福建省2011年不同地理区域学龄儿童尿碘水平分析

目的了解福建省不同地理区域8～10岁儿童碘营养水平,为因地制宜、科学补碘提供依据。方法全省各县(市、区)按东、西、南、北、中5个方位各随机抽取1个乡(镇、街道)(不足5个乡时全部抽取);在所抽取的每个乡(镇、街道)随机抽取1所村小学(无村小学时,抽取乡中心小学),每所小学各随机抽检20名8～10岁儿童(男女各半)的尿碘含量。结果全省检测8～10岁儿童尿样8 440份,尿碘中位数为192.0μg/L,尿碘水平<50μg/L的为5.2%。沿海地区8～10岁儿童尿碘中位数(176.0μg/L)小于内陆地区(204.6μg/L);全省县级市共采集1 397份,尿碘中位数为117.8μg/L,其中<50μg/L的为4.4%。沿海县级市8～10岁儿童尿碘中位数(177.5μg/L)小于内陆县级市(211.1μg/L);全省县级共采集4 413份,尿碘中位数为196.1μg/L,其中<50μg/L的为4.9%。沿海县8～10岁儿童尿碘中位数(163.0μg/L)小于内陆县(208.6μg/L);全省区级共采集2 630份,尿碘中位数为188.0μg/L,其中<50μg/L的为6.2%。沿海区8～10岁儿童尿碘中位数(184.8μg/L)小于内陆区(193.6μg/L)。结论目前福建省碘营养总体上处于适宜水平,但部分地区碘营养超过适宜水平。居民碘营养水平主要与碘盐的摄入量有关,与是否处于沿海地区关系不大。     

缺碘地区补碘后特殊人群碘营养水平分析

目的了解缺碘地区食用合格碘盐后,不同时期的孕期、哺乳期妇女、儿重的碘营养状态.方法酸消化砷-铈接触法,检测孕期、哺乳期妇女、婴儿尿碘.结果 1997年吉林省538例孕妇尿碘中位数为287.97μg/L,尿碘＜100μg/L的有54例占10%,＜200μg/L的有173例占32.15%;1998年39例产前、产后1个月、3个月、6～8个月的尿碘、乳碘及婴儿尿碘结果为乳碘和尿碘中位数均在200μg/L以上,乳碘200μg/L以下者4个阶段所占比例分别为40.0%、5.1%、10.8%和26.4%.产妇尿碘所占的比例分别为23%、10.25%、21.62%和26.4%;吉林省60个市、县的1 754例孕期、1 775例哺乳期妇女尿碘结果为尿碘＜100μg/L的占5.87%,100～200μg/L的占28.93%,200～300μg/L的占29.78%,300～500μg/L的占25.59%,500μg/L以上者占9.83%.其中＜100μg/L的孕期妇女占3.71%,哺乳期妇女约占8%,100～200μg/L的孕期妇女占26.62%,哺乳期妇女占31.21%;吉林地区30例孕妇产时、哺乳期6个月及婴儿随机一次尿碘含量频数分布＜200μg/L者分别为20.0%、6.66%和55.17%.结论在普遍食盐加碘后,仍有少部分孕期、哺乳期妇女及其婴儿存在碘营养不足问题,因此建议定期做尿碘检测,缺则补、足则免,提高人口素质.     

2002年石家庄市孕妇碘营养状况分析

目的了解达标后石家庄市孕妇的碘营养状况.方法尿碘测定用酸消化砷-铈接触法.结果孕妇尿碘中位数为188.9μg/L,尿碘＜50μg/L的比率为1.1%,＜100μg/L的比率为12.9%,不同孕期尿碘水平无显著差异.结论石家庄市孕妇的碘营养是适宜的,能够满足其本身和胎儿的生理需要.     

2018—2022年湖北省荆州市碘缺乏病监测及碘营养水平评价

目的 监测荆州市8～10岁儿童及孕妇食用盐碘含量和碘营养水平,为持续消除碘缺乏病和科学补碘提供依据。方法 2018—2022年每年在荆州市8个县(市、区)抽取200名儿童和100名孕妇,采集其家中食用盐盐样和调查对象尿液样本,检测盐碘含量和尿碘含量。对儿童进行甲状腺B超检查,测定其甲状腺容积。结果 2018—2022年荆州市共监测儿童和孕妇食用盐样12 000份,盐碘中位数为24.51 mg/kg,碘盐覆盖率为99.59%,合格碘盐食用率为93.92%。儿童尿样8 000份,尿碘中位数为272.14μg/L,处于碘超适宜量水平。儿童尿碘低于100μg/L比例为6.78%,尿碘高于300μg/L的比例为41.25%,儿童甲状腺肿大率为0.85%。孕妇尿样4 000份,尿碘中位数为169.78μg/L,处于碘适宜量水平,但尿碘低于150μg/L比例占45.10%。结论 荆州市儿童甲状腺肿大率,儿童和孕妇合格碘盐食用率、尿碘中位数均持续符合国家碘缺乏病消除标准,需持续开展碘盐监测和重点人群健康教育。     

2011年张掖市重点人群碘营养状况调查分析

目的了解甘肃省张掖市居民碘营养状况,为调整防治策略提供科学依据。方法在选中的项目县按东、西、南、北、中5个方位随机抽取5个乡;每个乡随机抽取1所小学8~10岁儿童尿样20份;每个乡随机抽取孕妇、哺乳期妇女尿样各5份测定尿碘。结果共检测8~10岁儿童尿样399份,尿碘中位数为239.91μg/L,<100μg/L的占4.26%,>200μg/L占65.91%;检测孕妇和哺乳期妇女尿样198份,尿碘中位数246.58μg/L,<150μg/L占14.65%,>300μg/L占37.88%。结论甘肃省张掖市居民碘营养充足,重点人群尿碘过量比例较高,希望通过适当调整盐碘浓度,提高居民碘营养适宜水平。     

平顶山市碘营养状况调查分析

目的了解平顶山市人群碘营养状况,为制订防治措施提供科学依据。方法 2011年,在平顶山市8个县(区)中,每个县(区)抽取9个乡(镇),每个乡(镇)中采集36份居民家中食用盐,采用碘酸钾直接滴定法检测盐碘;每个县(区)按照东、西、南、北、中5个方位各抽取1个乡(镇),每个乡(镇)抽取20名8~10岁儿童,采集尿样,用砷铈催化分光光度法测定尿碘。结果平顶山市共抽取居民户食盐2 193份,碘盐中位数为30.3 mg/kg,碘盐覆盖率为91.07%,合格碘盐食用率为84.82%。共调查8~10岁儿童780份尿样,尿碘中位数为146.61μg/L;<50μg/L者占16.46%(128/780),50~99μg/L者占21.28%(166/780),100~199μg/L者占26.92%(210/780),200~299μg/L者占17.44%(136/780),300μg/L以上者占17.95%(140/780);各年龄组之间尿碘比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=5.44,P>0.05)。以县(区)计算,尿碘中位数<99μg/L有2个县(区),占25%;100~199μg/L有4个县(区),占50%;200~299μg/L有2个县(区),占25%;不同县(区)之间尿碘比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=128.77,P<0.01)。结论目前平顶山市人群碘营养水平基本适宜,应继续加强碘营养水平监测。     

武威市凉州区孕妇尿碘含量及家庭食用盐碘含量监测分析

目的了解甘肃省武威市凉州区孕妇碘营养状况,为进一步指导本地区孕妇科学补碘提供科学依据。方法根据《全国碘缺乏病监测方案》中的方法进行抽样,检测分析武威市凉州区内200名孕妇尿碘含量及家庭食用盐碘含量。结果 200名孕妇的尿碘中位数为181.20μg/L,在碘适宜范围内,碘不足者39人份、占19.50%,碘充足者97人份、占48.50%,尿碘超量者(56人份)和过量者(8人份)共64人份、占32.00%;200份食盐碘中位数为27.10 mg/kg,其中合格碘盐139份、占69.50%,不合格碘盐45份、占22.50%,非碘盐16份、占8.00%。结论武威市凉州区仍有一定比例的孕妇碘营养水平存在缺乏或过量的风险,应加强相关知识宣传,防止不适宜碘浓度对胎儿的伤害。     

海产品对妇女尿碘水平的影响

目的 了解海产品对妇女尿碘水平的影响,为寻求其他的适宜补碘途径提供依据.方法 2006年在新疆伊宁县妇幼保健院,选择参加体检的孕妇和非孕妇女,年龄20～40岁,记录食入海产品的种类及食入频次,采集日间随意尿样和家庭食用盐.尿碘测定采用砷铈分光光度法,盐碘测定采用直接滴定法.结果 共调查了198位妇女,其中孕妇148人,非孕妇50人,尿碘中位数为87.51μg/L.在基本不食用、很少食用、经常食用海产品的妇女中,尿碘中位数分别为83.49、91.52、166.45μg/L.组间比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.202,P<0.05).食用海产品的非孕妇尿碘中位数(90.94μg/L)高于孕妇(84.79μg/L),二者比较差异有统计学意义(U=3318.00,P<0.05).在孕妇中,很少食用海产品的妇女尿碘中位数(94.46μg/L)与基本不食用海产品的妇女(83.28μg/L)比较,差异有统计学意义(U=1257.5,P<0.05);在孕晚期,基本不食用、很少食用、经常食用海产品妇女尿碘中位数分别为81.93、97.97、140.18μg/L,组间比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.80,P<0.05).结论 孕妇每周食入一定量的海产品.就可使尿碘水平得到相应提高,食入频次越多,尿碘水平也相应越高,建议在碘盐推广困难的地区,对孕妇多进行食用海产品的宣传,减少克汀病患儿的出生.     

743例2～6岁儿童和73例孕妇尿碘检测结果分析

目的通过对孕妇和2～6岁儿童尿碘含量的检测,评价出孕20～36周孕妇、集体儿童的碘营养水平,指导妇幼保健工作.方法取日间随意尿样,采用武汉众生生化技术有限公司生产的尿碘快速定量检测试剂盒监测尿碘浓度.检测前2 d避免食用含碘药物或含碘食品,采用通常饮食.结果检测743例2～6岁儿童尿碘浓度中位数162.9μg/L,＜100μg/L占11.31%,＜50μg/L占1.48%.73例孕妇尿碘浓度中位数198.6μg/L,＜100μg/L占2.7%,＜50μg/L为0.2个组人群尿碘浓度频数最高值均在尿碘100～200μg/L之间,分别为55.1%和47.9%.结论①从1995年天津市实施全民食用碘盐后,碘营养状况得到根本改善,达到了国家碘缺乏病的控制标准.②随着防治碘缺乏病知识的普及,广大孕妇、儿童家长、托幼机构的保健人员已普遍重视碘营养对健康的重要性.     

待产孕妇与其新生儿碘营养状况调查分析

目的　了解实行加碘盐 3周年以来以广州市区孕产妇及其新生儿碘营养状况。方法　用砷铈接触法测定 6 7名待产孕妇尿碘 ,用放射免疫分析法测定其孕妇所产新生儿脐带血甲状腺素 (T4)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)。结果　待产孕妇尿碘中位数为 741.9μg/L,<10 0 μg/L 者仅占 3.2 %。新生儿脐带血清 T4为 (149.6 9±5 4.5 6 ) nmol/L,在正常范围 (5 4～ 174nmol/L)者占 71.2 % ,超过 174nm ol/L 者占 2 8.8%。脐带血清 TSH<5 m U/L 者占 89.4% ,TSH>5 m U/L 者占 10 .6 % ,其中女婴与男婴相比 ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 .0 2 5 )。在 TSH>5 m U/L 者中有 5 7.1%的人尿碘含量 >10 0 0 μg/L。孕妇妊娠反应 <3个月者 T4超过正常值上限者较多 ,与 >3个月者相比差异有显著意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。孕妇问卷调查表明 ,孕妇常吃海产品占 2 5 .4% ,常吃海带、紫菜占12 .7% ,体重增加 10 kg以上者占 46 .0 %。结论　广州市区孕产妇及新生儿碘营养状况良好 ,尿碘较高 ,较多人有碘过剩现象 ,提示应注意防止高碘问题。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.