人类免疫缺陷病毒-1包膜糖蛋白进化对抗原表位及病毒亲嗜性的影响

Objective To investigate the evolution of HIV-1 envelope (env) gene from the individuals infected by the virus from one donor, the entry mediated by the envelope glycoprotein and the variation in the main neutralizing epitopes of envelope. Methods The genetic distances of the HIV-1 envelope genes derived from previous studies were analyzed. A series of envelope-pseudotyped viruses were constructed by co-transfecting HEK293T cells with a HIV-1 plasmid bearing the firefly luciferase reporter gene and an envelope expression plasmid. The entry ability of the envelope-pseudotyped viruses into U87. CD4. CCR5 or U87. CD4. CXCR4 cell lines was examined. The ami-no acid sequences representing the epitopes to the broad-neutralizing antibodies within the envelope glycoproteins were also investigated. Results It was found that the genetic distance of the 24 env genes with complete open reading frame was (7.91 ±0.78)% towards HIV-1 CNHN24, and (6.90 ±0.79)% towards RL42. Among the variable regions, the genetic distance of V1/V2 showed the biggest distance, and that of V3 showed the smallest distance. There were CCR5-tropic, CXCR4-tropic and CCR5/CXCR4-dual-tropic Env-pseudoviruses. Furthermore, in these envelopes, the epitopes to IgG1 b12 2F5 and 4E10 antibody were conserved, while the epitope to 447-52D was variable. Conclusion There is definite env gene variation among the viruses derived from the same donor. The variation influences the entry ability and tropism of emelope pseudoviruses. The epitopes to the main broad-neutralizing antibodies are conserved.     

人类免疫缺陷病毒-1包膜糖蛋白进化对抗原表位及病毒亲嗜性的影响

目的调查同一供体来源的人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）-1感染不同个体后病毒包膜糖蛋白的变异、病毒侵入靶细胞能力以及包膜抗原主要中和表位的变化,为了解病毒感染规律及机体抗病毒免疫奠定基础。方法对病毒包膜糖蛋白基因序列进行基因离散分析;用包膜蛋白表达质粒与HIV-1骨架质粒共转染293T细胞构建包膜包膜假病毒,用假病毒感染HIV-1靶细胞U87．CD4．CCR5或U87．CD4．CXCR4细胞检测假病毒侵入靶细胞的能力及病毒亲嗜性;对包膜糖蛋白中已知的广谱中和抗体识别表位进行分析。结果24个有完整开放读码框的env基因克隆与河南省HIV-1毒株CNHN24的基因离散率为（7．91±0．78）％,与云南省分离毒株RIA2的基因离散率为（6．904-0．79）％。各可变区基因离散率呈现严重不均衡性,其中,VI／V2区的离散率最高,V4区的离散率次之,V3区离散率最小。包膜假病毒中既有CCR5亲嗜性和CXCR4亲嗜性的,也有双亲嗜性的包膜。而且上述包膜中主要中和表位IgGlbl2、2F5和4E10抗体识别表位保守,但447—52D抗体识别表位变异较大。结论同一来源的HIV包膜糖蛋自在4～7年间的不同受者体内发生了较大变异并影响了病毒侵入靶细胞的能力;主要广谱中和抗体的识别表位部分保守。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒-1包膜糖蛋白gp41的表达及优化

目的 优化HIV-1本地流行株06044 gp41蛋白表达设计,为gp41免疫原的制备提供实验基础.方法 以含HIV-1 06044 gp41基因的质粒为模板,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增gp41目的基因,分别构建原核表达载体pET26b-gp41T(含546～683 aa片段)及去掉N-端(NHR)和C-端(CHR)七价重复序列中间部分loop区(582～627aa)的pET26b-gp41 T(△L),经测序确认后,转化至大肠杆菌感受态细胞BL21 (DE3)中,IPTG诱导表达.用聚丙烯酰氨凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)及Western blot检测并鉴定重组表达蛋白.优化了重组蛋白的诱导表达条件.结果 pET26b-gp41T和pET26b-gp4 1T (△L)重组表达质粒均能表达gp41蛋白,gp41T (△L)蛋白表达量高于gp41T;不同IPTG浓度诱导的蛋白表达量没有区别;用1 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,37℃条件下表达量最高.Western blot结果显示,gp41T (△L)与His抗体结合性能好.结论 实验获得了稳定表达HIV-1 06044 gp41的原核表达载体以及表达条件,为大量制备gp41蛋白免疫原奠定了基础.     

人类免疫缺陷病毒包膜糖蛋白表达和纯化的研究进展

人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）表面包膜糖蛋白在其侵入宿主细胞过程中起着关键作用,同时也是免疫学研究和抗病毒药物设计的主要靶向.相关研究结果显示,高效表达并纯化HIV包膜蛋白需要结合HIV包膜蛋白物理和生物学特性,包括包膜蛋白分子大小、溶解度、电荷性质等特点.     

HIV-1 黑龙江省分离株CHNHLJ03009包膜克隆及分析

目的 分析黑龙江省Ⅰ型人免疫缺陷病毒（human irnmunodeficiency virus type 1，HIV-1）原代分离株包膜糖蛋白的变异性及表型特征。方法从一名HIV阳性但未发病的感染者外周血单个核细胞提取DNA，采用保守引物进行HIV包膜直接克隆，进行序列分析及系统树分析。构建了一株带该包膜蛋白的伪病毒并利用表达CXCR4和CCR5的靶细胞进行了感染实验，观察该病毒包膜利用辅助受体的表型特征。结果共获得2个有功能全长env克隆，分别命名为CHNHIJ03009c34（GenBank序列号为AY905493）和CHNHIA03009c33。用全长env氨基酸序列与国内外分离株进行同源性比较分析发现，与分离株CHNHLJ03009c34的包膜同源性最高的病毒为云南的HIV-1 B’亚型分离株RIA2，同源性为91．52％。系统发育分析结果表明，该株为泰国B’亚型，与云南分离株RIA2的遗传距离最近。对包膜蛋白结构分析结果显示，分离株CHNHLJ03009c34包膜在抗原性和亲水性上与RIA2没有明显差别。感染性检测结果显示该病毒只能感染U87．CD4．CCR5细胞，不能感染U87．CD4．CX-CR4细胞。结论本研究从黑龙江省一名HIV-1阳性者克隆到HIV-1CHNHLJ03009病毒的包膜基因，该病毒属于B’亚型（泰国亚型），为R5亲嗜性毒株。该包膜基因克隆为首次报道的黑龙江分离株。     

凝血酶增强Ⅰ型人类免疫缺陷病毒-1原代分离株侵入靶细胞能力作用研究

目的 利用已建立的细胞-细胞融合实验体系,扩大毒株范围,通过观察凝血酶(Th)对Ⅰ型人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)-1包膜V3区冠部序列不同的毒株介导的细胞融合的影响及其原因.方法 采用携带HIV-1 ADA、06057c3、03009c34株env基因的表达质粒pSVⅢ-ADA、pSM-06057c3、pSM-03009c34与pcTat分别按2∶1的比例共转染293T细胞,制备Env-293T细胞,用不同浓度的Th处理,与Magic5A细胞进行融合实验,计融合细胞数,观察对融合作用的影响.结果 Th能增强ADA和06057c3Env介导的融合,它们的V3冠部的序列为GPGRAF,但不能增强V3冠部序列为GPGQAW的毒株03009c34 Env介导的融合.结论 Th能促进HIV介导的细胞融合,其原因可能是依赖V3冠部GPGRAF序列.     

人类免疫缺陷病毒包膜糖蛋白V3区对细胞结合能力的研究

目的：研究人类免疫缺陷病毒（ＨＩＶ）不同亲嗜株包膜糖蛋白Ｖ３区结合于靶细胞的能力。方法：合成来源于不同嗜性ＨＩＶ－１Ｖ３区的生物素标记和非标记的多肽。采用流式细胞计数分析生物素化的 Ｖ３多肽对细胞的结合能力以及细胞表面的结合配体。结果：ＨＩＶ－１Ｘ４　亲嗜株ＩＩＩＢＶ３区能结合于多种细胞的表面，包括辅助受体ＣＸＣＲ４；竞争实验结果显示蛋白酶抑制剂能抑制该结合。Ｒ５亲嗜株 ＡＤＡ Ｖ３区只极微弱地结合于外周血单核细胞和表达ＣＣＲ５ 的人星形胶质细胞表面。结论：不同嗜性ＨＩＶ－１Ｖ３区结合于细胞表面的能力不同从亲嗜株Ｖ３区直接结合于细胞表面并被其自身所增强，其靶分子至少包括辅助受体 ＣＸＣＲ４和蛋白酶分子；而Ｒ５亲嗜株 ＡＤＡ Ｖ３区则不结合于 ＣＣＲ５和蛋白酶。     

HIV-1包膜糖蛋白gp120对大鼠海马脑片电生理特性的影响

目的探讨人类免疫缺陷病毒I型(HIV-1)的包膜糖蛋白gp120对大鼠海马脑片CA1区神经元电生理特性及突触传递的影响。方法用盲法全细胞记录技术,观察gp120对大鼠海马脑片CA1区神经元电生理特性及对高频电刺激Schaffer侧支引起的鼠海马长时程增强效应(LTP)的影响。结果①在电流钳,gp120可使终末去极化电流激发快速动作电位的数目增加;②在电压钳,gp120对大鼠海马CA1区神经元的全细胞电流无明显作用;③将gp120(100 pmol/L)与海马脑片共孵育1h后,在钳制电压为-60 mV时,发现HFS后海马CA1区的兴奋性突触后电流(EPSC)显著减小,LTP的强度减少到(108.5±8.0)%(n=11,P<0.01)。结论gp120可使海马神经元的兴奋性增加,并可能通过抑制海马CA1区的LTP诱发参与艾滋病痴呆(HIV-1 associated dementia,HAD)的病理生理过程。     

原代HIV-1包膜糖蛋白修饰体诱导小鼠产生高滴度gp120抗体

目的 探索1型人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV-1)包膜糖蛋白修饰对包膜免疫原性的的影响.方法 通过PCR扩增获得原代HIV-1 06044株包膜gp120基因及其突变体gp120/W427S基因,并构建gp120三聚体蛋白真核表达载体pcT-gp120和pcT-gp120/W427S,重组表达载体体外瞬时转染人胚肾HEK2...     

Differential expression of domain III neutralizing epitopes on the envelope proteins of West Nile virus strains

Neutralization of flaviviruses by antibody is primarily mediated via epitopes in the viral envelope (E) protein. Comparative studies using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies revealed differential expression of epitopes within the E protein domain III of ten naturally occurring West Nile virus strains representing major subtypes of genetic lineages 1 and 2. Residues that defined these subtype-specific determinants were identified by mutational studies and found to be surface exposed in the domain III structure. Mutations of residue 332 had the most significant effects on variation of domain III neutralizing epitopes among strains.     

Diversity and evolution of the envelope gene of dengue virus type 1

The genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of a collection of strains of dengue virus type 1 (DV-1), isolated from different parts of the world, were investigated. Phylogenetic trees derived from the complete sequence of the E gene of 44 strains suggested the existence of five genetic types defined by a maximum nucleotide divergence within each group of 6%. The 22 strains from America were classified into a single genetic type that included strains associated either with classical dengue or hemorrhagic dengue episodes. Using a maximum likelihood procedure based on a single rate with dated tips model and substitution rates calculated at the third codon position, evolution of the five DV-1 genotypes was shown to conform to a molecular clock. The average rate of evolution was estimated to be approximately 16.2 x 10(-4) substitutions/third codon position site/year. Using this estimate, divergence among the DV-1 genotypes was calculated to have occurred approximately 100 years ago. Very low average value of the ratio of nonsynonymous-to-synonymous nucleotide substitutions, relative to the respective sites (0.046), indicated that the evolution of the E gene of the DV-1 is subject mostly to purifying selection.     

HIV-1 Gag抗原HLA-A*0201限制性低亲和性CTL表位预测及改造分析

初步筛选HIV-1 Gag抗原的HLA-A*0201限制性低亲和性CTL表位,预测并初步鉴定修饰后的表位与HLA-A*0201之间亲和性的变化。采用超基序、蛋白酶解预测等相结合的办法筛选HLA-A*0201限制性低亲和性CTL表位,通过氨基酸置换适当修饰,并以T2细胞株测定肽与HLA-A*0201分子的亲和力和稳定性试验来评价修饰后表位与HLA-A*0201之间亲和性。结果:筛选出3个低亲和性CTL候选表位,经修饰后的表位与HLA-A*0201之间的亲和性均有不同程度的提高。YIYKRWIIL(259-267Y1),YQANFLGKI(429-437Y1)和YTNNPPIPV(249-257Y1)与HLA-A*0201呈高亲和力结合,荧光系数(flurorescene index,FI)分别为2.68、2.54和2.35,同时肽-HLA-A*0201复合物半数解离时间(dissociation complex50,DC50)均大于8h。预测的低亲和力表位经过修饰可能会成为潜在的HLA-A*0201限制性表位。     

多型别HCV-E1复合表位抗原研究

目的 设计多型别HCV-E1表位复合免疫原,通过免疫小鼠,探讨其在丙型肝炎治疗性疫苗与诊断试剂研究中的应用.方法 分析比较HCV-E1包膜糖蛋白B细胞表位序列,选取几个代表性基因型的中和性优势抗原表位,再结合泛DR辅助性T细胞表位(PADRE),构建含有不同HCV型别E1表位抗原基因和通用T辅助细胞表位基因的原核表达质粒.结果 成功构建了含有HCV 1a、1b、2a、3a、4a和6a等基因型E1中和性表位以及通用T辅助细胞表位的质粒pBVIL1/E1s-PADRE,该质粒转化大肠杆菌后获得的工程菌,通过诱导培养可以高效表达重组多型别HCV-E1表位复合抗原,所获得的多型别HCV-E1表位复合免疫原可在BALB/c小鼠体内诱发强烈的体液免疫反应,ELISA检测抗体水平可达到1:12 800.结论 新构建的HCV-E1表位复合免疫原具有很好的免疫原性,为进一步研究HCV疫苗奠定了基础.     

The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein structure: nailing down a moving target

Structure determination of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) presented a number of challenges, but several high-resolution structures have now become available. In 2013, cryo-EM and x-ray structures of soluble, cleaved SOSIP Env trimers from the clade A BG505 strain provided the first glimpses into the Env trimer fold as well as more the variable regions. A recent cryo-EM structure of a native full-length trimer without any stabilizing mutations had the same core structure, but revealed new insights and features. A more comprehensive and higher resolution understanding of the glycan shield has also emerged, enabling a more complete representation of the Env glycoprotein structure. Complexes of Env trimers with broadly neutralizing antibodies have surprisingly illustrated that most of the Env surface can be targeted in natural infection and that the neutralizing epitopes are almost all composed of both peptide and glycan components. These structures have also provided further evidence of the inherent plasticity of Env and how antibodies can exploit this flexibility by perturbing or even stabilizing the trimer to facilitate neutralization. These breakthroughs have stimulated further design and stabilization of Env trimers as well as other platforms to generate trimers that now span multiple subtypes. These Env trimers when used as immunogens, have led to the first vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies for structural and functional analyses.     

Effects of oligomerization on the epitopes of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoproteins

To understand the differential expression of epitopes on monomeric and oligomeric forms of the envelope glycoproteins, nine human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were derived from the cells of human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects by selection with soluble oligomeric gp140 (o.140). These nine mAbs and 12 human mAbs selected with V3 peptides, viral lysates, and rgp120, specific for the V2, V3, C5, CD4-binding domain (CD4bd), and gp41, were tested in a binding assay to compare the exposure of these regions on monomeric gp120 or gp41 and on o.140. None of the 21 mAbs were oligomer specific. However, mAbs to V3 and CD4bd were "oligomer sensitive," whereas mAbs to V2 and the distal epitope of C5 tended to be "monomer sensitive" (i.e., to react better with the oligomer or monomer, respectively). The majority of anti-gp41 mAbs reacted similarly with monomer and oligomer. Although the uncleaved o.140 used in this study differs from the cleaved gp120/41 oligomer found on the native virus particle, these results suggest that new epitopes are not introduced by oligomerization of viral envelope proteins, that such oligomer-specific epitopes, if they exist, are not highly immunogenic, and/or that they are not efficiently selected using soluble o.140.