were sacrificed at 2, 6, 24, 72 hours, and 7, 15, 30 days after surgery, with 10 animals at each time point. The rats in the sham-surgery group were injected with 1 μL phosphate buffered saline into the right amygdala.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: NMDAR1 protein expression in the hippocampus and temporal cortex at 2, 6, 24, 72 hours and 7, 15, 30 days after epilepsy was detected using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry analysis.RESULTS: In the sham-surgery group, a few NMDARl-positive cells were distributed in the hippocampus and temporal cortex. In the model group, NMDARl-positive cells were increased in the hippocampus and temporal cortex at 2 hours following kainic acid-induced epilepsy. They were significantly increased at 6 hours, and slightly decreased at 7 days (CA3 region and temporal cortex), but remained greater than the sham-surgery group. This continued until day 30 (P < 0.01). In addition, there were more NMDAR1 positive cells in the hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus than the temporal cortex (P < 0.01).CONCLUSION: In epilepsy model rats, NMDAR1 protein expression was upregulated in the hippocampus and temporal cortex, and in particular in the hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus. NMDAR1 may participate in epilepsy and the excitation process of the epileptic brain.     

大鼠局灶脑缺血后钙调神经磷酸酶活性和含量变化

目的 研究大脑中动脉闭塞后钙调神经磷酸酶（Calcineurin,CaN)的活性和含量变化规律。探讨CaN在脑缺血中的作用。方法 制备大鼠大脑中动脉永久性闭塞模型。分别测定缺血后不同时间点病灶侧大脑皮质和海马CA1区CaN的活性和含量。结果 皮质组织在缺血6h及其后各时间点CaN 的含量下降，其活性于缺血后4h,6h和12h短暂性增强。海马CA1区CaN的含量于缺血后24h开始降低且不恢复；CaN的活性在缺血后2h,4h和6h减弱。12h始恢复至正常水平。可见，CaN的活性与含量分离。结论 局灶脑缺血后CaN独特的时间变化规律显示其参与介导缺血性神经元损伤。可能具有毒性作用。