利什曼原虫胞内寄生相关基因的研究

利什曼病是由利什曼原虫无鞭毛体寄生在包括人在内的哺乳动物巨噬细胞而引起的疾病,由杜氏利什曼原虫引起的内脏利什曼病若不治疗则会致命.研究者对寄生在白蛉属消化道内的前鞭毛体和寄生在巨噬细胞内的无鞭毛体胞内高表达基因或蛋白进行研究,筛选出一些特异基因,为利什曼原虫疫苗候选抗原的确定和靶作用药物的确定提供了科学依据.     

利什曼原虫胞内寄生相关基因的研究

利什曼病是由利什曼原虫无鞭毛体寄生在包括人在内的哺乳动物巨噬细胞而引起的疾病,由杜氏利什曼原虫引起的内脏利什曼病若不治疗则会致命.研究者对寄生在白蛉属消化道内的前鞭毛体和寄生在巨噬细胞内的无鞭毛体胞内高表达基因或蛋白进行研究,筛选出一些特异基因,为利什曼原虫疫苗候选抗原的确定和靶作用药物的确定提供了科学依据.     

亚马逊利什曼原虫无鞭毛体蛋白基因的克隆化与序列分析

目的：克隆亚马逊利什曼原虫（L.ama)无鞭毛蛋白（amastin)的编码基因,并对其同源基因序列进行分析,方法：根据我们首次克隆的硕大利什曼原虫（L.major)无鞭毛体蛋白的编码基因,设计并合成核苷酸序列特异性引物,以亚马逊利什曼原虫基因组DNA为模板,以多聚酶链反应PCR技术扩增无鞭毛体的编码基因DNA片段,并进行核苷酸 列测定以及核苷酸序列的同源性分析。结果：克隆了亚马逊利什曼原虫无鞭毛体蛋白的编码基因,含有单一开放读框,长度为552bp,编码的无鞭毛体蛋白由183个氨基酸残基（aa)组成,亚马逊利什曼原虫与硕大利什曼原虫无鞭毛体蛋白编码基因之间高度同源,在核苷酸与氨基酸残基序列水平上的同源性分别为96％和94％,结论：首次实现亚马逊利什曼原虫无鞭毛体蛋白基因的克隆化。     

墨西哥利什曼原虫无鞭毛体蛋囟的基因克隆化与序列分析

目的　克隆墨西哥利什曼原虫(L.mer)WR972株的无鞭毛体蛋白(amastin)的编码基因,并对其同源核苷酸序列进行分析。方法　根据已克隆的亚马逊利什曼原虫无鞭毛体蛋白的编码基因序列,设计并合成无鞭毛体蛋白基因特异性引物,以墨西哥利什曼原虫VR972株的基因组DNA作为模板,进行多聚酶链反应(PCR)扩增。将扩增的DNA片段克隆到pCR2.1T载体中,进行测序,并对同源的核苷酸序列分析、比较。结果　从体外培养的墨西哥利什曼原虫WR972株提取基因组DNA,以无鞭毛体蛋白基因特异性引物进行PCR扩增获得550bp的DNA片段。克隆到pCR2.1T载体片段进行的序列测定结果　表明,获得了墨西哥利什曼原虫的无鞭毛体蛋白编码基因片段,与亚马逊利什曼原虫的无鞭毛体蛋白基因之间具有高度的同源性。结论　实现了墨西哥利什曼原虫无鞭毛体蛋白基因的克隆化,为进一步研究其表达及作为疫苗研究的候选基因奠定了基础。     

利什曼原虫与巨噬细胞的相互作用及相关抗原

本文对利什曼原虫前鞭毛体表面的巨噬细胞相关抗原的性质，结构，结构，分布状况，种内差异作了综述。并也论及在血清调理和非血清调理环境下，此种抗原与巨噬细胞表面相关受体的作用关系。阐明了利什曼原虫入侵哺乳动物巨噬细胞是确定原虫寄生生活的基础。     

利什曼原虫无鞭毛体蛋白的基因克隆化与序列分析

目的 克隆4株利什曼原虫表面无鞭毛体蛋白（amastin）的编码基因,并进行序列分析。方法 根据锥虫（T.cruzi)与利什曼原虫亲缘关系相近的原则,首先以锥虫无鞭毛体蛋白的基因为参考。对GenBank中的dbFST数据库检索,获得硕大利什曼原虫（L.major)一段309核苷酸片段,根据其序列合成探针,对硕大利什曼原虫基因组DNA文库筛选,首先获得硕大利什曼原虫无鞭毛体蛋白编码基因,再以硕大利什曼原虫无鞭 毛体蛋白编码 基因序列为依据,合成特异性引物,以多聚酶链反应（PCR）扩增获得亚马逊利会曼原虫（L.ama.)、巴西利什曼原虫（L.bra.)和墨西哥利什曼原虫（L.mex.)的无鞭毛体蛋白基因。结果 克隆了4株利什曼原虫无鞭毛体蛋白编码的基因。均为国际上首次克隆化基因,已被美国GenBank收录。结论 实现了4株利什曼原虫无鞭毛体 蛋白编码基因的克隆化。     

克拉玛依地区的利什曼病XIV．硕大白蛉吴氏亚种自然感染前鞭毛体的鉴定

硕大白蛉吴氏亚种是新疆克拉玛依地区的主要蛉种之一，具有强的亲人性，在野外和居民点内常能查见该蛉有前鞭毛体的自然感染。本文结果表明，白蛉自然感染的前鞭毛体能使仓鼠及ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠发生内脏利什曼病；在感染仓鼠内脏涂片上的无鞭毛体，由蛉体而来的明显较由大沙鼠而来的都兰利什曼原虫为小；白蛉自然感染的前鞭毛体在ＮＮＮ培养基内生长不良；用￣（３２）Ｐ标记的ｇｐ￣（６３）基因为探针，与婴儿利什曼原虫、都兰利什曼原虫及白蛉自然感染的前鞭毛体的ＤＮＡ进行杂交，证实蚌体自然感染的原虫与婴儿利什曼原虫同源。克拉玛依无内脏利什曼病人，但人群中有皮肤利什曼病流行。关于硕大白蛉吴氏亚种自然感染的来源以及当地的皮肤利什曼病究竟是由都兰利什曼原虫抑或婴儿利什曼原虫所致，尚待阐明。     

硕大利什曼原虫无鞭毛体蛋白的基因克隆与序列分析

[目的 ]克隆硕大利什曼原虫无鞭毛体蛋白 (amastin)的编码基因序列。 [方法 ]应用核苷酸序列数据库 (GenBank)和表达序列末端片段数据库 (dbEST)的计算机检索与DNA文库的杂交筛选方法。 [结果 ]从dbEST数据库中获得一段 30 9nt的来源于硕大利什曼原虫的基因片段 ,据此设计探针 ,筛选硕大利什曼原虫的DNA文库 ,获得硕大利什曼原虫无鞭毛体蛋白的编码基因。其开放读码框架由 5 5 2个核苷酸组成 ,编码产物由183个氨基酸残基组成。序列分析表明 ,硕大利什曼原虫与锥虫无鞭毛体蛋白一级结构的同源性为 2 3 5 %。 [结论 ]克隆的基因系硕大利什曼原虫表面蛋白编码基因 ,即无鞭毛体蛋白的编码基因。     

RT-PCR检测亚马孙利什曼原虫P-4和GP-46基因表达

目的 证明亚马孙利什曼原虫前鞭毛体和无鞭毛体的基因表达水平。 方法 用RNA分离试剂盒，分别提取3种不同来源的无鞭毛体（由小鼠模型皮损组织获得的无鞭毛体、由前鞭毛体培养转化而来的无鞭毛体, 以及来自J774.G8巨噬细胞株的无鞭毛体）的总RNA，以及前鞭毛体总RNA，然后用SuperScripⅡ逆转录聚合酶将其逆转录为cD-NA，再经PCR扩增无鞭毛体特异核酸酶（P-4）和前鞭毛体特异膜糖蛋白（GP-46）的特异片段，经1.5% 琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析。 结果 3种不同来源的无鞭毛体均观察到P-4特异性条带（273 bp），且密度相似，但在前鞭毛体中未观察到; 在前鞭毛体中观察到高表达的GP-46特异性条带（325 bp），但在3种无鞭毛体中弱表达。 结论 由前鞭毛体转化的无鞭毛体能高水平表达亚马孙利什曼原虫无鞭毛体P-4特异基因，可为其生物化学及免疫学研究提供无鞭毛体来源。     

杜氏利什曼原虫无鞭毛体蛋白基因真核表达重组质粒构建

目的 构建杜氏利什曼原虫无鞭毛体蛋白（amastin）编码基因的真核表达重组质粒pcDNA3.1-amastin。方法 提取杜氏利什曼原虫基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,将扩增出的无鞭毛体蛋白基因片段导入质粒载体pcDNA3.1（＋）,构建真核表达重组质粒pcDNA3.1-amastin。结果 扩增出大小约550bp的无鞭毛体蛋白基因;重组质粒pcDNA3.1-amastin经鉴定正确。结论 成功构建杜氏利什曼原虫无鞭毛体蛋白基因真核表达重组质粒pcDNA3.1-amastin。     

Detection and enumeration of Leishmania in sand flies using agar-based media

An agar plating technique was used to determine the number of amastigotes ingested by Lutzomyia longipalpis fed on papules on Mesocricetus auratus caused by Leishmania mexicana amazonensis and on lesions on Mystromys albicaudatus caused by Leishmania braziliensis panamensis. The technique involved homogenizing sand flies after bloodfeeding on the infected animals and spreading the homogenate over the surface of agar plates. A great variation in the number of amastigotes ingested by individual sand flies was demonstrated. Not all amastigotes ingested developed anterior stomodeal infections.     

不同种（株）利什曼原虫毒力相关基因的表达差异

目的 观察不同种（株）利什曼原虫前鞭毛体和无鞭毛体的毒力相关基因表达情况。 方法 制备杜氏利什曼原虫、婴儿利什曼原虫、热带利什曼原虫、硕大利什曼原虫和墨西哥利什曼原虫等5种7株利什曼原虫前鞭毛体和无鞭毛体的总RNA,采用半定量RT-PCR法,以α-微管蛋白基因和3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶基因（GAPDH）作为阳性对照,根据GenBank公布的GDP甘露糖焦磷酸酶基因（GDPMP）、A2抗原相关蛋白基因（A2rel）、脂磷酸多糖合成蛋白1基因（LPG1）、脂磷酸多糖合成蛋白2基因（LPG2）、动基体膜蛋白11基因（KMP-11）、胱氨酸蛋白酶C基因（CPC）、亲水性酰化表面蛋白B1基因（HASPB1）、胱氨酸蛋白酶2基因（CPB2）、胱氨酸蛋白酶B2.8基因（CPB2.8）和热激蛋白100基因（CLP b）等毒力相关基因的核苷酸序列,设计特异性引物进行RT-PCR扩增,分析以上各基因在各种（株）前鞭毛体和无鞭毛体中的表达情况。 结果 各毒力基因在不同种（株）利什曼原虫的前鞭毛体和无鞭毛体中的表达明显不同,HASPB1基因在7个种（株）利什曼原虫的无鞭毛体和杜氏利什曼原虫前鞭毛体中均表达,GDPMP、LPG1、LPG2、CPB2.8、CPB2、A2rel和CLP基因分别在特定种（株）的前鞭毛体和/或无鞭毛体中表达,CPC基因仅在杜氏利什曼原虫SC10株和硕大利什曼原虫无鞭毛体内表达,KMP-11基因在7个种（株）利什曼原虫前鞭毛体或无鞭毛体内均不表达。 结论 毒力相关基因的表达存在种特异性和期特异性。     

Identification, sequencing and expression of peroxidoxin genes from Leishmania aethiopica

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a painful, disfiguring and debilitating disease prevalent in Ethiopia and other countries around the world. In Ethiopia, CL is primarily caused by Leishmania aethiopica and less often by L. tropica and L. major. The intracellular survival mechanisms of Leishmania parasites are still not well understood. Recently a new family of antioxidant enzymes called peroxidoxins have been identified that play an important role in parasite survival. In this study, we have identified two distinct peroxidoxin genes (Pxn1 and Pxn2) that are part of a multi-gene family in L. aethiopica. Protein sequence analysis showed that Pxn1 and Pxn2 are highly homologous to peroxidoxins from other Leishmania species. We have found that L. aethiopica Pxn1 is predominantly expressed in amastigotes and stationary phase promastigotes, whereas Pxn2 is constitutively expressed in the different stages of the parasite. This pattern of RNA expression is consistent with patterns seen in some Leishmania species, but not all. Data from this study will be helpful in enhancing vaccine strategies and drug studies targeted towards peroxidoxins.     

Interactions between the human monocytic leukaemia THP-1 cell line and Old and New World species of Leishmania

The human promyelocytic THP-1 cell line has been found to support the growth of Leishmania parasites. THP-1 cells, differentiated with retinoic acid, cease replication while remaining in suspension. 72 +/- 8% of THP-1 cells became infected after inoculation with promastigotes of several Old and New World Leishmania species. The resulting amastigotes (19 +/- 5 per infected cell) were easy to harvest, capable of reinfecting cultures of normal human cells and, in the case of L. major and L. infantum, caused specific lesions in BALB/c mice. This culture system should facilitate biochemical and immunological studies on amastigotes and be of use in screening anti-parasite drugs.     

An in vitro model for investigation of chemotherapeutic agents in leishmaniasis

Clinically achievable concentrations of the three major antileishmanial drugs in use--pentavalent antimony, pentamidine, and amphotericin B--eliminated 90%--100% of the mammalian forms (amastigotes) of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania donovani from in vitro infected human monocyte-derived macrophages. This is apparently the first report of in vitro susceptibility of Leishmania to pentavalent antimony or to pentamidine. The insensitivity of insect forms (promastigotes) multiplying in cell-free media to thee drugs suggests that amastigotes are more sensitive than promastigotes to these antileishmanial agents. Alternatively, macrophages may concentrate or metabolize the drugs to increase their toxicity. In contrast, amphotericin B was toxic to both amastigotes and promastigotes. The sensitivities of Leishmania within human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro to clinically achievable concentration of antileishmanial agents suggests that this model may be useful for investigation of mechanisms of sensitivity and resistance of antimicrobial agents against Leishmania.     

Insulin-like growth factor I is a growth-promoting factor for Leishmania promastigotes and amastigotes

Leishmaniases are diseases caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania that affect more than 20 million people in the world. The initial phase of the infection is fundamental for either the progression or control of the disease. The Leishmania parasites are injected in the skin as promastigotes and then, after been phagocytized by the host macrophages, rapidly transform into amastigotes. In this phase different nonspecific cellular and humoral elements participate. We have shown previously that insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I that is constitutively present in the skin induces growth of Leishmania promastigotes. In the present paper we show further evidence for the importance of this factor: (i) IGF-I also can induce a growth response in Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana amastigotes; (ii) IGF-I binds specifically to a putative single-site receptor on both promastigotes and amastigotes; (iii) IGF-I induces a rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of parasite proteins with different molecular mass in promastigotes and amastigotes of L. (L.) mexicana; and, finally, (iv) the cutaneous lesion in the mice when challenged by IGF-I-preactivated Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis is increased significantly because of inflammatory process and growth of parasites. We thus suggest that IGF-I is another important host factor participating in the Leishmania–host interplay in the early stage during the establishment of the infection and presumably also in the later stages.