甲状腺癌骨转移模型的研究

甲状腺癌是内分泌系统最常见的恶性肿瘤,其发病率逐年上升,虽然该病预后较好,但若发生骨转移,患者10年生存率将明显降低。目前,甲状腺癌发生骨转移的机制尚不明确,对甲状腺癌骨转移的研究不仅具有重要的临床价值,也有很重要的科研价值。甲状腺癌骨转移动物模型的建立是研究甲状腺癌骨转移机制和治疗的基础,根据其建立方法可分为自发性、化学诱导性、转基因诱导性和移植性4种。     

Midkine在甲状腺癌标志物中的价值

Midkine（MK）有多重生物学功能,对肿瘤的诊治具有重要作用。MK在不同的肿瘤中高度表达,促进癌细胞增殖、迁移和新生血管形成。近年来的研究发现,MK和甲状腺癌关系密切。免疫组化研究表明,MK在甲状腺癌细胞和组织中的表达明显高于正常甲状腺。甲状腺结节穿刺洗脱液的MK水平对甲状腺结节的良恶性判断有很好的诊断价值。MK是可分泌到血液中的细胞因子,其作为血清学标志物可以判断甲状腺结节良恶性,对分化型甲状腺癌131I治疗的预后（是否存在转移病灶）有明确的判断价值。在甲状腺球蛋白抗体阳性的情况下,MK可作为预测分化型甲状腺癌转移的有效血清学标志物。MK的最大局限性是肿瘤特异性差,很多情况下,需要和其他特异性强的肿瘤标志物联合测定。今后的研究重点是MK在甲状腺癌发生、发展和治疗耐药机制方面的探讨。笔者主要综述MK在甲状腺癌标志物中的价值。     

甲状腺癌多发性骨转移1例报告

甲状腺癌多发性骨转移１例报告周端溥甲状腺癌属亲骨性肿瘤，常可发生骨转移。我们遇见１例甲状腺癌多发性骨转移，其Ｘ线表现兼有囊状膨胀性改变和溶骨性破坏，报告如下。患者男，２０岁，汉族。１３岁时（１９８７年）在四川省人民医院确诊为甲状腺癌。于１９８７－０５...     

长链非编码RNA在甲状腺癌中的研究进展

甲状腺癌是近年来发病率快速增长的内分泌肿瘤。人类恶性肿瘤与环境因素密切相关,环境改变可诱导机体内某些致病基因发生变化,从而促进了疾病的发生。在对人类的基因转录组的研究过程中,发现了一类长度超过200个核苷酸的非编码RNA,即长链非编码RNA（LncRNAs）,其通过调节基因表达参与细胞分化、增殖、凋亡、迁移和侵袭等肿瘤的发生发展。越来越多的研究发现LncRNAs与甲状腺癌关系密切,许多LncRNAs对甲状腺有致癌或抑癌作用,但其具体功能和作用机制尚不明确。笔者对LncRNAs在甲状腺癌中的最新研究进展进行综述,为探讨LncRNAs在甲状腺癌中的作用机制及其临床应用价值提供依据。     

甲状腺癌骨转移X线诊断(附15例分析)

本文对15例甲状腺癌骨转移的病例进行分析。其中4例发现骨转移先于原发病灶。我们对甲状腺癌骨转移的机制、X线表现、诊断和鉴别诊断进行了探讨。提出:膨胀性骨质破坏、转移病灶内出现钙化和软组织肿块是本病特殊改变。     

骨代谢指标在分化型甲状腺癌骨转移中的临床价值

目的 探讨骨代谢指标中的骨形成指标血清骨型碱性磷酸酶(B-ALP)和Ⅰ型前胶原氨基端前肽(PINP)及骨吸收指标Ⅰ型胶原蛋白交联N端端肽(NTX)和C端端肽(CTX)与分化型甲状腺癌(DTC)骨转移的关系.方法 DTC患者共63例;其中合并骨转移者33例,无骨转移者30例.骨转移程度根据99Tcm-MDP全身骨显像、131I全身显像并结合其他检查综合确定.分别应用化学发光免疫分析法检测血清B-ALP,放射免疫分析法检测PINP,ELISA法检测NTX,电化学发光免疫分析法检测CTX水平.采用非参数Mann-Whitney U检验、等级相关分析和受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线计算骨代谢指标与DTC骨转移的相关性.结果 与DTC无骨转移组相比,DTC骨转移组的血清B-ALP、NTX和CTX中位浓度明显升高(P均＜0.01),而PINP在2组间的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).DTC骨转移组的4项指标升高水平与骨转移程度(EOD)均存在明显相关性(rs=0.371～0.558,P均＜0.01),其中B-ALP在骨转移0级和Ⅰ级组间也存在明显差异(P=0.012).ROC曲线分析显示B-ALP诊断DTC骨转移的灵敏度和特异性分别为71.1%和76.7%,高于其他3项指标.结论 B-ALP、NTX和CTX的异常升高与DTC骨转移程度密切相关,其中B-ALP可能具有早期诊断DTC骨转移的临床价值.     

甲状腺癌骨转移X线诊断（附13例报告）

甲状腺癌是发病率较高的恶性肿瘤之一，常可发生骨转移。本文对13例甲状腺癌骨转移的病例进行了分析。4例骨转移灶先于原发灶而被发现，膨胀性骨质破坏、转移灶内出现钙化和软组织内肿块是本病较特征性改变，现总结如下以共同仁们参考：     

甲状腺癌骨转移34例综合报道

本文综合了经病检证实的34例甲状腺癌的骨转移,有18例以转移瘤为首发症状。文中对其临床X 线表现的总特点及各部位不同的特点进行了比较分析。文中对甲状腺骨转移的发病情况,骨转移的途径及诊断骨转移的临床X 线的要点进行了讨论。     

前列腺癌骨转移的特点及其相关危险因素分析

目的 探讨前列腺癌骨转移的临床特点及其危险因素.方法 回顾性分析2006年6月-2016年6月南昌大学第一附属医院收治的、经穿刺活检或术后病理检查确诊为前列腺癌患者的临床资料,记录首次入院时的一般资料、化验检查结果 及病理切片Gleason评分,分析各临床因素与骨转移发生的关系,明确骨转移发生的相关危险因素.结果 共纳入585例前列腺癌患者,其中发生骨转移228例,无骨转移357例.在骨转移患者中,骨盆转移发生率最高,占81.58%,其次是脊柱转移(63.16%)和肋骨转移(58.33%),锁骨转移最少(14.47%).Logistic回归分析显示年龄<71.5岁、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)>85.5U/L、前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)>79.88μg/L和Gleason评分>7.5分是前列腺癌骨转移的危险因素.ROC曲线分析显示,上述各因素诊断骨转移的灵敏度分别为56.1%、66.7%、68.4%、56.1%,特异度分别为56.6%、81.8%、70.0%、65.3%.结论 前列腺癌骨转移以骨盆转移最为多见,年龄、ALP、PSA及Gleason评分是前列腺癌发生骨转移的危险因素.     

18F-FDG PET/CT在甲状腺癌中的临床应用

甲状腺癌是最常见的内分泌肿瘤,其显像方法很多,但由于甲状腺癌生物学行为的多重性,不同的显像方法对其的诊断价值及生物学行为判断价值各有不同.目前,18F-FDG PET/CT显像对不同进展期的甲状腺癌临床判断价值显著,其最重要的临床应用在于病灶诊断、分期和再分期及对各种治疗的评价和预后判断.笔者主要就18F-FDG PET/CT显像在甲状腺癌中的临床应用进行综述.     

Unusual widespread metastatic presentation of mixed medullary-follicular thyroid carcinoma

Mixed medullary-follicular thyroid carcinoma (MMFTC) is a rare tumor with a metastatic behavior that has not been fully appreciated. Scintigraphy and radioiodine entrapment propensity of its metastases remains largely undescribed. The authors present a case of MMFTC with widespread bone and soft-tissue metastases, where every known site of metastases concentrated radioiodine intensely. The patient responded well to radioiodine therapy. The report suggests that the tumor may have a propensity to metastasize to the skeleton, and the metastases retain the ability to accumulate radioiodine.     

青少年分化型甲状腺癌与131Ⅰ治疗

青少年分化型甲状腺癌发病率不高,但与成人分化型甲状腺癌相比,具有一些鲜明的特征:发现时往往体积较大,诊断时多出现颈部淋巴结或远处转移,肿瘤细胞钠.碘转运体表达数量和频率多,治疗后复发率高,尽管如此,其总体存活率较高.手术后131Ⅰ去除残余甲状腺组织和131Ⅰ治疗远处转移依然是治疗青少年分化型甲状腺癌的重要手段.     

Follicular thyroid carcinoma presenting with multiple skull metastases on CT and MRI: A case report and literature review

Although the incidence of thyroid carcinoma has increased in recent years, follicular thyroid carcinoma with bone metastasis as the first symptom remains rare. Here, we report a case of occult follicular thyroid carcinoma in a 65-year-old female patient admitted to hospital with cerebrovascular disease. Computed tomography findings suggested a diagnosis of meningioma; however, magnetic resonance imaging results showed multiple skull bone destruction with soft tissue masses on the left side of the skull. After surgical resection, the pathology results revealed skull metastasis of follicular thyroid carcinoma. We present this case not only because of the diagnostic challenge it posed, but also because the patient had multiple skull metastases from follicular thyroid carcinoma.     

Osteoblastic bone metastases in medullary thyroid carcinoma

We report on a 32-year-old medullary thyroid carcinoma patient with extensive metastases at the time of diagnosis. In contrast to the osteolytic metastases usually observed in thyroid carcinoma, the patient had osteoblastic bone metastases, assumed to be caused by biologically active tumor calcitonin. The patient died 15 years after initial diagnosis of the advanced tumor. The long survival time may indicate that the prognosis is better for osteoblastic metastases than for osteolytic metastases.     

Visualization of hepatic metastases of medullary thyroid carcinoma on Tc-99m MDP bone scintigraphy

A 35-year-old man with a history of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid underwent a whole-body bone scan for chest wall pain. Extensive irregular radionuclide uptake was observed in hepatic metastases in both lobes, later confirmed on CT scan. A case of technetium-99m MDP uptake in hepatic metastases from medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is presented and the literature is reviewed.     

Staging bone scintigraphy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Bone scintigraphy was performed on 163 new cases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma without clinical evidence of distant metastases. Among the 10 abnormal bone scans one patient had radiographic skeletal metastases corresponding to the areas of increased tracer uptake. Two patients with abnormal bone scans subsequently developed radiographic metastases at the site of abnormal tracer uptake. The detection rate of asymptomatic skeletal metastases on presentation was thus 1.8% (3/163), and the predictive value of an abnormal scan for metastases 30% (3/10). Bone scintigraphy is not justified as a routine staging investigation for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, although it can be considered for a subset of patients considered at high risk of distant metastases.     

Sensitivity in detecting osseous lesions depends on anatomic localization: planar bone scintigraphy versus 18F PET.

Radionuclide bone scanning (RNB) is considered to be the most practical screening technique for assessing the entire skeleton for skeletal metastases. However, RNB has been shown to be of lower sensitivity than MRI and CT in detecting osteolytic metastases. A prospective study was designed to evaluate the accuracy of planar RNB versus tomographic bone imaging with 18F-labeled NaF and PET (18F PET) in detecting osteolytic and osteoblastic metastases and its dependency on their anatomic localization. METHODS: Forty-four patients with known prostate, lung or thyroid carcinoma were examined with both planar RNB and 18F PET. A panel of reference methods including MRI of the spine, 1311 scintigraphy, conventional radiography and spiral CT was used as the gold standard. RNB and 18F PET were compared by a lesion-by-lesion analysis using a five-point score for receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: 18F PET showed 96 metastases (67 of prostate carcinoma and 29 of lung or thyroid cancer), whereas RNB revealed 46 metastases (33 of prostate carcinoma and 13 of lung or thyroid cancer). All lesions found with RNB were also detected with 18F PET. Compared with 18F PET and the reference methods, RNB had a sensitivity of 82.8% in detecting malignant and benign osseous lesions in the skull, thorax and extremities and a sensitivity of 40% in the spine and pelvis. The area under the ROC curve was 0.99 for 18F PET and 0.64 for RNB. CONCLUSION: 18F PET is more sensitive than RNB in detecting osseous lesions. With RNB, sensitivity in detecting osseous metastases is highly dependent on anatomic localization of these lesions, whereas detection rates of osteoblastic and osteolytic metastases are similar. Higher detection rates and more accurate differentiation between benign and malignant lesions with 18F PET suggest the use of 18F PET when possible.     

Frequency of skeletal metastases in nasopharyngeal carcinoma after initiation of therapy: should bone scans be used for follow-up?

Previous reports have indicated a relatively high incidence of distant metastases in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), one of the most common sites being the skeleton. Although bone scintigraphy offers the advantage of whole-body imaging in patients with cancer by providing useful information about disease spread, its value in patients with NPC is not well defined because of cost-effectiveness considerations. In this study, we assessed the value of follow-up bone scintigraphy for the evaluation of skeletal metastases in patients with different stages of NPC. Between 1994 and 2001, 230 patients with histologically proven NPC were admitted to the Department of Radiation Oncology. Out of 230 patients, 171 were examined for skeletal metastases with bone scintigraphy prior to therapy and at 1 year intervals. Bone scintigraphy detected increased uptake in 29 patients, which was reported as suggestive of metastases or equivocal. Twenty-six of these were true-positive, confirmed by radiography or clinical follow-up. Bone pain was present in 67% of these patients and serum lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase were elevated in 35% and 37%, respectively. The incidence of bone metastases correlated with the extent of lymph node involvement, which were detected after a median time of 10.5 months following the diagnosis of the primary disease. No correlation was observed between the metastatic status and local T stage, histological differentiation age or gender of the patient. We can therefore recommend that bone scintigraphy be used in determining the presence of bone metastases, but its utilization should be preserved for those with nodal involvement.     

Serum thyroglobulin in the investigation of patients presenting with metastases

Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) is often very elevated in patients with metastatic thyroid carcinoma and, in 18 out of 40 patients examined, serum Tg was found to exceed 400 micrograms/l. In only two of 55 patients with benign nodular thyroid disease did serum Tg exceed 400 micrograms/l. In patients presenting with metastases of unknown origin, the finding of a very elevated serum Tg concentration may therefore be of value as an indicator that the metastases are due to thyroid carcinoma. During a period in which 128 new patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma were seen, in five who presented with metastatic disease the initial estimation of serum Tg had proved useful in suggesting the thyroid origin of the metastases.