经颅多普勒超声对偏头痛的诊断价值

目的探讨经颅多普勒超声（TCD）在偏并没有痛诊断中的价值。方法应用TCD对240例偏头痛患者（其中典型偏头痛116例，普通型偏头痛124例）和50例健康者进行检查，对照分析颅内动脉的血流动力学变化。结果典型偏头痛发作期大脑动脉平均血流速度高于对照组及普通型偏头痛组，且头痛侧与无痛侧例比较有显著性差异；普通型偏头痛发作期与对照组脑动脉平均血流速度对比无差异。结论TCD检查可为典型偏头痛提供临床诊断依据。     

椎基底动脉缺血性眩晕的经颅多普勒超声诊断价值

目的分析椎基底动脉缺血性眩晕老年患者颅脑多普勒超声(TCD)检查的血流动力学指标以及异常情况。方法选取2014—2016年茌平县人民医院收治的90例椎基底动脉缺血性眩晕患者90例为观察组,选取同期健康体检的老年人为对照组,对比2组TCD检测指标及检查结果异常率。结果 90例椎基底动脉缺血性眩晕患者中TCD检查存在异常的患者73例(81.11%),其中60例为椎基底动脉血流异常(82.19%)。观察组大脑前动脉(ACA)、大脑中动脉(MCA)、大脑后动脉(PCA)以及基底动脉(BA)与椎动脉(VA)的Vm均明显低于对照组(P0.05),ACA、VA、BA的PI指数明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论椎基底动脉缺血性眩晕老年患者TCD检查可见颅内血流指标改变明显,椎基底动脉改变较为明显。     

经颅多普勒诊断血管性偏头痛的临床意义

目的 应用经颅多普勒超声（TCD）分析仪，检测脑血管血流动力学改变，对偏头痛患者的诊断及治疗提供客观依据。方法 采用以色列产彩色经颅多普勒分析仪，对108例偏头痛患者进行脑血流检测，经枕窗探测基底动脉及双侧椎动脉；经颞窗探测大脑中、前、后动脉，记录流速及搏动指数，同时观察频谱、频声等参数。结果 在108例偏头痛患者中48例脑血流速度加快，16例血流速度减慢，余44例脑血流速度不稳定及双侧脑血流速度不对称。结论 对脑血管进行TCD检测，为偏头痛患者的诊断及指导治疗提供客观依据。     

经颅多普勒超声对缺血性脑卒中患者的诊断价值及临床意义

目的探讨在缺血性脑卒中患者诊断中应用经颅多普勒超声的价值和意义。方法运用随机数字表法从2015-06—2016-06来我院就诊的缺血性脑卒中患者中选取196例为实验组,选取同时期来我院健康体检的人员中120例为对照组,所有患者均接受经颅多普勒超声(TCD)检查,对比和分析经颅多普勒超声在缺血性脑卒中诊疗中的应用价值。结果实验组的血管异常率较对照组显著增加,2组血管异常率比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);与大面积脑梗死患者相比,小面积脑梗死及腔隙性梗死患者血管异常率显著降低,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),但小面积脑梗死和腔隙性梗死患者血管异常率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论缺血性脑卒中患者通过经颅多普勒超声诊疗,有助于早期发现和评估病情,为治疗和评估预后提供参考价值,整个操作过程简单、方便,容易被患者接受,值得推广。     

经颅多普勒对椎动脉盗血的分类诊断价值

目的 探讨经颅多普勒超声（TCD）对椎动脉盗血频谱的分类诊断的价值。方法 收集和分析TCD显示一侧椎动脉呈盗血血流频谱同时行颈部CT血管成像（CTA）或磁共振血管成像（MRA）检查的22例病例的临床和影像学检查资料。TCD对椎动脉盗血严重程度分级,CTA和MRA评价血管的狭窄程度。病例分为单纯锁骨下动脉狭窄、锁骨下动脉狭窄伴患侧椎动脉纤细或狭窄、单纯椎动脉盗血3组,并分析3组间临床指标和椎动脉TCD参数。结果 22例病例中,单纯锁骨下动脉狭窄者10例,锁骨下动脉狭窄伴患侧椎动脉纤细或狭窄者7例,单纯椎动脉盗血5例。单纯锁骨下动脉狭窄组、锁骨下动脉狭窄伴患侧椎动脉纤细或狭窄组、单纯椎动脉盗血组女性发病率分别为10%、40%、60%,右侧发生率分别为10%、57%、40%,隐匿型盗血的发生率分别为0、43%、60%,平均年龄分别为68岁、68岁、78岁。单纯椎动脉盗血组患侧椎动脉反向峰值流速（48±34）cm/s,单纯锁骨下动脉狭窄组、锁骨下动脉狭窄伴患侧椎动脉纤细或狭窄组患侧椎动脉反向峰值流速（9±14）cm/s,2组比较有统计学差异（Z=-2.219,P=0.026）。利用测量患侧椎动...     

经颅多普勒超声在青年缺血性脑卒中患者的应用及临床意义

目的：探讨经颅多普勒超声(TCD)对青年人缺血性脑卒中的应用价值及临床意义。方法：选取96例缺血性脑卒中的青年患者于入院3天内行TCD检查并与47例青年健康查体者做对照,部分病例行磁共振血管成像(MRA)、DSA、颈部血管超声检查。结果：TCD检测发现卒中组颅内外动脉狭窄或闭塞率显著高于对照组,且部分病例经MRA等影像学和超声检查进一步确诊。结论：青年人缺血性脑卒中患者很多存在颅内外大动脉狭窄或闭塞等异常病理改变．而TCD可用于检测脑卒中患者脑血流动力学的改变。作为临床一线筛选性检查技术可以指导进一步的影像学或超声检查,对明确青年人缺血性脑卒中患者的发病原因和诊断具有重要的应用价值及临床意义。     

颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作的经颅多普勒超声表现

短暂性脑缺血发作（tramsient ischemic atlack，TIA）被认为是发生脑梗死的独立危险因素，颈内动脉系统TIA是其中最常见类型。我们对2001年1月-2003年8月在我院神经内科住院的80例颈内动脉系统TIA患行经颅多普勒（transeranial doppler,TCD）超声检查，结果报告如下。     

经颅多普勒超声评估大脑中动脉狭窄程度的最佳速度值

目的　通过与磁共振血管造影 (MRA)比较 ,确定经颅多普勒超声 (TCD)诊断大脑中动脉 (MCA)狭窄的最佳速度值 ,及不同程度MCA狭窄的最佳血流速度分界值。方法　利用TCD检测仪诊断 14 8例无症状的MCA狭窄患者 ,并与MRA结果进行对照。以TCD收缩峰流速 130cm/s、14 0cm/s、15 0cm/s、16 0cm/s、170cm/s分别作为诊断狭窄的最佳界限值 ,通过计算各假设值的受试者工作特征 (receiveroperatorcharacteristic ,ROC)曲线下面积 ,确定诊断血管狭窄的最佳速度值。应用卡方自动交互检测 (CHAID)法确定不同程度MCA狭窄的最佳分界值。结果　MRA所示正常 ,中度、重度狭窄的血管条数分别为 75、112、10 9条 ,相应各组MCA平均收缩峰流速分别为 (12 1± 2 2 )cm/s、(15 5± 2 1)cm/s、(199± 4 3)cm/s,三组间比较差异有显著意义 (ANOVA方差分析 ,P <0 0 0 1)。TCD诊断血管狭窄的最佳速度值为 14 0cm/s(曲线下面积 0 870 ,P <0 0 0 1) ,以此速度值诊断MCA狭窄的相应特异性和敏感性分别为 82 7%、91 4 %。而流速 14 0cm/s和 180cm/s为区分MCA不同程度狭窄的最佳速度分界值。结论　在诊断无症状性MCA狭窄以及狭窄程度评估方面 ,TCD与MRA之间有良好的相关性。但TCD难以准确定位狭窄部位。     

经颅多普勒超声对偏头痛的诊断价值

目的 探讨经颅多普勒超声(TCD)在偏头痛诊断中的价值。方法 应用TCD对240例偏头痛患者(其中典型偏头痛116例,普通型偏头痛124例)和50例健康者进行检查,对照分析颅内动脉的血流动力学变化。结果 典型偏头痛发作期大脑动脉平均血流速度高于对照组及普通型偏头痛组,且头痛侧与元痛侧比较有显著性差异;普通型偏头痛发作期与对照组脑动脉平均血流速度对比无差异。结论 TCD检查可为典型偏头痛提供临床诊断依据。     

功能性经颅多普勒超声

功能性经颅多普勒超声（function transcranial doppler,fTCD）在完成感觉、运动和认知任务时,能通过检测颅内大血管血液流速（blood flow velocity,BFV）的变化来显示脑的活动。fTCD和正电子发射断层摄影术（position emission tomography,PET）及单光子放射计算机断层显像术（single photon emission tomography,SPECT）等神经影像学检查比较具有更高的时问分辨性,能更好的反映事件相关性脑血流变化的动态模式。     

Provokable bilateral vertebral artery compression diagnosed with transcranial Doppler.

BACKGROUND: Head and neck movements may cause vascular compression that produces a syndrome of vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Vertebrobasilar circulation was examined noninvasively in two patients who were able to provoke these symptoms repeatedly on demand. CASE DESCRIPTIONS: Blood flow velocities in the basilar artery (case 1) and both posterior cerebral arteries (both cases) were measured continuously by transcranial Doppler sonography while the patients voluntarily performed the offending maneuvers and reproduced their symptoms. The provocative maneuvers evoked an immediate and precipitous drop in blood flow velocity, producing symptoms within seconds. Upon relief, the blood flow velocities showed a transient overshoot before returning to baseline values. CONCLUSIONS: These observations indicate that the symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency were due to real reductions in blood flow and demonstrate the usefulness of transcranial Doppler sonography to diagnose bilateral extracranial vertebral artery compression.     

'Herald hemiparesis' of basilar artery occlusion: early recognition by transcranial Doppler ultrasound

A transient hemiparesis may be ocassionally present at an early stage of the thrombosis of the basilar artery (herald hemiparesis). We report on one of these cases and the valuable role of transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) to the early detection of the stroke-in-evolution. TCD in the emergency room is a good tool to assess a basilar occlusion, searching for direct (absence of signal at the basilar artery) and indirect (reversal flow of the pre-communicating segment the of posterior cerebral artery through the posterior communicating artery) signs. Early recognition and treatment of this condition could avoid the development of the full syndrome of the basilar artery thrombosis.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断颈动脉狭窄

目的评价彩色多普勒超声在颈动脉狭窄早期诊断中的临床应用价值。方法以数字减影血管造影（DSA）为金标准，112例疑诊颈动脉狭窄患者为研究对象。用DSA将研究对象分为试验组和对照组；彩色多普勒超声（DUS）同步地、双盲地测量研究对象；最后将结果与DSA进行比较。结果彩色多普勒超声检测阳性符合率为95％，阴性符合率为90％，准确率为94％。结论DUS对颈动脉狭窄的检出具有较高的准确率，是颈动脉狭窄早期诊断的一种有效手段。     

The accuracy of transcranial Doppler in the diagnosis of middle cerebral artery stenosis

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: It was the aim of this study to systematically review available literature on the accuracy of transcranial Doppler (TCD) compared with angiography for the diagnosis of > or =50% middle cerebral artery stenosis in patients with transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke. METHODS: We performed a systematic review that included original articles published on TCD accuracy from 1982 until the end of December 2005 using angiography as the gold standard. The following measures of diagnostic accuracy were obtained from each primary study: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV). Weighted mean averages were then calculated from individual results for different velocity cutoffs. RESULTS: Six papers met our selection criteria. Using laboratory-specific variable mean flow velocity cutoffs, self-reported best accuracy results yield a mean weighted average sensitivity of 92%, specificity of 92%, PPV of 88% and NPV of 98% for 80 cm/s cutoff. For 100 cm/s cutoff, the sensitivities were 100%, specificity 97%, PPV 88% and NPV 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Although limited to few reports, this analysis demonstrates fair TCD performance against angiography. Since increasing velocity cutoffs do not yield decreasing sensitivity and increasing specificity, further studies are required to determine optimal velocity values and possibly other criteria such as velocity ratios to develop a screening test with balanced performance parameters.     

Anatomical validation of middle cerebral artery position as identified by transcranial pulsed Doppler ultrasound.

The basal cerebral arteries were insonated using transcranial pulsed Doppler ultrasound (TPDU) at 2 MHz. The Doppler sample volume (SV) depths at which signals were obtained which could be attributed to the middle, anterior and posterior cerebral arteries (MCA, ACA and PCA) were compared with measurements in adult cadavers and with B-scan ultrasound studies in infants. The depth of the internal carotid artery (ICA) terminal division into ACA and MCA was closely correlated for both groups. In adults, it was found at 5.6 +/- 1.0 cm using TPDU while in cadavers it was found at 5.3 +/- 0.5 cm from the temporal bone. In infants, it was found at 3.2 +/- 0.3 cm for the right side, and 3.2 +/- 0.2 cm for the left side using TPDU, and at 3.4 +/- 0.4 cm and 3.4 +/- 0.5 cm for right and left sides respectively using B-scan ultrasound. The mean depth of the MCA mid-point in infants as defined by TPDU and B-scan was also closely correlated, with values of 2.8 +/- 0.3 cm and 2.7 +/- 0.3 cm for right and left sides respectively using TPDU and of 2.8 +/- 0.4 cm and 2.7 +/- 0.4 cm for right and left sides respectively using B-scan ultrasound. Values for the most lateral part of the MCA did not correlate. In adults, signals from the ACA and PCA were obtained at greater SV depth than the MCA, thus preventing confusion.     

经颅多普勒超声对颅外段颈内动脉狭窄诊断价值的评估

目的评价经颅多普勒超声(TCD)对颅外段颈内动脉(ICA)狭窄、闭塞的诊断价值及探讨TCD评价动脉狭窄程度的参数。方法对临床有缺血性脑血管病症状的患者,先做TCD检查,筛选出可疑有颅外段颈内动脉病变的患者．再行数字减影血管造影(DSA)及(或)多层面螺旋CT血管成像(CTA)检查,确定颅外段颈内动脉狭窄的诊断,并计算狭窄程度,然后将DSA／CTA证实颈内动脉狭窄的患者的TCD资料进行回顾性分析。结果(1)脑血流速度:单侧ICA闭塞患者,ICA血流信号消失或极低(<20cm／s);重度狭窄者,狭窄程度与流速呈正比:狭窄程度越重,收缩期峰值流速(PSV)增高越明显;中度狭窄者局部流速轻度增加;轻度狭窄者血流速度与正常流速比较无明显变化。(2)ICA狭窄段PSV与ICA狭窄远端PSV的比值:重度狭窄为3．13-4．56,中度狭窄为2．24-2．73,轻度狭窄无明显变化。(3)侧支循环开放:颈动脉完全闭塞中93．1％侧支循环开放,狭窄程度>90％者86．6％存在侧支循环开放,70％-90％狭窄者74．3％侧支循环开放,轻、中度狭窄者无1例侧支循环开放。(4)频谱图形:重度狭窄患者,TCD表现为频谱增宽、湍流改变;中度狭窄者可出现涡流改变;轻度狭窄者TCD仅表现为层流消失,频谱呈高强度血流充填信号,声频钝。结论TCD对颅外段ICA重度狭窄、闭塞的患者具有较高的诊断价值．可为介入治疗或手术治疗提供参考依据。     

Far lateral approach with intraoperative ultrasound Doppler identification of the vertebral artery

A 69-year-old woman presented with right hemiparesis and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a meningioma at the ventral aspect of the foramen magnum. We used a retromastoid curvilinear incision down the lateral aspect of the neck to expose the semispinalis and other muscles. Guided by ultrasound to avoid damage to the vertebral artery beneath the semispinalis, we incised the semispinalis muscle in a U-shape that hinged at the retromastoid curvilinear incision with its one limb along the border of the foramen magnum and the other limb along the posterior arch of the atlas. The other muscles were divided in line with the curvilinear incision and retracted posteriorly with the bulk of semispinalis to expose the bones, not disturbing the U-shaped piece of semispinalis that covered the vertebral artery. Similarly guided by ultrasound, we performed far lateral suboccipital craniectomy and laminectomy, exposed the dura above and below the dural entry of the vertebral artery, opened the dura cephalad and caudal to the dural entry of the vertebral artery, and excised the tumor. This method provided adequate exposure to the lateral aspect of the cranio-vertebral junction and minimized the risks of dissecting the whole extradural segment of vertebral artery. It requires more cases to determine whether the results of this patient can be generalized.     

The value of transcranial Doppler sonography in the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer disease vs multi-infarct dementia

Primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia exhibit differences in cerebrovascular blood flow velocity profiles, which were investigated by means of transcranial Doppler sonography. The pulsatility indices, as angle-independent parameters of peripheral vascular resistance, measured in middle cerebral and basilar arteries of patients with multi-infarct dementia (MID), were significantly increased (p<0.005) with respect to cases of primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type and to healthy age-matched controls. Approximately 75% of all MID patients exhibited small vessel disease rather than thromboembolism from the extracranial arteries and the heart, as judged by extracranial and transcranial Doppler sonographies, computerized cerebral tomographies, EEGs, and, if necessary, 2-D echocardiographies.