垂体腺瘤不同治疗方法的疗效对比分析

目的：探讨各种类型垂体腺瘤合理有效的治疗方法。方法：对采用口服溴隐亭、伽玛刀、经鼻－蝶入路和经颅入路手术治疗的129例垂体瘤的疗效进行对比分析。结果：伽玛刀组23．2％的患者和经鼻－蝶组10．0％的患者治疗后肿瘤完全消失，经鼻－蝶组和经颅手术组肿瘤的次全切除率分别为90．0％和94．9％，术后复发率为5．1％。结论：育龄妇女的垂体PRL微、小腺瘤可先试用口服溴隐亭治疗并随访；伽玛刀可作为各类垂体微、小腺瘤和部分大型腺瘤首选的治疗手段；采用经颅入路显微手术和术后辅助放射外科治疗是提高垂体巨型腺瘤全切除率、降低复发率的重要手段。     

侵袭性垂体腺瘤的组织学与临床预后的关系(英文)

目的分析经蝶窦入路切除的侵袭性垂体腺瘤的组织学侵袭性与临床预后的关系。方法我科自2000年1月～2003年5月行经蝶手术切除的具有完整影像学、病理学和随访资料的侵袭性垂体腺瘤82例,其中 PRL腺瘤39例,GH 腺瘤13例,ACTH 腺瘤6例,无功能腺瘤24例,随访时间5～30个月。结果侵袭性垂体腺瘤 MRI 影像学特点为鞍底受侵下陷,部分肿瘤突入蝶窦;颈内动脉包绕;海绵窦受累,鞍隔突破等,病理检查以鞍底硬膜浸润的发生率最高,并有20例(24.4%)发现有肿瘤内卒中或出血。PRL 腺瘤的全切率明显低于无功能腺瘤(P<0.01),而无功能腺瘤、GH 腺瘤与 ACTH 腺瘤之间相差不明显。PRL 腺瘤的复发率较无功能腺瘤和 GH 腺瘤高(P<0.05)。结论侵袭性垂体腺瘤中,无功能腺瘤与 GH 腺瘤的治疗效果优于 PRL 腺瘤,垂体腺瘤的侵袭性生物学行为导致手术全切机率下降,是术后复发的主要原因。     

侵袭性垂体腺瘤的组织学与临床预后的关系

目的分析经蝶窦入路切除的侵袭性垂体腺瘤的组织学侵袭性与临床预后的关系。方法我科自2000年1月-2003年5月行经蝶手术切除的具有完整影像学、病理学和随访资料的侵袭性垂体腺瘤82例,其中PRL 腺瘤39例,GH腺瘤13例,ACTH腺瘤6例,无功能腺瘤24例,随访时间5-30个月。结果侵袭性垂体腺瘤MRI影像学特点为鞍底受侵下陷,部分肿瘤突入蝶窦;颈内动脉包绕;海绵窦受累,鞍隔突破等,病理检查以鞍底硬膜浸润的发生率最高,并有20例(24.4%)发现有肿瘤内卒中或出血。PRL腺瘤的全切率明显低于无功能腺瘤(P<0.01), 而无功能腺瘤、GH腺瘤与AcTH腺瘤之间相差不明显。PRL腺瘤的复发率较无功能腺瘤和GH腺瘤高(P<0.05)。结论侵袭性垂体腺瘤中,无功能腺瘤与GH腺瘤的治疗效果优于PRL腺瘤,垂体腺瘤的侵袭性生物学行为导致手术全切机率下降,是术后复发的丰要原因。     

人垂体腺瘤细胞原代培养的纯化

背景与目的：较纯的人垂体腺瘤细胞对垂体腺瘤的生物学特性、病因、发病机制等的研究非常重要，本文探讨原代培养垂体腺瘤的细胞纯化方法。方法：采用三种原代培养方法对垂体腺瘤细胞进行培养，方法Ⅰ为目前常用的垂体瘤细胞培养方法，方法Ⅱ结合使用右旋颉氨酸（D-valine）替代左旋颉氨酸（L-valine）的DMEM D-valine培养液，方法Ⅲ采用反复贴壁法结合DMEM D-valine培养液培养。观察其细胞形态变化和生长特征。免疫组织化学染色法检测培养细胞生长激素（growth hormone，GH）、泌乳素（prolactin，PRL）的表达。结果：3种方法均能成功培养出垂体腺瘤细胞，呈圆形或椭圆形，其纯度随培养时间的延长逐渐下降，培养第20天其平均纯度分别为40％、46％、96％。方法Ⅲ明显高于方法Ⅰ和方法Ⅱ，差异具有显著性意义（P〈0．01）：腺瘤细胞分别呈GH、PRL阳性表达，成纤维细胞表达Ⅰ型胶原。结论：反复贴壁法结合DMEM D-valine培养液培养法可得到纯度达95％以上的人垂体腺瘤细胞，纯化后的细胞可分别呈GH和PRL阳性表达，为进一步研究人垂体腺瘤的发病机理、药物治疗和颅外移植等方面奠定了实验基础。     

PTTG 在垂体腺瘤各亚型中的表达与分析

目的:研究PTTG与垂体瘤的各亚型的相关性.方法:用免疫组化方法检测92例垂体肿瘤病人PTTG.其中29例GH,20例PRL,10例ACTH,11例FSH/LH,9例TSH和13例无功能腺瘤.结果:PTTG在细胞质内显著表达,各亚型中GH型是表达最高,PRL腺瘤表达最低,各亚型的阳性表达率与PRL亚型阳性表达率对比均有统计学意义.结论:重体腺瘤不同垂体亚型中PTTG的表达阳性率及表达强度不同,PTTG检测,可为早期诊断垂体腺瘤( GH、PRL、ACTH、FSH/LH、TSH)亚型和无功能型提供参考.     

X-刀治疗垂体腺瘤47例报告

目的　探讨X 刀治疗垂体腺瘤的临床效果及经验。方法　 1997年 11月至 2 0 0 0年 8月应用X 刀治疗垂体腺瘤 47例 ,根据肿瘤大小及形态采用多次或多等中心分隔治疗 ,中心剂量 2 0～ 3 0GY ,边缘剂量 8～ 13GY。结果　经6个月～ 3年随访依激素水平测定 (无功能腺瘤除外 ) :治愈率 69% ,好转率 2 3 % ,复发率 7% ,CT显示 :6例瘤体消失 ,3 0例体积缩小或密度减低 ,8例无变化 ,3例增大 ,肿瘤生长控制率 93 % (4 4 /4 7)。结论　临床应用及近期随访 ,结果满意 ,X 刀治疗垂体腺瘤是一种安全有效的手段。     

垂体腺瘤经蝶入路显微手术适应证选择及疗效

 目的:报告我科1986年7月～1996年10月经蝶显微手术治疗垂体腺瘤376例,女性239例,男性137例,年龄13～67岁,平均38.9岁.其中大腺瘤152例(40.4%),微腺瘤224例(59.6%).方法:均经CT扫描或MRI确诊,手术采取经唇下-鼻中隔-蝶窦入路或经鼻前庭-鼻中隔-蝶窦入路两种方式行肿瘤切除术.结果:术后无死亡.308例获长期随访(平均3.5年),258例(83.8%)恢复良好.52例(16.9%)肿瘤有复发,需行再次手术,或采用药物、放疗或放射外科治疗.结论:垂体腺瘤采取经蝶显微外科治疗是-种安全、有效的方法.     

133例经单鼻孔蝶窦入路治疗垂体腺瘤的经验

目的:探讨经单鼻孔蝶窦入路显微手术切除垂体腺瘤的手术方法和疗效.方法:回顾性分析本科在1995年1月～2003年12月采用本法治疗垂体腺瘤133例,其中微腺瘤25例,大腺瘤45例,巨大腺瘤63例.60岁以上伴有垂体功能低下者54例.垂体PRL腺瘤63例,GH腺瘤15例,ACTH腺瘤9例,多分泌功能细胞腺瘤10例,无功能腺瘤36例.结果:本组肿瘤全切除105例,次全切除16例,大部分切除12例.随访0.5～7.5年,治愈103例,缓解21例,复发6例,死亡1例,失访2例.结论:本手术方法创伤小,术后恢复快,疗效好,并发症少;特别适宜治疗老年人垂体腺瘤.     

垂体腺瘤不同治疗方法的疗效对比分析

目的 :探讨各种类型垂体腺瘤合理有效的治疗方式。方法 :对采用口服溴隐亭、伽玛刀、经鼻 -蝶入路和经颅入路手术治疗的 12 9例垂体瘤的疗效进行对比分析。结果 :伽玛刀组 2 3 2 %的患者和经鼻 -蝶组 10 0 %的患者治疗后肿瘤完全消失 ,经鼻 -蝶组和经颅手术组肿瘤的次全切除率分别为90 0 %和 94 9% ,术后复发率为 5 1%。结论 :育龄妇女的垂体PRL微、小腺瘤可先试用口服溴隐亭治疗并随访 ;伽玛刀可作为各类垂体微、小腺瘤和部分大型腺瘤首选的治疗手段 ;采用经颅入路显微手术和术后辅助放射外科治疗是提高垂体巨型腺瘤全切除率、降低复发率的重要手段     

X-刀治疗垂体腺瘤的疗效分析

目的　探讨X 刀治疗垂体腺瘤的疗效。方法　收集我院 1997年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 1月用FischerX 刀治疗的垂体腺瘤 48例。经MR、内分泌测定等随访 ,时间为术后 6～ 3 6个月。结果　 48例经MR随访 ,体积明显缩小 15例 ,体积缩小 2 4例 ,无变化 9例 ;2 3例功能性腺瘤中 ,激素降至正常 8例 ,有下降 10例 ,无变化 5例。结论　X 刀是治疗垂体腺瘤的一种安全、可靠、有效的治疗方法。     

Stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas: a comprehensive review of indications,techniques and long-term results using the Gamma Knife

Object This study reviews the long-term clinical results of stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of pituitary adenoma patients. Methods We reviewed the outcomes of 298 patients who underwent Gamma Knife radiosurgery for recurrent or residual pituitary adenomas. These results are compared to other contemporary radiosurgical series. Results Pituitary tumors are well-suited for radiosurgery, since radiation can be focused on a well circumscribed region, while adjacent neural structures in the suprasellar and parasellar regions are spared. The overall rate of volume reduction following stereotactic radiosurgery is 85% for non-secretory adenomas that are followed for more than 1-year. The rates of hormonal normalization in patients with hypersecretory adenomas can vary considerably, and tends to be higher in patients with Cushing’s Disease and acromegaly (remission rate of approximately 53% and 54%, respectively) when compared with patients who have prolactinomas (24% remission) and Nelson’s syndrome (29%) remission. Advances in dose delivery and modulation of adenoma cells at the time of radiosurgery may further improve results. Conclusions Although the effectiveness of radiosurgery varies considerably depending on the adenoma histopathology, volume, and radiation dose, most studies indicate that radiosurgery when combined with microsurgery is effective in controlling pituitary adenoma growth and hormone hypersecretion. Long-term follow-up is essential to determine the rate of endocrinopathy, visual dysfunction, hormonal recurrence, and adenoma volume control.     

Radiation-induced optic neuritis after pituitary adenoma radiosurgery in a patient with multiple sclerosis: case report

Objective and Importance To describe a rare case of optic neuritis onset after Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery. Clinical Presentation Nine years after transsphenoidal subtotal resection of a pituitary adenoma, this 43-year-old woman had elevated serum prolactin levels and headaches. Intervention Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgery to residual pituitary tumor. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first report of radiation-induced optic neuritis after radiosurgery in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Presented as a poster at the annual meeting of the American Radium Society, Dana Point, California, May 3–7, 2008.     

Gamma Knife robotic microradiosurgery of pituitary adenomas invading the cavernous sinus: treatment concept and results in 89 cases

The objective of the present retrospective study was evaluation of results of “robotic microradiosurgery” of pituitary adenomas invading the cavernous sinus. Eighty-nine patients with such tumors underwent management using Leksell Gamma Knife model C with automatic positioning system. There were 77 residual and 12 recurrent neoplasms. The applied radiosurgical treatment plan was based on the use of multiple isocenters, mainly of smaller size, which were positioned compactly within the border of the lesion with resultant improved dose homogeneity, increased average dose within the target, and sharp dose fall outside the treated volume. The marginal dose varied from 12 to 25 Gy (mean, 18.2 Gy) in non-functional pituitary adenomas (43 cases), and from 12 to 35 Gy (mean, 25.2 Gy) in hormone-secreting ones (46 cases). The length of follow-up after treatment ranged from 24 to 76 months (mean, 36 months). Control of the tumor growth was attained in 86 cases (97%), whereas actual shrinkage of the lesion was marked in 57 cases (64%). In 18 out of 46 secreting neoplasms (39%), normalization of the excess of the pituitary hormone production was noted after radiosurgery. Treatment-associated morbidity was limited to transitory cranial nerve palsy in two patients (2%). No patient with either non-functional or hormone secreting tumor exhibited new pituitary hormone deficit after treatment. In conclusion, highly precise microanatomy-based Gamma Knife robotic microradiosurgery provides an opportunity for effective management of pituitary adenomas invading the cavernous sinus with preservation of the adjacent functionally important neuronal structures.     

Comparison of different radiation types and irradiation geometries in stereotactic radiosurgery

Recent interest in stereotactic radiosurgery of intracranial lesions, and the development of stereotactic irradiation techniques has led to the need for a systematic and complete comparison of these methods. A method for conducting these comparisons is proposed and is applied to a set of currently-used stereotactic radiosurgical techniques. Three-dimensional treatment planning calculations are used to compare dose distributions for several different radiation types and irradiation geometries. Calculations were performed using charged particles (H, He, C, and Ne ions) and the irradiation geometry currently used at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Photons in the Gamma Knife configuration and the Heidelberg Linac arc method are used. The 3-dimensional dose distributions were evaluated by means of dose-volume histograms and integral doses to the target volume and to normal brain. The effects of target volume, shape and location are studied. The charged particle dose distributions are more favorable than those of the photon methods. The differences between charged particles and photons increase with increasing target volume. The differences between different charged particle species are small, as are the effects of target shape and location.     

Stereotactic conformal radiotherapy in patients with growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma

PURPOSE: To evaluate the reduction of hormonal overproduction and side effects as well as survival rates after fractionated stereotactic conformal radiotherapy (FSRT) and radiosurgery in patients with growth hormone (GH)-secreting pituitary adenoma. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Between January 1989 and May 2001, 25 consecutive patients were treated with FSRT (n = 20) or radiosurgery (n = 5) for GH-secreting pituitary adenoma. Nine patients were treated for recurrent disease after primary surgery. One patient had primary radiotherapy because of inoperability, and 15 patients received radiotherapy after subtotal resection due to increased GH level. Median total dose was 52.2 Gy for FSRT and 15 Gy for radiosurgery. RESULTS: Radiologic local tumor control was 100% after a median follow-up of 59.8 months (range, 20.3-168.2 months). Seventeen patients had stable disease on CT/MRI, and eight showed a reduction of tumor volume on MRI scans. Endocrinologic control was 92% (23 of 25 patients). Two patients had an endocrinologic recurrence 21 and 54 months after FSRT. A normalization of preexisting acromegalic symptoms was seen in 1 patient, 4.5 years after FSRT. GH level normalized in 21 of 25 patients after 26 months median. Five of these patients underwent concurrent Octreotid therapy because of increased insulin-like growth factor I levels. Improvement of visual acuity was seen in 1 patient. New onset of clinically evident hypopituitarism as an adverse reaction of stereotactic radiotherapy was only infrequently observed in this series. CONCLUSION: Stereotactic conformal radiotherapy is effective and safe in the treatment of GH-secreting pituitary adenoma to reduce hormonal overproduction and to improve local control. It is an alternative option to surgery especially for patients at high risk of surgical complications due to comorbidity.     

Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Pituitary Adenomas: A Review of the Literature

OBJECTIVE: Pituitary adenomas are very common neoplasms and represent between 10 and 20% of all primary brain tumors. Historically, the treatment armamentarium for pituitary adenomas included medical management, microsurgery, and fractionated radiotherapy. More recently, radiosurgery has emerged as a viable treatment option. The goal of this research is to define accurately the efficacy, safety, and role of radiosurgery for treatment of pituitary adenomas. METHODS: Medical literature databases from 1965 to 2003 were searched for articles pertaining to pituitary adenomas and stereotactic radiosurgery. Each study was evaluated for the number of patients, radiosurgical parameters (e.g. tumor margin dose), length of follow-up, tumor growth control rate, complications, and rate of hormonal normalization in the case of functioning adenomas. RESULTS: A total of 34 published studies including 1567 patients were reviewed. Radiosurgery offers a tumor growth control rate of approximately 90%. The reported rates of hormonal normalization for functioning adenomas vary substantially. This range is in part due to widespread differences in endocrinological criteria utilized for post-radiosurgical assessment. Thus far, the risks of radiation induced neoplasia and cerebral vasculopathy associated with radiosurgery appear to be lower than for fractionated radiation therapy. The incidence of other serious complications following radiosurgery is quite low. CONCLUSIONS: Although surgical resection typically is the primary treatment modality, stereotactic radiosurgery offers safe and effective treatment for recurrent or residual pituitary adenomas. In rare instances, radiosurgery may be the best initial treatment for patients with pituitary adenomas. Refinements in the radiosurgical technique will likely lead to improved outcomes.     

垂体腺瘤术后免疫组化分型与术前激素水平相关性研究

目的:回顾性分析垂体腺瘤手术患者病理免疫组化染色结果与术前相关激素水平的相关性。方法:收集自2011年1月至2016年12月在青岛大学附属医院行手术治疗的垂体腺瘤患者189例,术前行影像学检查、垂体相关激素测定,术后行病理免疫组化染色。采用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计学分析,采用双变量相关分析中的Spearman分析判断两种变量之间的关联性,通过Kappa值判断术前激素水平与病理诊断的一致性。P＜0.05差异有统计学意义。结果:189例垂体腺瘤患者,＞40~60岁组构成比明显高于≤20岁、＞20~40岁、＞60~80岁各组（60.8% vs 1.1%、22.8%、15.3%,均P＜0.05）;大腺瘤明显多于微腺瘤和巨大腺瘤（86.5% vs 4.7%、8.8%,P＜0.05）;PRL瘤血清PRL程度与肿瘤直径呈正相关（r=0.530,P＜0.05）。GH瘤血清GH水平与肿瘤直径呈正相关（r=0.629,P＜0.05）,与年龄呈负相关（r=-0.715,P＜0.05）;垂体PRL瘤、GH瘤血清学诊断与术后免疫组化染色诊断的符合率分别为85.5%、78.9%,Kappa系数分别为0.688、0.465,说明两种诊断的一致性好;以PRL＞100 ng/mL作为PRL瘤的血清学诊断标准时,其与免疫组化染色诊断的符合率和Kappa系数最高,为81.9%和0.517。结论:手术的垂体腺瘤中以大腺瘤为主,好发年龄＞40~60岁。血清PRL、GH水平均与肿瘤直径呈正相关;GH水平与年龄呈负相关。垂体腺瘤临床血清学诊断与病理免疫组化诊断有一致性,以PRL瘤、GH瘤的一致性为最高。PRL＞100 ng/mL可以作为诊断PRL瘤的血清学参考值。     

经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路切除垂体瘤35例分析

目的:探讨经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路显微手术切除垂体瘤的临床效果、手术方法及术后处理。方法:回顾性分析采用经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路显微手术治疗的35例垂体瘤患者的临床资料。结果:35例垂体瘤患者中,泌乳素腺瘤22例,生长激素腺瘤4例,非分泌性腺瘤9例。肿瘤全切27例,次全切除6例,大部分切除2例。术后发生电解质紊乱2例,暂时性尿崩症5例,脑脊液鼻漏1例,持续1周。没有发生视力恶化、颅神经损伤、感染、长期脑脊液漏等严重并发症,无死亡。结论:经单鼻孔-蝶窦入路显微手术切除垂体瘤具有创伤小,手术时间短,安全性高,并发症少,术后康复快,垂体功能保存率高等优点。严格把握好手术适应证和禁忌症,能使需要手术治疗的垂体瘤患者取得满意的治疗效果。     

Current status and optimal use of radiosurgery

The field of stereotactic radiosurgery is rapidly advancing as a result of both improvements in radiosurgical equipment and better physician understanding of the clinical applications of stereotactic radiosurgery. This article will review recent developments in the field of radiosurgery, including advances in our understanding of the treatment of brain metastases and arteriovenous malformations, as well as the use of stereotactic radiosurgery as a boost following conventional radiation for nasopharyngeal carcinoma to minimize the rate of local recurrence. In addition, improved understanding of the radiobiology of normal neurologic structures adjacent to tumors undergoing radiosurgery has led to the use of fractionated stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of acoustic neuromas and tumors bordering the anterior visual pathways. Finally, a breakthrough in radiosurgery involving the development and use of frameless, image-guided stereotactic radiosurgery has allowed for both dose homogeneity and treatment of intracranial lesions based on nonisocentric treatment algorithms that result in improved target conformality. This same frameless radiosurgical system has also expanded the scope of radiosurgery to include the treatment of extracranial lesions throughout the body.