STAT3介导缺血后处理心肌保护作用的研究

目的研究大鼠心肌经历缺血再灌注损伤后心功能指标的变化,探讨缺血后处理是否具有保护作用,并探寻STAT3在其中的作用机制。方法SD大鼠32只,随机分为4组：对照组、缺血再灌注组、缺血后处理组、缺血后处理组＋NSC-74859（STAT3抑制剂）组。建立大鼠离体心脏工作模型,观察心脏在各组条件下心率、LVSP、＋dp／dtmax、-dp／dtmax、冠脉流量的变化及心肌酶谱的改变。结果缺血后处理组与缺血再灌注组相比,复灌期心率,冠脉流出液中CK及LDH的含量明显降低,左室收缩压、左心室压力变化率、冠状动脉流出量明显升高。而抑制STAT3表达后,此保护效应明显减弱。结论缺血后处理有助于减轻缺血再灌注所致心肌损伤,这一作用由STAT3转录因子介导。     

甘氨酰谷氨酰胺在大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤中的保护作用研究

目的： 研究甘氨酰谷氨酰胺对缺血再灌注大鼠离体心脏的保护作用。方法：应用Langendorff离体心脏灌注系统建立心肌缺血再灌注模型。30只SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常对照组(control)、甘氨酰谷氨酰胺对照组(Gly-Gln)、缺血再灌注组(I/R)、缺血/再灌注+甘氨酰谷氨酰胺组(I/R+ Gly-Gln)。I/R组及I/R+ Gly-Gln组分别灌注30 min后,全心停灌20 min,再灌注40 min,I/R+ Gly-Gln组于再灌注时在灌流液中加入Gly-Gln;正常对照组连续灌流90 min,Gly-Gln对照组灌流液中加入Gly-Gln。记录各组灌注时,左室舒张末压(LVEDP)、左室发展压(LVDP)、左室压力最大变化速率(±dp/dtmax)、心率(HR)及心肌细胞单相动作电位(MAP);同时在相应的时点分别测定冠脉流出液中的乳酸脱氢酶（LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)活性。结果：离体大鼠心脏缺血20min,再灌注40 min,导致严重的心功能抑制,表现为LVEDP升高,LVDP、±dp/dtmax降低;再灌注液中加入Gly-Gln后,LVEDP降低,LVDP、±dp/dtmax明显升高（P<0.01)。I/R+ Gly-Gln组冠脉流出液中LDH、CK活性明显低于I/R组(均P<0.01)。结论： Gly-Gln能有效减轻缺血再灌注引起的左室功能下降,减少心肌细胞LDH、CK的释出,表明Gly-Gln对缺血再灌注损伤的大鼠离体心脏具有保护作用。     

天麻素预处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探讨天麻素对大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤的保护作用。方法 60只SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常对照组、缺血/再灌注组、天麻素预处理(10、50、100、200μmol/L)组,应用Langendorff离体心脏灌注系统建立心脏I/R损伤模型。除正常对照组外,各组分别进行平衡灌注、全心停灌/再灌处理,从心功能各项指标、心肌酶学、心肌梗死面积(TTC染色)及组织病理学(HE染色)变化4个层面评估天麻素预处理对大鼠离体心脏(I/R)损伤的影响,评价不同浓度天麻素预处理对心脏(I/R)损伤心肌的保护作用。结果与缺血/再灌注组相比,不同浓度天麻素预处理组均可改善缺血/再灌注损伤心功能的各项指标,包括左心室发展压(LVDP)、左室内压上升/下降最大速率(±dp/dtmax)和心率(HR);并降低冠脉流出液中肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌钙蛋白(Trop-I)的活性,有效减少心肌梗死面积,其中以100μmol/L浓度的天麻素效果最显著(P0.05)。结论天麻素预处理对大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注引起的心肌损伤有保护作用,其中以100μmol/L的保护作用最为显著。     

改构型酸性成纤维细胞生长因子对离体大鼠缺氧再灌注心脏的保护作用

目的：探讨maFGF对大鼠缺氧再灌注心脏的保护作用及其机制。 方法： 在Langendorff离体心脏灌流装置上建立缺氧再灌注模型，用BL-410生物机能实验系统记录左室发展压（LVDP）、左室内压上升/下降的最大速率（dp/dtmax、dp/dtmin），比较经maFGF和aFGF预处理，心肌缺氧再灌前后LVDP、dp/dtmax、dp/dtmin的变化，测定冠脉流出液中的LDH、MDA、SOD水平。 结果： maFGF和aFGF预处理均明显促进心肌缺氧再灌后心功能恢复，减少缺氧再灌注导致的LDH漏出、SOD降低和MDA升高。 结论： maFGF对缺氧再灌注心脏具有一定的保护作用，其作用机制可能与提高自由基清除酶活性及抑制脂质过氧化反应有关。     

依达拉奉对离体大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨依达拉奉(ED)预先给药对大鼠离体心肌缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤的作用及其机制。方法:制作Langendorff主动脉逆行灌注心脏I/R模型。24只雄性大鼠随机分为三组(n均=8):对照组(C组)、I/R组、ED组。观察各组大鼠I/R后心功能指标:左室收缩峰压(LVSP)、左室压上升最大速率(+dp/dtmax)、左室压下降最大速率(-dp/dtmax)、冠脉流量(CF)、心肌细胞乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)及肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)活性、心肌组织丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果:与基础值和C组比较,I/R组再灌注时各时点的CF、LVSP、+dp/dtmax、-dp/dtmax降低(P<0.05);与I/R组比较,ED组再灌各时点的CF、LVSP、+dp/dtmax、-dp/dtmax增高(P<0.05);ED组心肌SOD活性明显高于I/R组(P<0.05),LDH及CK-MB活性、MDA含量低于I/R组(P<0.05)。结论:ED对I/R心肌有保护作用,能促进心功能恢复。其机制与清除自由基和减轻氧化应激有关。     

硫化氢对大鼠离体灌流心脏心功能的影响

目的：观察H2S对大鼠离体心脏心功能的影响，以探讨内源性H2S对心肌活动的调节意义。方法： 检测大鼠心肌组织中H2S的含量及生成率，并采用RT-PCR方法检测心肌组织CSE(内源性硫化氢合成的关键酶)mRNA的表达；应用Langendorff灌流大鼠离体心脏，用不同浓度NaHS(10-6-10-3mmol/L)灌流心脏，及用生理浓度NaHS(4×10-4mol/L)持续灌流20 min，测量心率(HR)、左室内压差(△LVP＝左室收缩压-左室舒张压)、左室内压变化速率(±dp/dtmax)、冠脉灌流量(CPF)等指标；应用KATP通道阻断剂格列苯脲预灌流，后给予生理剂量NaHS灌流，观察其是否可以阻断NaHS的效应。结果： NaHS可以呈浓度依赖性抑制左心室±dp/dtmax及△LVP(P＜0.05)，但对HR、CPF没有影响，生理剂量NaHS持续灌流20 min内，可以持续抑制±dp/dtmax及△LVP(P＜0.05)，而对HR、CPF几乎没有影响。KATP通道阻断剂格列苯脲可以大部分(85.7%)阻断生理剂量NaHS对心功能的抑制效应。结论： 内源性H2S可能通过开放心肌KATP通道，抑制大鼠离体心脏左心室的收缩功能。     

内源性碱性成纤维细胞生长因子是大鼠对抗心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的保护因子

目的:观察内、外源性碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)在大鼠心脏缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤中的作用.方法:在大鼠离体心脏I/R模型上分别给以bFGF和bFGF抗血清,以生理多导仪测定心率、±LV dp/dtmax及左心室终末舒张压(LVEDP)变化,并测定冠脉流量、冠脉流出液中蛋白、肌红蛋白含量、乳酸盐脱氢酶(LDH)活性以及心肌组织钙、丙二醛(MDA)、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量和蛋白激酶(PKC)、丝裂素活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)活性.结果:I/R组心功能显著低于对照组,冠脉流出液中蛋白、肌红蛋白含量、LDH活性及心肌MDA、钙含量显著升高,ATP含量显著降低(均P＜0.01).bFGF组±LV dp/dtmax较I/R组分别高42.8%和25.6%,LVEDP低40.0%,再灌末心率/预灌末心率(HRr/HRi)及冠脉流量的(B/A)分别高42.3%和20.3%,冠脉流出液中蛋白、肌红蛋白含量及LDH活性分别少28.8%、30.2%(均P＜0.01)和32.3%(P＜0.05),心肌MDA和钙含量分别少44.4%和35.6%,ATP含量高33.8%.心肌PKC、MAPK活性分别高41.3%和10.1%(均P＜0.01);bFGF抗血清组±LV dp/dtmax较I/R组分别低35.1%和38.1%,LVEDP高92.5%,HRr/HRi及冠脉流量的B/A分别少36.0%和45.4%,冠脉流出液中蛋白、肌红蛋白和LDH漏出分别多54.3%、96.2%和34.4%,心肌MDA和钙含量分别高23.6%和49.7%,ATP含量低27.8%,心肌PKC及MAPK活性分别低20.9%和7.7%(均P<0.01).结论:内源性bFGF是大鼠对抗心脏缺血/再灌注损伤的保护因子.     

Apelin-13对离体缺血/再灌注大鼠心脏损伤的影响

目的观察apelin-13对离体大鼠缺血/再灌注心脏损伤的影响,并初步探讨其对apelin受体APJ(putative re-ceptor protein related to the angiotensin receptorAT1)及细胞信号Akt1/2的影响。方法Langendorff装置恒流灌注大鼠离体心脏,采用停灌/复灌方式复制缺血/再灌注模型;观察缺血/再灌注期间心脏收缩期左心室内压上升的最大变化速率( LVdp/dtmax)及舒张期左心室内压下降的最大变化速率(-LVdp/dtmax);RT-PCR和Western blot测定组织中APJ受体mRNA和Akt1/2蛋白的表达情况。结果Apelin-13可以增加缺血/再灌注损伤心脏的±dp/dtmax(P<0·01);可以明显增强心肌组织中Akt1/2的表达;缺血/再灌注可以引起心肌组织中APJ受体表达上调。结论Apelin-13拮抗缺血/再灌注引起的心脏收缩及舒张功能障碍;可能与组织中APJ受体表达上调引起Akt1/2表达增强有关。     

Zn~(2+)预处理对离体大鼠缺血再灌注损伤心肌的保护作用

目的 :观察Zn2 + 预处理诱导金属硫蛋白 (MT)在心肌细胞的表达及对离体大鼠缺血再灌注损伤心肌的保护作用。方法 :3 2只Sprague Dawley大鼠随机分为对照组及实验组 ,实验组按腹腔注射ZnSO4 到建立再灌注模型的时间分为E1 2h,E2 4h及E4 8h组 ,每组各 8只。检测LDH ,CK、ATP含量及心功能指标 (LVSP与±dp/dtmax) ,用1 0 9Cd/血红素饱和法测量心肌组织中金属硫蛋白的含量。结果 :E2 4h及E4 8h组MT表达量较对照组高 (P <0 .0 1) ,E1 2h组虽有表达 ,但其与对照组间差异无显著性。E2 4h及E4 8h组LDH与CK较其它二组低 ,而ATP较其它二组高 ,心功能指标较其它二组改善。E1 2h组及对照组之间相应各指标 (LDH ,CK、ATP、LVSP与±dp/dtmax)间差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :Zn2 + 预处理可诱导MT在心肌细胞的表达而对离体大鼠缺血再灌注损伤心肌具有保护作用。     

二氮嗪后处理对离体大鼠心功能及线粒体心磷脂的影响

目的:建立离体大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型,观察二氮嗪(diazoxide,D)后处理对缺血/再灌注损伤离体大鼠心功能及线粒体心磷脂的影响,并探讨ATP敏感性钾通道在二氮嗪后处理心肌保护中的作用。方法:采用Langendorff装置建立离体大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型,将SD大鼠随机分为对照组(control)、缺血再灌注模型组(I/R)、二氮嗪后处理组(I/R+D)、5-羟葵酸拮抗二氮嗪后处理组(I/R+5-HD+D),每组8只,均先灌注平衡20 min。Control组:灌注平衡后续灌70 min;I/R组:缺血前灌注4℃ST.Thomas停跳液,全心缺血40 min,再灌30 min;I/R+D组:全心缺血40 min,缺血后给予含二氮嗪(50μmol/L)的K-H液灌注5 min后,再灌25 min;I/R+5-HD+D组:二氮嗪后处理前给予含5-羟葵酸(100μmol/L)的K-H液灌注5 min,再灌20 min。观察各组续(再)灌注末心率、冠脉流出液量、心功能、心肌酶学及心肌线粒体心磷脂的变化。结果:各组续(再)灌注末比较,I/R组较control组及I/R+D组心率减慢、冠脉流出液量降低,心功能明显受损,心肌酶增加,心磷酯含量减少,但与I/R+5-HD+D无明显差异。结论:二氮嗪后处理通过增加线粒体心磷脂含量,减少心肌酶的释放,改善心脏功能,减轻心肌的再灌注损伤,产生心肌保护作用。5-羟葵酸能够完全阻断二氮嗪的心肌保护作用。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.