Effect of intrabiliary administration of triton X-100 on biliary excretory function in the rat

Intrabiliary administration of Triton X-100 is of interest in producing effects on biliary tree permeability and canalicular biliary excretory function. Treatment with 0.4% Triton (40 μl) was shown to increase the biliary excretion of intraportably administered [³H]sucrose. It also decreased recovery of [³H]sucrose given into the biliary tree. Thus, we concluded that Triton treatment increased biliary tree permeability. Using a different set of marker compounds, canalicular transport of bromphenol blue, [¹⁴C]morphine glucuronide and [³H]ouabain was found to be decreased. The fact that [³H] taurocholate excretion into bile was not affected whereas that of [³H]ouabain was lends support to the concept that taurocholate and ouabain are not transported by a common pathway.     

高效液相色谱法测定流感病毒裂解疫苗中Triton X-100的含量

目的:建立流感病毒裂解疫苗中裂解剂Triton X-100含量的HPLC法。方法:采用SymmetryShieldTM RP18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以注射用水-无水甲醇(20∶80)为流动相,流速为1.5 mL.min-1,柱温为25℃,检测波长为230nm,进样量为10μL,用面积归一法测定。结果:Triton X-100在625～39μg.mL-1范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9994),流感病毒裂解疫苗原液平均加样回收率为107.7%,RSD为0.3%;流感病毒裂解疫苗平均加样回收率为108.5%,RSD为0.4%。结论:本方法灵敏度高,操作简便可靠。     

Some effects of non-ionic detergent triton X-100 on rat liver monoamine oxidase

The non-ionic detergent Triton X-100, an agent used to solubilize mitochondrial membrane monoamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4, MAO), has been shown to inhibit markedly MAO activity. The inhibition was non-competitive in nature. Triton X-100 changed the susceptibility of MAO toward clorgyline, a specific type A MAO inhibitor, and deprenyl, a type B inhibitor. Its effect on the temperature dependence of the initial velocity revealed that the transition temperatures for p-tyramine and serotonin (22°) and β-phenylethylamine (16° and 27°) were not changed. The stability of the MAO decreased considerably, however, in the presence of Triton X-100, and its inactivation was particularly pronounced somewhat higher temperatures.     

Algal assay evaluation of trace contaminants in surface water using the nonionic surfactant,triton X-100

Triton X-100, a nonionic surfactant, has been found to be capable of neutralizing the toxic effect of selected organic compounds in algal assays using 10% Bristol's medium. This nonionic surfactant does not seem to affect specific growth rates of Chlorella cultures when it is added alone to the medium but it accelerates growth inhibition when coupled with metals. By administering a series of increasing Triton concentrations in assays with natural waters, Chlorella growth that was once arrested in the test waters became revitalized and growth was more profuse as the concentration of Triton increased. The results indicate that Triton has the ability to alleviate the toxic stresses of organic mixtures that are contaminating many southern Ontario lakes. The bioavailability of these trace organics such as PCB, DDT, chlordane and dieldrin was confirmed in the study lakewaters from bioaccumulation in fish tissues.     

Protection by atropine of the inhibition caused by triton X-100 on central muscarinic receptors

Synaptosomal membranes from cat cerebral cortex were labelled with [³H]-quinuclidinyl benzylate ([³H]-QNB). There was shown to be a single type of binding site with Kd = 0.34 nM, Bmax = 2.2 nmol/g protein and Hill No. = 1.01. Triton X-100 at 5 × 10^?4% inhibited the specific binding of [³H]QNB and the inhibition was almost complete at 10^?2%. Treatment with 2.5 × 10^?6M atropine, followed by centrifugation washings protected the receptor site from the inhibitory action of the detergent. The protection afforded by other cholinergic drugs was less effective. The use of this technique has confirmed the results of our previous work on the possible pre- and postsynaptic location of central muscarinic receptors. These findings open the possibility for protection of other detergent-sensitive receptors and for their isolation and purification as well-defined macromolecules.     

Fluorescence probe study on the solubilization sites of aniline derivatives in triton X-100 and zephiramine micelles

The solubilization sites of aniline and its derivatives in micelles were investigated with fluorescence probe technique. The fluorescence probes employed in this study are 12-(9-anthroyl) stearic acid (AS) and 2-p-toluidinylnaphthalene-6-sulfonate (TNS) which are incorporated in the interior of the micelle and attached to its surface, respectively. As these two probes were effectively quenched by aniline and its derivatives, the modified Stern-Volmer relationship in micellar system could be applicable to estimate the partition coefficient, K _p of the solubilizate between aqueous and micellar phase. Because K _p derived by this method reflects the relative proximity of the fluorophore to the quencher, the ratio of K _p in the surface area to that in the interior of the micelle is interpreted in terms of the relative location of the solubilizate in micellar aggregate. The results show that the solubilizates are not located in a definite position but distributed in the multiple-sites of the micelle. The solubilization sites of the solubilizates in the micelle are dependent on their structures. As the solubilizate has more numbers of N-substituents of aniline and more numbers, of carbon in the substituent, it tends to incorporate in the interior of the micelle more effectively.     

Differential effects of triton X-100 on benzodiazepine and GABA binding in a frozen-thawed synaptosomal fraction of rat brain

The effect of Triton X-100 on 3H-GABA and 3H-diazepam binding was measured in a frozen-thawed synaptosomal fraction of rat brain. Specific binding activity (amount bound per mg protein) of both ligands was increased by the treatment. Diazepam binding capacity in the pellet was progressively decreased, while GABA binding was increased, then decreased by increasing Triton X-100. Diazepam binding affinity was unchanged, while GABA binding affinity increased. Triton X-100 appears to preferentially solubilize benzodiazepine binding sites, indicating GABA and benzodiazepine binding sites are on separate macromolecules.     

The effect of adjuvant arthritis and drugs on the ability of rat plasma to inhibit the triton X-100 induced lysis of rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocyte granules

Plasma from normal rats has the ability to inhibit the Triton X-100 lysis of rabbits polymorphonuclear leucocyte granules. During the development of adjuvant-induced arthritis this activity decreases but no change occurs when rats are given injections of E. coli in oil into the foot pad. A study has been made of the levels of stabilizing activity present in the plasma of both normal and arthritic rats treated with either anti-inflammatory drugs or drugs alleged to affect the stability of lysosomal membranes. Paramethasone, prednisolone and menadione prevented the fall in levels during the onset of the adjuvant-induced arthritis but only paramethasone caused an increase in the protective effect when given to normal rats. Chloroquine, cortisone (lysosomal stabilizers) testosterone, oestradiol (lysosomal labilizers) progesterone and fenclozic acid failed to correct the fall in stabilizing activity in arthritic rats but progesterone, oestradiol and chloroquine caused a decrease in stabilizing activity when given to normal rats.     

UDP-glucuronosyltransferase(s) activities towards natural substrates in rat liver microsomes. Kinetic properties and influence of triton X-100 activation

We studied the in vitro capability of hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) in male rats to conjugate 22 natural xenobiotics which are known to be excreted as glucuronides in vivo. We clearly demonstrated that the Vmax can range in a decreasing scale for the following families of aglycones: 7-hydroxylated coumarins greater than 2-naphthol and phenols greater than monoterpenoid alcohols greater than 4-hydroxylated coumarins. The Km app. cannot be arranged in the same scale. This suggests that the catalytic mechanism of UDPGT is dependent on the hydroxyl group reactivity rather than on the binding interaction at the active site expressed by the Km app. The effects of various concentrations of detergent (Triton X-100) were determined on specificity (apparent Km) and activity (Vmax). For the 22 aglycones we showed that activation caused a variation in the Vmax which was a function of the concentration in detergent. The maximum of this activation did not always correspond to the same detergent/protein weight ratio. The impact of activation on Km app. was less clear since the variations observed were slightly different.     

Morphological and physiological changes in Tetrahymena pyriformis for the in vitro cytotoxicity assessment of Triton X-100.

Non-ionic surfactants such as Triton X-100 have been widely used in industrial processing and in cleaning products for almost 50 years, being effective and economic emulsifying, wetting agents, dispersants and solubilizers. Cleaning products containing these surfactants are disposed of mainly by discharge into wastewater, which receives biological treatment in wastewater treatment systems. However, surface-active agents interact with eukaryotic cell membranes leading to biological damage at high concentrations. Tetrahymena pyriformis was used here as model organism to assess the effects of Triton X-100 through a series of in vitro cytotoxicity tests. Growth rates and morphological changes were, by their simplicity and reproducibility, the simplest toxicological assays. Cytoskeleton analysis seemed to be related with phagocytosis rate. Viability was evaluated by two different tests. Calcein AM/EthD-1 was used to assess T. pyriformis membrane damage during the 48-h experiment. The colorimetric MTT assay proved to be highly sensitive even at very short periods of Triton X-100 exposure. Tests performed in this study included simple and fast bioassays that provide overall information on the morphological and physiological state of cells exposed to different non-lytic and lytic concentrations of Triton X-100.     

Effect of chloroquine administration on the in vitro conjugation of oestradiol-17 beta by rat liver

The conjugation of oestradiol-17 beta was studied in control and chloroquine-treated rats. Liver homogenates were incubated with [14C]oestradiol-17 beta and cofactors for 4 h at 37 degrees C and free radioactivity was extracted before and after hot acid hydrolysis. The extent of conjugation was estimated from the ratio of free radioactivity to free plus conjugated radioactivity. The method was authenticated by the negligibly low conjugation obtained for either heat-denatured homogenates or water blank. Each experiment was corrected for its own recovery. The effects of both single and multiple intramuscular injections of chloroquine phosphate to rats on the in vitro conjugation of oestradiol-17 beta were studied separately. It was observed that both procedures significantly potentiated conjugation.     

头孢唑酮在Triton X-100体系中的释放机制初探

目的 探讨抗生素药物头孢唑酮在表面活性剂体系中的释放机制.方法 测定了头孢唑酮在表面活性剂体系中的释放曲线,用数学模型对药物的释放曲线进行拟合.结果 头孢唑酮在TritonX,100体系的释放为非菲克扩散控制过程.结论 为表面活性剂体系中药物控制释放的深入研究提供了科学依据.     

头孢唑酮在TritonX-100体系微乳液中缓释的研究

目的研究了β-内酰胺类抗生素药物头抱唑酮在表面活性剂微乳液中的释放行为。方法制备TritonX-100体系的胶束和微乳液．用紫外分光光度法测定头抱唑酮在微乳液的释放速率。结果 FritonX-100／n—C10H21OH／H2O体系微乳液对头抱唑酮具有较好的缓释作用。结论表面活性剂体系微乳液可作为一种新的药物控制释放系统。     

Studies of monoamine oxidases: Effect of Triton X-100 and bile salts on monoamine oxidase in brain mitochondria

Triton X-100 and the bile salts, cholate and deoxycholate, detergents often used in the solubilization of monoamine oxidase (MAO) from mitochondria, have been found to cause an inhibition of the enzyme activity. With beef brain mitochondria, it was found that there was a differential effect of Triton X-100 on the putative MAO types A and B, with MAO-A being more susceptible to inhibition by Triton X-100. This was indicated by the greater loss of serotonin-deaminating than of phenyl ethylamine-deaminating activity in the presence of Triton X-100. Although the bile salts also caused substantial inactivation at concentrations above 0.1%, no differentiation between MAO types could be made. Kinetic studies of the inhibition by Triton X-100 indicated two different mechanisms were occurring with the two MAO types. The inhibition was competitive for MAO-A, but uncompetitive for MAO-B. Removal of Triton X-100 by co-polymer beads restored some, but not all of the activity for both MAO-A and MAO-B types. This suggests that the activity loss may have been due in part to inactivation when the enzyme was separated from the mitochondrial membrane.     

The action of Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulphate on lipid layers. Effect on monolayers and liposomes

Abstract

The action of two detergents, Triton X-l 00 and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), on large, unilamellar liposomes was determined as liposome size variation, polydispersity and ability to release a soluble marker from liposomes. Triton X-100 produced stronger effects than SDS. Nevertheless, these differences in behaviour of such detergents could not be deduced from the interaction of the detergents with monolayers of the same composition as liposomes.     

The action of Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulphate on lipid layers. Effect on monolayers and liposomes

The action of two detergents, Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), on large, unilamellar liposomes was determined as liposome size variation, polydispersity and ability to release a soluble marker from liposomes. Triton X-100 produced stronger effects than SDS. Nevertheless, these differences in behaviour of such detergents could not be deduced from the interaction of the detergents with monolayers of the same composition as liposomes.     

Effects on the reproductive organs of feeding the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 to mice

A series of feeding experiments has shown Triton X-100 to induce cystic degeneration in the mouse ovary. Parallel experiments in ovariectomized mice revealed no evidence that Triton X-100 possesses oestrogenic activity. Long term exposure of female mice to this surfactant did not impair fertility.     

头孢唑酮在Triton X-100体系囊泡中的包封和缓释

目的研究了β-内酰胺类抗生素药物头孢唑酮在表面活性剂囊泡中的包封和释放行为。方法超声Triton X-100体系层状液晶制备了囊泡,用超离心分离法和紫外分光光度法测定头孢唑酮的包封率和释放速率。结果Triton X-100/n-C10H21OH/H2O体系囊泡对头孢唑酮具有较好的包封和缓释作用。结论表面活性剂体系囊泡可作为一种新的药物控制释放系统。