Discontinuation of anticonvulsant therapy in children with partial epilepsy

To evaluate when it is possible to discontinue anticonvulsant treatment in children with cryptogenic partial epilepsy, the authors studied 89 epileptic children divided into two groups: Group A, 45 children whose therapy was discontinued after 1 year from the last seizure; and Group B, 44 children whose therapy was stopped after 2 years from the last seizure. After 5 years of follow-up, the recurrence rate was similar in the two groups of patients (Group A, 28.8%; Group B, 25%). It is safe to discontinue the anticonvulsant therapy in children with cryptogenic partial epilepsy who were seizure free for only 1 year.     

添加拉莫三嗪治疗儿童部分性癫的疗效观察

目的 探讨添加拉莫三嗪治疗儿童部分性癫的临床疗效及耐受性.方法 观察42例部分性癫患儿添加拉莫三嗪治疗后疗效、不同发作类型的有效率及发作频率的改变.结果 添加拉莫三嗪治疗后,患儿月发作频率减少38.1%,简单部分性发作有效率68.4%,部分性发作转为全面性发作有效率66.7%,复杂部分性发作有效率72.7%,总有效率69.0%.治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).不良反应轻微.结论 拉莫三嗪添加治疗儿童部分性癫具有良好的临床疗效及耐受性.     

The use of phenacemide for intractable partial complex epilepsy in children

Phenacemide monotherapy controlled seizures in four children with intractable partial complex epilepsy. No toxicity occurred. Previous fatalities caused abandonment of this antiepileptic drug, although it is not established that the drug was at fault.     

Interlaboratory variability in determination of plasma antiepileptic drug concentrations.

The usefulness of plasma antiepileptic drug concentrations in treatment of epilepsy has been established, and many laboratories provide this service. A "blind" survey utilizing pooled patient plasma samples was conducted among 197 laboratories in the United States and Canada to establish the interlaboratory reproducibility. Three "patient specimens" containing different amounts of phenobarbital, phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin), primidone, and ethosuximide were employed; 112 laboratories reported results within five weeks. The average cost for analyzing four drugs in a single sample was $43.27. Half of the laboratories reported results outside +/- 1 standard deviation of the mean of five reference laboratories. Wide interlaboratory variability must be considered by the practicing physician. Until certified antiepileptic drug standards in a biologic matrix are available from the National Bureau of Standards, a volunteer quality control program among laboratories is needed.     

A pilot study on benign partial epilepsy in children with complex partial seizures.

In a review of 145 children with partial onset epilepsy, the authors were able to determine a focus of children whose complex partial seizures (CPS) ran a benign course, who had no identifiable lesion on scanning and whose EEG focus was not fixed, but tended to shift. The authors suggest that a benign form of CPS in children can be recognised.     

Magnetic resonance imaging in partial complex epilepsy

The yield of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was investigated in 30 patients with partial complex epilepsy, and the results were compared with those of computed tomography (CT). Magnetic resonance imaging and CT disclosed focal cerebral abnormalities in 13 (43%) and eight (26%) patients, respectively. Two additional focal temporal lesions were identified by double-dose CT scanning, increasing the yield of CT to 33%. Magnetic resonance images were abnormal in all patients with focally abnormal CT scans, and in four patients (50%) they defined the extent of the temporolimbic lesions better than did the CT scans. Two of these patients had gliomas. In addition, MR images were focally abnormal in 85% of the patients in whom scalp electroencephalograms showed focal ictal discharges. These data indicate that MR imaging is more informative than CT in partial complex epilepsy.     

Topiramate: an experience in children with partial epilepsy

Topiramate (TPM) is a new drug currently used in Brazil. We verified the clinical responses to TPM in children under 15 years-old. We started with 12.5 mg/day (1-7 mg/kg/day) and the doses increased 12,5 mg each week. Eleven children were studied, 9 females and 2 males, from 3 to 14 years-old with partial epilepsy associated to different etiological factors. Only one patient had an intense abdominal pain. The patients had weekly or daily seizures and after began TPM 1 patient stayed free from seizures, 5 improved more than 75% in frequency, 1 patient improved more than 50% and 3 had no control. A good control of seizures was achieved with a low dose of TPM as monotherapy and add-on therapy with carbamazepine even in severe cases.     

Role of I-123-Iomazenil SPECT imaging in drug resistant epilepsy with complex partial seizures

Fifteen patients with therapy resistant partial complex seizures with no structural lesions were examined interictally with 123-I-IOMAZENIL SPECT for measurement of benzodiazepine receptor distribution and with 99m-Tc-HMPAO SPECT for measurement of cerebral blood flow distribution. Regional abnormalities were correlated with the seizure onset patterns in EEG later recorded with implanted subdural strips. SPECT scans were made immediately after and at 1 and 2 h after intravenous injection of 123-I-Iomazenil. During that time there was a continuous change from an immediate flow-related distribution toward a more specific receptor distribution. The decay of radioactivity of I-123 in the brain was linear over time. Two patients on benzodiazepine treatment showed much faster elimination and showed no focal abnormalities. Eight patients with clear-cut unifocal seizure onset showed concordant focal benzodiazepine defects. These patients showed a progressive focus/homotopic non-focus enhancement over time much larger than the HMPAO scans in the same patients. Also the estimated focal area of abnormality was more restricted in the Iomazenil scans than in HMPAO scans. Five patients had more complex seizure onset patterns. In these patients a mismatch between the locations of abnormalities in Iomazenil and HMPAO scans were often found but benzodiazepine receptor abnormalities were more circumscribed also in these patients. The results suggest that 123-I-Iomazenil SPECT is more useful than 99m-Tc-HMPAO SPECT when applied interictally in patients with partial complex epilepsy, since in addition to demonstrate the hemispheric laterality of the epileptogenic zone, 123-I-Iomazenil appears to indicate its anatomical location with higher confidence, which could be of practical value for positioning of intracranial EEG electrodes.     

Double-blind placebo-controlled evaluation of flunarizine as adjunct therapy in epilepsy with complex partial seizures

Flunarizine was compared to placebo in a double-blind cross-over trial of 2 16-week treatment periods separated by a 4-week wash-out period. The patients had epilepsy with complex partial seizures with or without secondary generalised seizures. Twenty-nine patients entered the trial, but 7 dropped out. Of the 22 patients completing the trial, 13 were women; the median was 39 years (range 15-58) and the median duration of epilepsy 23 years (range 4-55). There was no statistically significant difference between flunarizine 15 mg daily and placebo as adjunct therapy in total seizure frequency, neuropsychological tests, and patient's preferences. No interactions with concomitant antiepileptic drugs and no laboratory abnormalities were registered.     

Reading disorders in children with partial epilepsy

This study represents a neuropsychological evaluation of reading ability in children with partial epilepsy (PE), aged 7-14 years, of normal intelligence, without neurological deficits and physical handicaps, appropriate environment stimulation and learning opportunities. A control group consisted of 202 healthy school children. Reading disabilities were significantly more frequent in children with partial epilepsy, especially in patients with PE with complex symptomatology. The children from the control group had better results of the tests of both verbal and performance intelligence, but children with reading disabilities had greater performance IQ than verbal IQ. Significant intergroup difference was related to the children aged 7-10 years. Positive evidence of left dominant hemisphere superiority for reading has been shown. Dyslexia was significantly more frequent in patients with left hemisphere epileptic foci, than in those with right hemisphere focal EEG changes.     

Predictive value of EEG monitoring during drug withdrawal in children with cryptogenic partial epilepsy.

In order to evaluate the predictive value of the interictal EEG after discontinuation of anticonvulsant therapy in children with cryptogenic partial epilepsy, a prospective study was carried out on 84 children and adolescents who had been seizure-free for at least 2 years. Twenty-four children (28.6%) presented one or more relapses. EEG monitoring during drug withdrawal showed abnormalities in 67% of the patients (16/24) who relapsed with seizures, and in 10% of the patients (6/60) who did not relapse. Our study suggests that in children who have suffered from partial epilepsy, the detection of paroxysmal abnormalities during drug withdrawal, in a previously normal EEG is a risk factor for recurrence of seizures. It is therefore advocated that periodic EEG monitoring be carried out during the drug withdrawal period, because the presence of EEG abnormalities is associated with a high probability of seizures occurring during or after drug discontinuation.     

Long-term outcomes of epilepsy surgery in school-aged children with partial epilepsy

The pediatric epileptic spectrum and seizure control in surgical patients have been defined in developed countries. However, corresponding data on school-aged children from developing countries are insufficient. We summarized epileptic surgical data from four centers in China, to compare surgical outcomes of school-aged children with intractable partial epilepsy from China and those from developed countries, and introduce surgical candidate criteria. Data from 206 children (aged 6-14 years) undergoing surgical resection for epilepsy between September 2001 and January 2007 were selected. Postoperative freedom from seizures was achieved in 173 cases (84.0%) at 1 year, 149 (72.3%) at 3 years, and 139 (67.5%) at 5?years. Patients with focal magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities and a short history of seizure were most likely to become seizure-free postoperatively. Those with preoperative low intelligence quotients who became seizure-free postoperatively achieved improvements in full memory quotients, intelligence quotients, and overall quality of life at 2 years. Significant differences were evident in mean changes of full intelligence quotient, full memory quotient, and overall quality of life between patients with preoperative low intelligence quotients who received corpus callosotomies and those with a normal preoperative intelligence quotient, and between seizure-free children and those with continual seizures.     

Measures of psychopathology in children with complex partial seizures and primary generalized epilepsy with absence

OBJECTIVE: This investigation examined psychopathology in 48 children with complex partial seizures (CPS), 39 children with primary generalized epilepsy with absence (PGE), and 59 nonepileptic children, aged 5 to 16 years, by comparing the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS). METHOD: The CBCL was completed by parents and the K-SADS was administered to both parent and child. RESULTS: The CBCL identified psychopathology in 26% and the K-SADS in 51% of the CPS and PGE patients (kappa = 0.32). The CPS and PGE groups had significantly higher mean CBCL scores, as well as higher rates of psychiatric diagnoses and symptoms of psychopathology, compared with the nonepileptic group. However, the CPS and PGE groups did not differ in these measures. Within each patient group, Full Scale IQ, but not seizure control, was associated with these measures of psychopathology. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that the K-SADS identifies more children with psychopathology than the CBCL in children with CPS and PGE.     

Losigamone add-on therapy in partial epilepsy: a placebo-controlled study

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of losigamone (LSG). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Double-blind, placebo-controlled add-on study with 3x500 mg LSG/die for the treatment of chronic partial seizures in 203 patients (99 treated with LSG, 104 on placebo). RESULTS: The median percent change of seizures was 14.9% (LSG) versus 6.7% (placebo) (P=0.004). Seizure frequency was decreased by more than 50% in 22.3% (LSG) and 14.6% (placebo) of patients (P=0.13). Mean percent change of seizures was best in patients with only one additional anticonvulsant drug (LSG versus placebo, P=0.004). Adverse events (usually CNS-related side effects of mild to moderate intensity) were reported in 59.6% (LSG) and 37.5% (placebo) of patients. CONCLUSIONS: LSG proved to be an effective and well tolerated anticonvulsant drug for the treatment of chronic partial seizures.     

Effects of antiepileptic drug therapy on heart rate variability in children with epilepsy

Impaired cardiac autonomic function may contribute to the risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a useful tool for the detection of sympathetic-parasympathetic balance of autonomic nervous system. In the present study, epilepsy patients who had never received antiepileptic medication and those whose seizures have been successfully controlled with antiepileptic drugs were compared with each other and a control group in order to investigate the effects of epilepsy and various antiepileptic drugs on HRV. HRV were tested via 5 min ECG monitoring in 92 patients and 83 controls. Time domain parameters including SDNN, RMSSD and the frequency domain parameters including HF (reflects parasympathetic activity) and LF (reflects sympathetic activity) were assessed. In this group, 78 patients were using antiepileptic drugs including valproic acid (n=33), oxcarbazepine (n=19), phenobarbital (n=11), combined regimens (n=10) and other drugs (n=5), while 14 patients had never received antiepileptic medication. For both of the epilepsy patients groups with or without treatment, time domain parameters were found to be significantly suppressed. In addition, parasympathetic activity was found to be decreased (HF was decreased, LF/HF ratio was increased) in epilepsy patients without antiepileptic drug therapy. Our results indicate that seizure control with antiepileptic drugs may help to improve the cardiac autonomic function impairment in epilepsy patients.     

Benign infantile epilepsy with complex partial seizures

Benign infantile epilepsy with complex partial seizures is characterized by a high incidence of family history of benign childhood convulsions, normal development prior to onset, infantile onset, no underlying disorders, no neurological abnormalities, normal interictal EEGs, good response to treatment, and complete remission with normal developmental outcome. Seizures often occur in clusters, consisting of motion arrest, decreased responsiveness, staring or blank eyes mostly with simple automatisms, and mild convulsive movements associated with focal paroxysmal discharges, most frequently in the temporal area.     

Neuropsychological features of benign partial epilepsy in children

Rolandic paroxysmal epilepsy (RPE) is a useful model for investigating the complex links between epilepsy and cognitive dysfunction. 44 children with RPE who met the following (among other) criteria: negative CT scan, freedom from drug treatment, and IQ≥80, were assigned to three subgroups by side of EEG focus: left, right and bilateral. A neuropsychological bactery elicited small differences in cognitive performance between the whole group and the controls and among the subgroups, only partially correlated with EEG side. A follow-up assessmt showed that the short falls has disappeared along with the seizures and EEG anomalies, thus confirming the benign nature of RPE. Our findings suggest too that the mere presence of paroxysmal cortical activity is enough to trigger cognitive dysfunction.

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Sammario L'epilessia parziale benigna dell'infanzia a parossismi rolandici (EPR) può costituire un utile modello di indagine delle complesse relazioni esistenti fra epilessia e disfunzioni cognitive. Nell'ambito di una popolazione globale di 107 pazienti con EPR sono stati selezionati 44 bambini in base a numerosi parametri tra cui la negatività della TC, l'assenza di trattamento farmacologico, un Q.I.≧80; sono stati quindi distinti tre gruppi in rapporto alla sede emisferica destra, sinistra o bilaterale del focolaio EE-Grafico. La somministrazione di una estesa batteria neuropsicologica ha evidenziato che i bambini con EPR, rispetto ai controlli, presentano lievi anomalie della sfera cognitiva, solo parzialmente correlabili con il lato EEGrafico. Una successiva osservazione longitudinale ha permesso di individuare 11 casi in cui le alterazioni cliniche e strumentali tipiche della EPR erano assenti da almeno 4 anni rispetto al periodo della valutazione neuropsicologica. In questa seconda fase dell'indagine i pazienti hanno mostrato perstazioni equivalenti a quelle dei controlli; le anomalie cognitive sembrano quindi transitorie così come si verifica per gli episodi critici e le alterazioni EEGrafiche. I risultati da una parte sembrano confermare che la EPR è una sindrome benigna anche per quanto riguarda gli aspetti cognitivi e comportamentali, dall'altra suggeriscono che la pre quanto riguarda gli aspetti cognitivi e comportamentali, dall'altra suggeriscono che la presenza di una attività parossistica corticale può essere sufficiente da sola a determinare anomalie del funzionamento dei processi cognitivi.

     

Seizure outcome of intractable partial epilepsy in children

The intractable partial epilepsy outcome information is important in determining not only when epilepsy surgery evaluation should begin but also in deciding who would benefit and what is the likelihood of any benefit from surgery. Medical records of 50 children diagnosed with nontumor-related partial seizures, confirmed by video-electroencephalography (video-EEG), had at least one seizure per week and were followed for at least 2 consecutive years after video-EEGs were reviewed. There were 30 patients who continued with antiepileptic drug treatment after video-EEG. The seizure outcome analysis revealed a significant improvement of seizure control in the first year of follow-up but no difference between the first year and the following 3 years. Only 30% had excellent long-term outcome (seizure free or less than one seizure per 6 months). The presence of focal lesions on neuroimaging was the only risk factor of poor outcome. The other 20 patients underwent epilepsy surgery after video-EEG; 60% attained excellent outcome despite the fact that 90% had focal neuroimaging abnormality. Children whose partial epilepsy remained intractable after 1 year of antiepileptic drug treatment should be evaluated for candidacy of epilepsy surgery, particularly those who have focal lesions on neuroimaging.