3-取代2-吲哚酮类化合物的合成与抗肿瘤活性研究

目的寻找新的具有血管内皮细胞生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制活性的3-取代2-吲哚酮类化合物。方法以2-吲哚酮为原料，利用缩合反应合成目标化合物，并进行体外初步药效学评价。结果设计并合成了5种化合物，其中4种为首次发现，体外初步药效学研究表明，所合成的化合物均具有抑制S-180肿瘤细胞生长的活性，其中化合物Ⅱ活性最强。结论3-取代2-吲哚酮类化合物具有抑制S-180肿瘤细胞生长的活性，化合物中吲哚环平面与相应的芳环平面之间处于垂直状态时活性较强。     

N-(反式-4-异丙基环己甲酰基)-β-苯环取代苯丙氨酸类化合物的合成及降血糖活性研究

目的 寻找并合成新的具有降血糖活性的高效、安全的苯丙氨酸类化合物。方法 以那格列奈为先导化合物，设计并合成22个新的苯丙氨酸类化合物，用IR、^1H-NMR、UV和元素分析确定其结构；并在小鼠体内初步评价了这些化合物的降血糖活性。结果 合成22个新化合物(1～22)，经初步评价，其中4个化合物有降血糖作用。结论 化合物3，7，8，14有明显的降血糖活性，其中化合物3的降血糖活性与对照药那格列奈相当，值得进一步的研究。     

芳氧基-芳酰基哌嗪取代乙胺丙醇类α,β受体双阻滞剂的合成

目的 设计合成具有α、β受体双阻滞作用的系列化合物，并进行活性的初步筛选。方法 运用系列化电子等排原理，设计合成了系列1-芳氧基—3—[2-(4—芳酰基哌嗪)乙氨基]—2—丙醇衍生物，并经MS、^1H—NMR、IR确证其结构。结果 与结论合成了15个目标化合物，其中12个为新化合物，初步活性测定结果显示：所合成的化合物均具有α、β多受体双阻滞作用。     

硫色满酮3位Mannich碱衍生物的合成及其抗真菌活性

目的 设计、合成硫色满酮3位Mannich碱类化合物，并对其抗真菌活性进行初步评价。方法 以对氟苯硫酚为原料，经多步反应合成目标化合物，并测定目标化合物的抗真菌活性。结果共合成了10个未见文献报道的新化合物，经红外光谱、核磁共振氟谱及元素分析确证了其结构。其中化合物3对大部分供试真菌活性强于或相当于对照品克霉唑。结论 硫色满目3位取代Mannich碱具有较强的抗真菌活性。     

PPARγ激动剂的设计、合成及其胰岛素增敏活性

目的寻找新的高效、低毒的PPARγ激动剂。方法以JTT-501和JTT-20993为先导化合物，设计并合成新的丙二酸类和异恶唑类化合物，并测定其胰岛素增敏活性。结果共合成了8个新化合物,用核磁共振、质谱和红外光谱进行结构确证，并用胰岛素筛选模型初步评价了这些化合物的胰岛素增敏活性。化合物1A-4A显示胰岛素增敏活性,其中化合物1A和3A有较强活性。结论化合物1A和3A值得进一步评价。     

新型三环肟醚衍生物的合成及其抗肿瘤活性

目的设计合成8H-噻吩并[2,3-b]吡咯里嗪-8-肟醚类化合物,并对其体外抗肿瘤活性进行初步评价。方法以芳基乙腈为原料,经多步反应合成目标化合物;采用MTT法,以顺铂为阳性对照药,以Bel-7402和HT-1080为测试细胞株对目标化合物的抗肿瘤活性进行了评价。结果与结论合成了12个新化合物,经1H-NMR、MS和IR确认其结构。体外活性实验表明:化合物7d显示出较好的抗肿瘤活性。     

2-（E）-亚苄基-5-芳氨基甲基环戊醇类化合物的合成及其抗炎活性研究

目的设计合成2-（E）-亚苄基-5-芳氨基甲基环戊醇类化合物，并对其抗炎活性进行初步的评价。方法以环戊酮为起始原料，通过Stork烯胺反应、Mannich缩合反应、胺交换反应和选择性还原制备目标化合物；以二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀模型测试目标化合物的抗炎活性。结果共合成16个新化合物，其结构经^1H-NMR和MS谱确证。结论初步药理实验结果显示，4个目标化合物具有较强的抗炎活性。     

哌啶酮类法尼基转移酶抑制药的微波幅射合成与抗肿瘤活性

目的合成设计哌啶酮类法尼基转移酶抑制药，并对其抗肿瘤活性进行初步评价。方法以取代苯甲醛为起始原料，经Perkin反应和Michael加成，最后在微波辐射条件下环合得到目标化合物，并用MTT法测试它们抑制人Hela细胞和ANC-1细胞的IC50值。结果采用微波辐射技术合成哌啶酮类化合物，反应时间为20～45 min，产率为36.0%～67.1%。经1H-NMR、ESI-MS及IR对化合物的结构确证，总共合成11个新化合物。初步抗肿瘤活性测试结果显示11个目标化合物均有抑瘤活性，其中8个化合物IC50值低于氟尿嘧啶。结论哌啶酮类法尼基转移酶抑制药的合成路线可靠，具有显著抗肿瘤活性。     

3-氟-4-(2-芳基噻唑-4-基)苯基(噁)唑烷酮类化合物的合成及抗菌活性

目的设计并合成3-氟-4-（2-芳基噻唑-4-基）苯基噁唑烷酮类化合物，初步评价其体外抗菌活性。方法 以（R）-环氧氯丙烷和间氟苯基异氰酸酯为起始原料，通过新的合成路线制备了目标化合物；采用微量液体稀释法，测定目标化合物的体外抗菌活性。结果与结论 合成了14个新化合物。其结构经^1H-NMR、MS确认，10个化合物显示出不同程度的抗菌活性，化合物IXc和Xc的活性较好，有进一步研究的价值。     

2-(E)-亚苄基-5-氨甲基环戊醇类化合物的合成及抗炎活性研究

目的设计合成2-(E)-亚苄基-5-氨甲基环戊醇类化合物,并对其抗炎活性进行初步的评价。方法以环戊酮为起始原料,通过Stork烯胺反应、Mannich反应、选择性还原制备目标化合物;以二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀模型测试目标化合物的抗炎活性。结果共合成了12个新化合物,经1H-NMR、MS和IR确证结构。初步药理实验结果显示10个目标化合物具有较强的抗炎活性。结论目标化合物稳定性有所提高并且保留了抗炎活性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.