EB病毒对人胃癌细胞系HSC-39感染的研究

目的 探讨EB病毒（EBV）对胃癌细胞系的感染作用。方法 用Akata和P3HR－1 EBV毒株感染人胃癌印戒细胞系（HSC－39），有限稀释法对感染细胞进行克隆。结果 EBV感染细胞中可检测到EBV编码的核抗原（EBNA)，2种EBV毒株感染的细胞克隆表现有不同的形态学特征及生长方式。EBV感染的亲代细胞及大部分克隆表达EBNA1，但不表达EBNA2、潜伏期膜蛋白（LMP）1和LMP2A；亲代细胞及所有细胞克隆未观察到裂解感染，EBNA启动子Qp表达阳性，而启动子Cp和Wp未见表达。结论 HSC－39对2种EBV毒株均易感，EBV感染可改变HSC－39的细胞表型，且不同EBV毒株对其影响不同，提示印戒细胞癌细胞系可用作EBV感染的靶细胞。     

EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白2的研究回顾

Epstein Barr病毒 (EBV)属于疱疹病毒科γ亚科 ,在人类中广泛传播。大多数EBV的初次感染是在患者幼儿时期 ,而且没有明显的临床症状 ,终身携带病毒。EBV与越来越多的人类肿瘤相关 ,包括由于免疫抑制引起的免疫增生性淋巴瘤、Burkitt淋巴瘤、NPC、HD和多种T细胞淋巴瘤等疾病。EBV潜伏感染时表达 8种蛋白 (6种核蛋白EBNA1、EBNA2、EBNA3A、EBNA3B、EBNA3C、EBNALP和 2种膜蛋白LMP1和LMP2 )。在这些与转化相关的病毒蛋白中 ,EBNA1、LMP1、LMP2是在NPC肿瘤标本和EBV相关肿瘤中可以检测到的蛋白。1　LMP2的功能198…     

RNA激发的DC体外诱导EBV特异性CTL的研究

本研究采用酶切等方法将质粒pSVTP1中LMP2a (latentmembraneprotein 2a)的编码基因克隆至pGEM 3Zf+,再经体外转录系统转录获得EBV LMP2aRNA ,将以此RNA激发的DC所诱导生成的CTL作为效应细胞分别与含EBV基因之一EBNA1、EBNA2、EBNA3c、LMP2a的重组病毒感染的正常人成纤维细胞混合后 ,采用LDH释放法检测细胞毒活性。结果显示 ,经体外转录的LMP2aRNA激发的DC所诱导的淋巴细胞对表达LMP2a抗原的成纤维细胞产生特异性的细胞毒活性 ,证实了这种RNA激发的DC能有效地诱导EBV特异性CTL的生成 ,为EBV相关肿瘤的免疫治疗提供了新的实验依据。     

EBV潜伏基因产物在恶性淋巴瘤组织中的表达及意义

目的：探讨EBV潜伏基因产物在恶性淋巴瘤组织中的表达及意义。方法：用免疫组化方法对565例NHL、64例HL人体标本进行LMP－1、EBNA2对比检测并选择101例NHL进行PCR检测。结果：EBV－PCR检出率（19．8％）高于LMP－1（14．9％）,PCR阴性病例LMP－1全部为阴性,EBNA2在全部病例均为阴性,在NHL,LMP－1阳性细胞主要是免疫母细胞样细胞、R－S样细胞和R－S细胞,LMP－1阳性的R－S样细胞我数表达活化分子CD30。肠道原发恶性淋巴瘤EBV检出率较高（23．1％）。T淋巴瘤EBV检出率（23．8％）高于B淋瘤（10．2％）。结论：EBV潜伏基因产物表达情况能够反映出宿主细胞的分化程度和（或）宿主的免疫监视作用。EVB在R－S样细胞形成可能起作用。EBV感染与肠道恶性淋巴瘤的发病有关。     

潜伏期膜蛋白1与疾病关系的研究进展

EB病毒(EBV)是一种普遍存在的致癌病毒,是高度相关的淋巴和上皮肿瘤的来源和发展,包括伯基特淋巴瘤和鼻咽癌(NPC)等,EBV基因几乎可以在所有细胞中。EBV感染通常与少数潜伏病毒功能的蛋白质表达,包括潜伏膜蛋白LMP1和LMP2A等和巴尔核抗原1(EBNA1)。LMP1是肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族的成员,被认为是EBV的主要致瘤蛋白。在EB病毒中通过2个C末端结构域编码基因蛋白LMP1信号来驱动细胞生长,存活和转化。LMP1蛋白目前是惟一已被证实的EB病毒的癌基因,LMP1的表达参与了肿瘤的发生与发展,是目前癌症方面研究的重点。     

EBV潜伏膜蛋白LMP2A的研究进展

EB病毒(Epstein-Barr virus,EBV)与多种人类恶性肿瘤如Burkitt淋巴瘤、鼻咽癌(na-sopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)、何杰金氏病(Hodgkin’s disease,HD)等的发生有关,肿瘤组织中EBV主要以潜伏感染的形式存在。在EBV潜伏感染细胞中,可表达的EBV基因有10多种,包括EBV核抗原(EB nuclear antigen,EBNA)1,2,3A,3B,3C和LP;潜伏膜蛋白(latent membrane protein,LMP)1,2A和2B;EBV编码的小RNA(EBER)1和2;以及BamHⅠ-A向右开放读码框(BARF0)的转录产物。NPC和其他EBV相关恶性肿瘤中可持续检测到LMP2A的转录物,提示LMP2A在体内病毒持续感染和EBV相关疾病中可能有重要作用。     

2005-2010年北京地区儿童原发性EBV感染流行株EBNA1与LMP1基因特征分析

目的 分析2005-2010年北京地区儿童原发性EBV感染流行株EBNA1与LMP1基因特征,为研究EBV变异株与疾病临床表型间是否存在相关性提供背景资料.方法 应用PCR方法扩增EBV的EBNA3C、EBNA1和LMP1基因片段,测序后应用BioEdit 7.0.9和Mega 4.0.2软件进行序列分析.结果 62例进行了EBV分型,以EBV-Ⅰ型为主,检出率为98％.62例EBNA1基因扩增阳性,其中V-val亚型(均是Vvv1变异株)为98％.50例LMP1基因羧基段扩增阳性,以China 1为主,其检出率为90％.Vvv1变异株和China 1变异株在EBV-IM与EBV-HLH中的检出率差异均无统计学意义(P=1.00).40例进行了多基因连锁分析,其中EBV-Ⅰ型、EBNA1-Vvv1变异株和LMP1-China 1变异株高度连锁,其连锁检出率为90％.35例患儿LMP1基因全长扩增阳性,CG1-CG4的检出率分别为85％、6％、6％和3％.结论 北京地区儿童原发性EBV感染疾病中,EBV亚型以EBV-Ⅰ型为主,Vvv1变异株和China 1变异株分别是EBNA1和LMP1变异株中的优势变异株,且二者高度连锁.儿童原发性EBV感染流行株可以分为CG1-4组,其中以CG1为主.     

EB病毒感染对鼻咽癌细胞生长和凋亡的影响

目的:探讨EB病毒(EBV)感染对鼻咽癌细胞系生长和细胞凋亡的影响。方法:用EBV直接感染人鼻咽癌细胞系CNE1;用免疫组化(LSAB)法检测EBV-LMP1和bcl-2蛋白的表达;用MTT法测定鼻咽癌细胞系的生长能力;用流式细胞术和TUNEL法检测癌细胞凋亡。结果:感染EBV的鼻咽癌细胞系(E-CNE1)的EBV-LMP1表达阳性,生长能力较未感染EBV的CNE1明显增强(P＜0.01),2种鼻咽癌细胞系均无凋亡发生,而均仅有2%~3%的细胞表达bcl-2蛋白。结论:EBV感染和LMP1表达可促进鼻咽癌细胞生长,但对鼻咽癌细胞的bcl-2表达和细胞凋亡无影响。     

EBV潜伏膜蛋白LMP2A的研究进展

EB病毒（Epstein-Barr virus,EBV）与多种人类恶性肿瘤如Burkitt淋巴瘤、鼻咽癌（na-sopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC）、何杰金氏病（Hodgkin＇s disease,HD）等的发生有关,肿瘤组织中EBV主要以潜伏感染的形式存在。在EBV潜伏感染细胞中,可表达的EBV基因有10多种,包括EBV核抗原（EB nuclear antigen,EBNA）1,2,3A,3B,3C和LP;潜伏膜蛋白（latent membrane protein,LMP）1,2A和2B;EBV编码的小RNA（EBER）1和2;以及BamHⅠ-A向右开放读码框（BARF0）的转录产物。NPC和其他EBV相关恶性肿瘤中可持续检测到LMP2A的转录物,提示LMP2A在体内病毒持续感染和EBV相关疾病中可能有重要作用。     

鼻咽癌组织中DNA损伤与EB病毒感染的相关性研究

目的分析鼻咽癌(NPC)组织磷酸化组蛋白H2AX(γ-H2AX)的表达水平和EB病毒(EBV)的感染情况,探寻二者的相关性。并用细胞实验进行验证,以阐明EBV诱导DNA损伤应答进而促进NPC发生发展的可能机制。方法选取NPC标本50例和鼻咽炎(NPI)20例,采用免疫组化法检测γ-H2AX及EB病毒潜伏膜蛋白1(LMP1)的表达,对LMP1阴性标本采用原位杂交方法检测EB病毒编码的RNA(EBER);采用Western blot法检测EBV感染鼻咽癌细胞CNE1后γ-H2AX表达的变化。结果NPC组γ-H2AX的阳性率达94%,显著高于NPI组的40%;EBV阳性率为94%,显著高于NPI组的30%;97.9%EBV感染的NPC组织γ-H2AX阳性,二者表达有相关性(P0.05)。通过Western blot法检测进一步验证,EBV感染可使CNE1中γ-H2AX的表达量增高。结论γ-H2AX表达和EB病毒感染有密切关联性,EBV感染可能是通过诱导细胞DNA损伤,造成基因组不稳定从而促进NPC的发生发展。     

CD21-independent Infection of Epstein-Barr Virus in Human Signet Ring Gastric Carcinoma Cell Line

Epstein Barr virus ( EBV), a ubiquitous human her pesvirus, is the etiologic agent of infectious mononucleo sis, and is closely associated with several human malig nancies including Burkitt′s lymphoma (BL), undifferenti ated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and opportunisticlymphoma in immunocompromised hosts. In recent years,there have been increasing evidences of association of EBVwith additional malignancies, such as gastric carcinoma.EBV has been found in tumor cells of m…     

A naturally derived gastric cancer cell line shows latency I Epstein-Barr virus infection closely resembling EBV-associated gastric cancer

In a process seeking out a good model cell line for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric cancer, we found that one previously established gastric adenocarcinoma cell line is infected with type 1 EBV. This SNU-719 cell line from a Korean patient expressed cytokeratin without CD19 or CD21 expression. In SNU-719, EBNA1 and LMP2A were expressed, while LMP1 and EBNA2 were not. None of the tested lytic EBV proteins were detected in this cell line unless stimulated with phorbol ester. EBV infection was also shown in the original carcinoma tissue of SNU-719 cell line. Our results support the possibility of a CD21-independent EBV infection of gastric epithelial cells in vivo. As the latent EBV gene expression pattern of SNU-719 closely resembles that of the EBV-associated gastric cancer, this naturally derived cell line may serve as a valuable model system to clarify the precise role of EBV in gastric carcinogenesis.     

The vIL-10 gene of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is conserved in a stable manner except for a few point mutations in various EBV isolates

A gene of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), BamHI-C fragment rightward reading frame 1 (BCRF1), codes viral interleukin-10 (vIL-10), which is a close homolog to human IL-10. EBV strain variations are known at EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), and the distinct forms of LMP1 have been identified. In order to further elucidate the variations of EBV strains, the BCRF1 (vIL-10) gene was analyzed using PCR-direct sequencing in African Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) cell lines Raji, P3HR-1, EB1 and Daudi, Japanese BL cell line Akata, lymphoblastoid cell line OB and 22 wild EBV isolates from eight gastric carcinoma tissues and 14 throat washes. We found only five variations of the vIL-10 gene in them with one silent mutation and three non-silent mutations. Raji had no mutation to the prototype gene of B95-8. EB1 and P3HR-1 had non-silent mutations in the sequences leading to the arginine/serine and threonine/proline interchanges at residues 4 and 166, respectively. The silent mutation was detected at valine 102 in Daudi and also in the Japanese cell lines Akata, OB and 20 (90.9%) of the wild EBV isolates. The type of variations in the vIL-10 gene had a common relationship with those in the LMP1 gene. All of the variants of valine 102 had China1-type LMP1 sequences except for Daudi with Med-type LMP1 and other minorities with B95-8 type LMP1. The conservativeness of vIL-10 with a few variations suggests the indispensability of the vIL-10 gene in EBV and that the variations of the vIL-10 gene may depend upon the geographical prevalence of the EBV strains. This is the first report regarding the variations of the vIL-10 gene in cell lines and other wild isolates.     

Growth transformation of primary epithelial cells with a NPC-derived Epstein-Barr virus strain

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with two major human epithelial malignancies, where it is likely to play a role in the malignant phenotype: undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (100% of cases) and gastric carcinomas (about 10% of cases). We and others have obtained growth transformation of monkey kidney primary epithelial cells by transfection of viral DNA, especially with the BARF1 gene of EBV (Wei et al., 1997). We now report that the same type of primary epithelial cells can be growth-transformed using EBV particles derived from a nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumor line. Not only can these EBV-infected cells grow over 100 passages, escaping senescence, in contrast to their noninfected counterparts, but they can also survive and proliferate at very low cell density. Several subclones were characterized in terms of viral gene expression. All these clones gave a similar pattern, with detection of EBNA1 and BARF1 proteins but absence of LMP1. CD21, which is the main EBV receptor on B lymphocytes, was not expressed on parental monkey kidney epithelial cells nor on EBV-infected cell clones. This model of epithelial cell transformation will be useful for a better investigation of EBV functions critical for oncogenesis of epithelial cells.     

A mechanism in Epstein-Barr virus oncogenesis: inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta 1-mediated induction of MAPK/p21 by LMP1

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected, gastric epithelial cell line GT38 is resistant to TGF-beta 1-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis, although TGF-beta 1 partially induces EBV reactivation in the cells. These findings indicate that abnormalities exist in these cells in the TGF-beta 1-mediated signaling pathway, influencing growth inhibition and apoptosis. In order to characterize the steps with abnormalities, we analyzed the TGF-beta 1/MAPK/p21 pathway in the cells. TGF-beta 1 activated MAPK (ERK 1/2) and p21 in the TGF-beta 1-susceptible cell line HSC-39 but not in GT38 cells. GT38 cells had higher constitutive levels of ERK 1/2 phosphorylation and p21 expression than did HSC-39 cells. U0126, a specific inhibitor of MEK, suppressed TGF-beta 1-mediated ERK 1/2 phosphorylation and p21 induction in HSC-39 cells and constitutive ERK 1/2 phosphorylation in GT38 cells. EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) induced constitutive ERK 1/2 phosphorylation and NF-kappa B activation in LMP1-transfected HSC-39 cells, which then became resistant to TGF-beta 1-mediated growth inhibition, TGF-beta 1-mediated ERK 1/2 phosphorylation, and p21 induction, and proliferated in low-serum medium. These results are consistent with the conclusion that the TGF-beta 1/MAPK/p21 pathway is required for TGF-beta 1-mediated growth inhibition, and that the resistance to TGF in GT38 cells is derived from constitutive MAPK phosphorylation induced by LMP1.     

Molecular characteristics of eight gastric cancer cell lines established in Japan

Molecular characterization of eight gastric cancer cell lines established in Japan are summarized according to the genetic and epigenetic alterations and growth factor status. TMK-1 poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma cell line harbors mutant p53 tumor suppressor gene and rearrangement of p15MTS2. MKN-1 adenosquamous carcinoma line with mutant p53 reveals silencing of E-cadherin by promoter CpG hypermethylation. MKN-7 well-differentiated adenocarcinoma cell line has amplification of c-erbB2 oncogene and cyclin E gene. MKN-28 well-differentiated adenocarcinoma cell line reveals mutations in p53 and APC tumor suppressor genes and silencing of CD44. The MKN-45 poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma cell line with wild-type p53 is characterized by homozygous deletion of p16CDKN2/MTS1/INK4A and p15MTS2, amplification of c-met oncogene and promoter mutation of E-cadherin. MKN-74 derived from moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma has wild-type p53. KATO-III signet ring cell carcinoma line has genomic deletion of p53, amplification of K-sam and c-met oncogene and mutation of E-cadherin. HSC-39 signet ring cell carcinoma cell line harboring p53 missense mutation has homozygous deletion of p16CDKN2/MTS1/INK4A and p15MTS2, amplifications of c-myc, c-met, K-sam and CD44 gene and mutation in beta-catenin gene.     

Effect of transforming growth factor-beta1 on the cell growth and Epstein-Barr virus reactivation in EBV-infected epithelial cell lines.

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 is a multifunctional cytokine that plays important roles in regulating cell growth and differentiation in many biological systems. In this study, we found that gastric tissue-derived Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected epithelial cell lines GT38 and GT39 had resistance to TGF-beta1-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis compared to a TGF-beta1-susceptible gastric carcinoma cell line HSC-39. However, TGF-beta1 partially induced EBV reactivation in GT38 and GT39 cells, as shown by the induction of EBV immediate-early BZLF1 RNA and its protein product ZEBRA and early antigen-D. The expressions of TGF-beta receptor I and II were detected in GT38 and GT39 cells by Northern and Western blot analyses. Both cell lines spontaneously produced the TGF-beta1, which was sufficient for inhibiting cell growth of HSC-39 cells. Taken together, these data suggest that TGF-beta1 may be a key factor for EBV reactivation and selective growth of EBV-infected epithelial cells in vivo.     

Latent membrane protein-1 of Epstein-Barr virus inhibits cell growth and induces sensitivity to cisplatin in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the EBV encoded latent membrane protein-1 expression (LMP1) is commonly found in the tumour cells. LMP1 has been shown to be involved in modulation of cell growth in B cells but the biological properties of LMP1 expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells are less defined. In this study, a full length LMP1 gene was introduced into an EBV negative nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line, CNE2, and five LMP1-expressing clones were isolated. Expression of LMP1 did not confer cell growth advantage in CNE2 cells; instead, it induced growth inhibition both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the LMP1 transfected cells were more susceptible to cisplatin-induced cell death and showed 1.4-4.0-fold increased sensitivity to cisplatin compared to the vector infected control clones. The effect of LMP1 on the balance of Bcl-2 and Bax ratio may play a role in inducing susceptibility to cisplatin-induced cell death. These results demonstrated that LMP1 did not confer growth advantage in CNE2 cells, suggesting that expression of LMP1 may not be crucial in sustaining cell growth in established cell lines. Alternatively, LMP1 alone may not be sufficient to facilitate nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell growth and additional oncogenic factors may be needed along with LMP1 in modulating the malignant property of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.