盐酸关附甲素的一般药理研究

盐酸关附甲素的一般药理研究王秋娟，吴玉林，张陆勇，后德辉，刘静涵（中国药科大学，南京２１０００９）关附甲素（ｇｕａｎｆｕｂａｓｅＡ，ＧＦＡ）是从关白附中提取的一种新型结构（二萜类生物碱）的抗心律失常药。已有研究表明它对多种实验性心律失常均有效［１，２...     

N－（1－乙氧羰基－3－苯氨甲酰基丙基）甘氨酰甘氨酸衍生物的合成

报道４个Ｎ－（１－［１－乙氧羰基－３－（对甲）苯氨甲酰基］丙基甘氨酰｝－Ｎ－取代甘氨酸（ＸＩ１～４）和５个１－［１－乙（或甲）氧羰基－３－（对甲）苯氨甲酰基］丙基－４－取代－１，４－哌嗪－２，５－二酮（ＸＩＩ１～５）共９个估计有血管紧张素转化酶抑制活性化合物的合成和鉴定。所有这些化合物及９个相应的酯（Ｘ１～９）均未见文献报道。药理初试结果，化合物ＸＩＩ２，ＸＩＩ５，ＸＩ４和ＸＩＩ１均有较强降压活性。     

关附甲素抑制犬冠脉结扎引起的心律失常

关附甲素抑制犬冠脉结扎引起的心律失常王友群，苏玲，龚国清，刘静涵（南京中国药科大学药理研究室，中草药化学教研室２１０００９）关附甲素（ｇｕａｎｆｕｂａｓｅＡ，ＧＦＡ）是从关白附子中提取的一种二萜类生物碱（１，２）。现已发现它能抑制乌头碱、哇巴因和氯化...     

N－（4－甲氧羰基－4－邻苯二甲酰亚氨基丁酰基）－N－取代甘氨酸、脯氨酸和焦谷氨酸的合成

报道ｌｌ个预期有血管紧张素转化酶抑制活性的Ｎ－（４－甲氧羰基－４－邻苯二甲酰亚氨基丁酰基）－Ａ－取代甘氨酸（ＶＩＩ１－９）、脯氨酸（ＶＩｌ１０）和焦谷氨酸（ＶＩｌ１１）的合成和鉴定。所有上述化合物以及与ＶＩＩ１－９相应的叔丁酯（ＶＩ１～９）均未见文献报道。药理初试结果显示，化合物ＶＩＩ８，ＶＩＩ９和ＶＩｌ１０均有明显降压活性。     

(赤)-苯丙二醇胺类化合物的合成及抗心律失常活性

为探索关附甲素药效基团,进行结构改造,设计合成了13个(赤)-苯丙二醇胺类化合物(I_1～7,II_1～6)。用乌头碱诱发大鼠心律失常试验表明,多数化合物有一定的抗心律失常活性,其中I₂的抗VT活性及I₃的抗VP活性与关附甲素相近,苯环对位引入吸电性NO₂基(I_1～6)对活性不利。产物制备中发现,烯丙位N原子对Prevost反应的立体选择性有较大影响,将胺基乙酰化后可排除干扰顺利进行反应。     

盐酸关附甲素注射液对实验性心律失常的作用

关附甲素是从关白附子块根中提取的一种新生物碱。实验表明ＩＧＦＡＨ（５０　ｇ／ｍｌ）对大鼠离体心脏结扎冠脉诱发的室性心律失常有明显的保护作用，ＩＧＦＡＨ３、６、１２ｍｇ／ｋｇｉｖ能显著提高电刺激麻醉兔心室致颤阈值，ＩＧＰＡＨ１３．４，１６．８，２１．０ｍｇ／ｋｇｉｖ能明显对抗Ｃａｌ２－Ａｃｈ液诱发小鼠房扑（颤），其ＥＤ５０为１２．４±１．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ。ＩＧＦＡＨ１０，２５，４０ｍｇ／ｋｇｉｖ对乌头碱诱发的大鼠室性心律失常有明显的保护作用。ＩＧＦＡＨ小鼠ｉｖ的ＬＤ５０为１６３．９ｍｇ／ｋｇ，其９６％可信限为１５１．９—１７６．７ｍｇ／ｋｇ。     

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我国抗心律失常创新化学药面市深圳大佛药业有限公司生产的抗心律失常一类创新药物盐酸关附甲素日前正式面市。据介绍,盐酸关附甲素是从中药黄花乌头的块根关白附中提纯的活性化学单体(二萜类生物碱),其化学结构为世界首次发现的新母核结构。盐酸关附甲素可直接作用于窦房结,具     

高效液相色谱法测定关附甲素注射液的含量

关附甲素（Ｇｕａｎ－ｆｕｂａｓｅＡ）是从毛莨科乌头属植物黄化乌头（ＡｃｏｎｉｔｕｍｃｏｒｅａｎｕｍＲａ－ｐａｉｃｓｌｅｏｌ．）中提取的叔胺类二萜生物碱。该物质对多种实验性心律失常皆有一定的防治作用［１］。本文采用反相色谱系统，首次建立了关附甲素的ＨＰ...     

Rate-dependent block of maximum velocity of depolarization by Guan-fu base A in guinea pig papilary muscle actio npotentials

应用标准微电极技术，研究了关附甲素对豚鼠右心室乳头肌动作电位最大除极速率（Ｖｍａｘ）的频率依赖性抑制作用（ＲＤＢ），并与美西律，奎尼丁，劳卡尼进行了比较．在相同刺激间隔（３００ｍｓ），产生５０％左右ＲＤＢ的药物浓度下，美西律的ＲＤＢ开始最快，其第２个Ｖｍａｘ所产生的抑制已占ＲＤＢ的６４％，奎尼丁，劳卡尼和关附甲素的ＲＤＢ开始速率常数分别为每个动作电位０．１６５，０．０７６和０．１３６．美西律，奎尼丁，劳卡尼和关附甲素产生ＲＤＢ的恢复时间常数分别为１．４，９．０，１８．２和４４．０ｓ，而且它们的恢复时间常数是不依赖于药物浓度而变化的，结果提示，关附甲素是一个慢动力学钠通道阻滞剂．     

新的高强度高选择性阿片μ受体激动剂［~11C］－羟甲芬太尼的合成

羟甲芬太尼（Ｉ）是一个新的高强度高选择性阿片μ受体激动剂。本文用ｃｉｓ－Ａ－Ｎ－［１－（２－羟基－２－苯乙基）－３－甲基－４－哌啶基］－苯胺（ＩＩ）或ｃｉｓ－Ｎ－［１－（苯甲酰甲基）－３－甲基－４－哌啶基］－苯胺（ＩＩＩ）作为前体合成了［１１Ｃ］－羟甲芬太尼，以便用正电子发射断层扫描（ＰＥＴ）来观察μ受体。通过水解ｃｉｓ－Ａ－羟甲芬太尼（Ｉ）和ｃｉｓ－Ｎ－［１－（苯甲酰甲基）－３－甲基－４－哌啶］－Ｎ－苯基丙酰胺（ｃｉｓ－ＩＶ）的４－Ｎ－丙酰基分别获得ＩＩ和ＩＩＩ。溴乙烷的格氏试剂与回旋加速器产生的［１１Ｃ］－二氧化碳反应后继而直接加入邻苯二甲酸二酰氯和２，６－二叔丁基吡啶生成同位素标记中间体［１１Ｃ］－丙酰氯。［１１Ｃ］－丙酰氯与ＯＨ－前体（ＩＩ）反应后再经ＨＰＬＣ分离纯化直接得［１１Ｃ］－羟甲芬太尼；［１１Ｃ］－丙酰氯与酮－前体（ＩＩＩ）反应后，再用硼氢化钠甲醇溶液处理，然后进行ＨＰＬＣ分离纯化得［１１Ｃ］－羟甲芬太尼。两种方法均可获得ｌｌ．１～１４．８ＧＢｑ／μｍｏｌ的特异性放射化学纯［１１Ｃ］－羟甲芬太尼。总共耗时为４０～５０ｍｉｎ（ＥＯＢ）。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.