芦山地震灾区农村居民急救能力及需求现状的调查研究

目的了解芦山地震灾区农村居民急救能力及需求现状，为开展地震灾区居民急救能力普及和相关培训提供有效途径。方法采用分层随机抽样，在芦山地震灾区乐家坝安置点随机抽取120例居民作为研究对象，参考《2008中国公民健康素养调查问卷》中相关内容自编问卷进行急救能力及需求现状的调查。结果芦山地震灾区农村居民急救能力得分总体偏低(4.51±2.23)：其中医疗救助电话的知晓得分最高(0.91±0.29)，心肺复苏得分最低(0.31±0.46)。与陈建华等人关于汶川地震灾区农村居民急救能力调查中农村居民得分相比，芦山地震灾区农村居民急救能力得分更低。但芦山地震灾区居民对获取急救相关知识和技能的兴趣比较高，80.52%的居民愿意参加急救相关知识和技能培训。结论地震灾区居民急救知识缺乏，但需求度和求知欲较高，相关部门可以加大对灾区居民急救知识和技能的培训，从而提高居民应急自救互救能力。     

宣威市2010年~2012年农村生活饮用水监测结果分析

目的：分析宣威市2010年~2012年农村生活饮用水监测结果,掌握宣威市农村生活饮用水卫生状况,为预防控制水性疾病和应对饮用水公共卫生事件提供可靠依据,并为政府有关部门科学决策以及制定相关规划提供技术支持。方法按照GB/T5750-2006《生活饮用水标准检验方法》[1]进行检测。按照GB5749-2006《生活饮用水卫生标准》[2]进行评价,对2010年~2012年宣威市疾病预防控制中心所采样检测的宣威市农村生活饮用水监测结果进行统计分析。结果2012年饮用水合格率67.05%,2011年合格率为61.25%,2012年合格率为53.75%,感官性状和一般化学指标合格率为99.11%,毒理学指标合格率为99.84%,微生物指标合格率为79.82%。结论微生物污染是宣威市目前农村饮水卫生的主要问题,提高农民的卫生意识,加快农村改水步伐,加强饮用水的消毒是改善农村饮用水卫生状况的主要措施。     

“桑美”台风重灾区疾病监测工作调查

目的通过了解台风灾后疾病监测工作开展情况，探索适合灾区的疾病监测方案。方法对超强台风“桑美”重灾区进行现场调查及对医疗机构负责人和医务人员访谈。结果台风对灾区造成的公共影响较大，尤其是传染病流行风险大大增加，对腹泻病人和发热病人的监测能及时发现传染病人。结论台风灾后应采取灵敏性更高的症状监测，以便及时发现传染病病人，采取控制措施防止疫情蔓延。     

青岛某区生活饮用水卫生现状与对策

本文介绍了通过水质监测能力建设、开展世界卫生组织合作项目、水质基线调查等卫生管理方式，推进生活饮用水安全工程，辖区饮用水卫生监督覆盖率400%以上，水质消毒率上升到100%。     

南充市生活饮用水的卫生状况调查

目的 为了解我市在的<生活饮用水标准)(GB5749-2006)后生活饮用水供给单位的基本情况,以及对新的标准的贯彻落实情况.方法 市三级卫生监督部门通力合作通过对生活饮用水供水单位卫生状况的调查.结果 认为各级供水单位不同程度存在①制水设备落后简陋;②卫生知识淡薄、水平低;③检验项目开展不全;④卫生监督困难大的问题.结论 各级政府部门应引起高度重视,加大资金投入,培训技术人员,加大执法力度,督促整改达标,进一步提高各级集中式供水单位的卫生水平.     

心理护理对地震受灾伤员康复的作用

目的 通过对临床上地震伤员实施人性化护理,使地震伤员的心理及生理创伤减少,心理问题有所缓解.方法 对地震灾区50名受灾伤员进行人性化护理,评估实施后病人的心理变化.结果 及结论灾后及时、有效地进行人性化护理及心理干预,有助于促进伤员灾后的生活自理能力和心理康复.     

广州市1996—2005年管网末梢水卫生状况及对策分析

目的了解广州市管网末梢水的水质情况，为随时监测全市生活饮用水水质的动态变化提供信息并提出改进措施。方法对广州市1996—2005年管网末梢水水质监测资料进行统计，按照GB5749—85《生活饮用水卫生标准》和卫生部《生活饮用水卫生规范》（2001年）进行分析评价。结果共监测606份水样，合格155份，合格率为25．58％。不合格的项目主要有锰、游离余氯、细菌总数、色度、铁和耗氧量。在广州市疾病预防控制中心检测的项目中，锰的合格率仅为59．57％，游离余氯的合格率为76．73％，细菌总数的合格率为85．81％，色度的合格率为88．12％，铁的合格率为88．94％，耗氧量的合格率为96．37％。结论广州市管网末梢水的锰、游离余氯、细菌总数和铁等项目合格率较低，今后应加强饮水的氯化消毒、对管网的定期检修和冲洗、减少二次供水水箱的使用和设立管网水水质自动监测系统。     

来自四川地震灾区的大学新生一般自我效能感、应对方式与心理健康的关系

目的:了解5.12汶川地震后来自四川地震灾区的大学新生一般自我效能感、应对方式和心理健康的关系。方法:采用一般自我效能感量表、应对方式问卷和症状自评量表对来自四川地震灾区的598名大学新生进行调查。结果:来自地震灾区的大学新生一般自我效能感、应对方式各维度和心理健康两两显著相关(P<0.05或P<0.001);来自地震灾区的大学新生一般自我效能感对心理健康有直接预测作用,也通过积极应对方式起间接预测作用。结论:来自地震灾区的大学新生积极的应对方式在一般自我效能感与心理健康间起部分中介作用。     

2004-2008年荔湾区生活饮用水水质监测分析

目的了解荔湾区自来水管网末梢水和二次供水的生活饮用水水质情况,评价卫生监测的效果。方法对广州市荔湾区芳村2004-2008年管网末梢水和二次供水水质监测资料进行统计,按照《生活饮用水检验规范》卫生部（2001年）和《生活饮用水卫生标准》GB5749-2006进行分析评价。结果该地区生活饮用水的合格率为91.30%,管网末梢水的合格率95.17%高于二次供水的合格率85.88%,而铅合格率前者的98.53%明显高于后者的88.53%（P〈0.001）。第四季度水质合格率最低,分别为86.90%、76.67%。结论荔湾区芳村生活饮用水水质较广州市水质总体合格率高,但二次供水水质较差。不同季节水质变化较大。今后要加强生活饮水尤其是二次供水的管理,提高出厂水的消毒质量,加强二次供水设施的新技术、新工艺的研究。     

5.12地震灾区大学新生心理健康及心理辅导的调查

目的了解和掌握来自5.12地震灾区的大学新生的心理健康和心理辅导状况,为进一步开展心理健康教育提供实证依据。方法采用大学生人格问卷（UPI）、灾后应激反应问卷（IES）以及灾后心理辅导活动情况调查问卷对西南地区某高校282名来自灾区的大一新生进行调查。结果①灾区新生心理健康水平较低,23.76%的灾区新生可能存在较为严重的心理问题,41.84%存在某种心理问题,只有34.40%属于心理正常者;②67.02%的灾区新生仍然受到由地震引发的不同程度的心理困扰;371.63%的灾区新生没有接受过任何的心理辅导。结论灾区新生心理健康水平比非灾区新生低;灾后心理辅导的覆盖面不够大,心理辅导的效果也有待于提高。     

Comparative Microbial Character of Consumed Food and Drinking Water

Humans ingest large numbers of microbes daily. Food provides distinctly different physical and physiological conditions from drinking water. With high concentrations of carbohydrate, protein, and ionic strength, food is much closer to the human physiological state than drinking water, which is essentially devoid of nutrients and ionic strength. Accordingly, microbes that can multiply in humans and cause disease can grow in food, but do not multiply in drinking water. Virtually all food sources contain many thousand times more bacteria than drinking water. Therefore, based on both observed microbial content and the presence of large numbers of pathogens or their indicators in food, in this country food is more of a health risk to humans than drinking water. Compounding this disparity is the fact that much food is imported with limited control over the means of production. Naturally occurring bacteria (HPC or autochthonous flora) do not have virulence factors, making their numbers irrelevant to health risk except in the case of the most severely immunocompromised—a very defined population group. Consequently, public health regulations should not be directed to eliminating naturally occurring HPC, but should be focused toward controlling pathogens through measures such as sanitary crop systems in the steps from production (e.g., quality of irrigation and fertilization, animal feed lot sanitation) through storage to consumer preparation. Food possesses a far greater risk than drinking water, and government agencies should take this fact into account when writing regulations.     

Comparative microbial character of consumed food and drinking water

Humans ingest large numbers of microbes daily. Food provides distinctly different physical and physiological conditions from drinking water. With high concentrations of carbohydrate, protein, and ionic strength, food is much closer to the human physiological state than drinking water, which is essentially devoid of nutrients and ionic strength. Accordingly, microbes that can multiply in humans and cause disease can grow in food, but do not multiply in drinking water. Virtually all food sources contain many thousand times more bacteria than drinking water. Therefore, based on both observed microbial content and the presence of large numbers of pathogens or their indicators in food, in this country food is more of a health risk to humans than drinking water. Compounding this disparity is the fact that much food is imported with limited control over the means of production. Naturally occurring bacteria (HPC or autochthonous flora) do not have virulence factors, making their numbers irrelevant to health risk except in the case of the most severely immunocompromised--a very defined population group. Consequently, public health regulations should not be directed to eliminating naturally occurring HPC, but should be focused toward controlling pathogens through measures such as sanitary crop systems in the steps from production (e.g., quality of irrigation and fertilization, animal feed lot sanitation) through storage to consumer preparation. Food possesses a far greater risk than drinking water, and government agencies should take this fact into account when writing regulations.     

Adverse health events and health hazards reflections of epidemiologists and environmentalists

In this article we present management of water resources in Croatia as a model of integral approach in public health interventions. The links between provision of clean water, sanitation and good health are so strong that today management and water protection are deeply integrated in primary health care. This article is a follow up on topics presented on 2nd Croatian congress on preventive medicine and health promotion which gave us "state of art" in Croatian public health. We strongly believe that every system has its own advantages and downsides, and only by knowing the system well and continuous improvement we can protect ourselves in time of health, social or economic crisis. The model of water protection showed that to prevent and overcome the variety of water-related health risks, implementation of various activities that include general environmental protection, development of water management system, permanent water quality monitoring and control, and improvement of standards and legislative is needed. On the other hand if there is no holistic approach, to the public health problems, all the efforts in just one field will not result in health indicators improvement. Constant monitoring and uniform analysis of data could help to identify possible risks of adverse effects of various environmental factors and possible burden of disease as a consequence. That information could be a point of arguing with local governments and communities for public health interventions. It is important that epidemiological and environmental data do not remain in the domain of academic discussion or statistics, and never reach primary health care which could use them in direct health care providing. Information exchange in real time is important for the real time public health intervention. Primary health care is the front line in communication with patients and diagnostics of disease as well as prevention, and they need to have access to all relevant data.     

Current world status of Balantidium coli

Balantidium coli is a cosmopolitan parasitic-opportunistic pathogen that can be found throughout the world. Pigs are its reservoir hosts, and humans become infected through direct or indirect contact with pigs. In rural areas and in some developing countries where pig and human fecal matter contaminates the water supply, there is a greater likelihood that balantidiosis may develop in humans. The infection may be subclinical in humans, as it mostly is in pigs, or may develop as a fulminant infection with bloody and mucus-containing diarrhea; this can lead to perforation of the colon. The disease responds to treatment with tetracycline or metronidazole. Balantidiosis is a disease that need never exist given access to clean water and a public health infrastructure that monitors the water supply and tracks infections. Its spread can be limited by sanitary measures and personal hygiene, but it is a disease that will be around as long as there are pigs. Immunocompromised individuals have developed balantidiosis without any direct contact with pigs, perhaps with rats or contaminated produce as a possible source of infection. For the clinician, balanatidiosis should be included in the differential diagnosis for persistent diarrhea in travelers to or from Southeast Asia, the Western Pacific islands, rural South America, or communities where close contact with domestic swine occurs. Warming of the earth's surface may provide a more favorable environment, even in the now-temperate areas of the world, for survival of trophic and cystic stages of Balantidium, and its prevalence may increase. Effective sanitation and uncontaminated water are the most useful weapons against infection. Fortunately, balantidiosis responds to antimicrobial therapy, and there have been no reports of resistance to the drugs of choice.     

Origins and consequences of antimicrobial-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella: implications for the use of fluoroquinolones in food animals

Human Salmonella infections are common; most infections are self-limiting, however severe disease may occur. Antimicrobial agents, while not essential for the treatment of Salmonella gastroenteritis, are essential for the treatment of thousands of patients each year with invasive infections. Fluoroquinolones and third-generation cephalosporins are the drugs-of-choice for invasive Salmonella infections in humans; alternative antimicrobial choices are limited by increasing antimicrobial resistance, limited efficacy, and less desirable pharmacodynamic properties. Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella results from the use of antimicrobial agents in food animals, and these antimicrobial resistant Salmonella are subsequently transmitted to humans, usually through the food supply. The antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolates collected from persons with Salmonella infections show more resistance to antimicrobial agents used in agriculture than to antimicrobial agents used for the treatment of Salmonella infections in humans. Because of the adverse health consequences in humans and animals associated with the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella, there is an urgent need to emphasize non-antimicrobial infection control strategies, such as improved sanitation and hygiene, to develop guidelines for the prudent usage of antimicrobial agents, and establishment of adequate public health safeguards to minimize the development and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and dissemination of Salmonella resistant to these agents.     

Approaching COVID-19 with epidemiological genomic surveillance and the sustainability of biodiversity informatics in Africa

COVID-19 is an acute respiratory illness caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first case was reported in Africa on February 14, 2020 and has surged to 11 million as of July 2022, with 43% and 30% of cases in Southern and Northern Africa. Current epidemiological data demonstrate heterogeneity in transmission and patient outcomes in Africa. However, the burden of infectious diseases such as malaria creates a significant burden on public health resources that are dedicated to COVID-19 surveillance, testing, and vaccination access. Several control measures, such as the SHEF2 model, encompassed Africa's most effective preventive measure. With the help of international collaborations and partnerships, Africa's pandemic preparedness employs effective risk-management strategies to monitor patients at home and build the financial capacity and human resources needed to combat COVID-19 transmission. However, the lack of safe sanitation and inaccessible drinking water, coupled with the financial consequences of lockdowns, makes it challenging to prevent the transmission and contraction of COVID-19. The overwhelming burden on contact tracers due to an already strained healthcare system will hurt epidemiological tracing and swift counter-measures. With the rise in variants, African countries must adopt genomic surveillance and prioritize funding for biodiversity informatics.     

The microbial quality of drinking water in Manonyane community: Maseru District (Lesotho)

Background

Provision of good quality household drinking water is an important means of improving public health in rural communities especially in Africa; and is the rationale behind protecting drinking water sources and promoting healthy practices at and around such sources.

Objectives

To examine the microbial content of drinking water from different types of drinking water sources in Manonyane community of Lesotho. The community''s hygienic practices around the water sources are also assessed to establish their contribution to water quality.

Methods

Water samples from thirty five water sources comprising 22 springs, 6 open wells, 6 boreholes and 1 open reservoir were assessed. Total coliform and Escherichia coli bacteria were analyzed in water sampled. Results of the tests were compared with the prescribed World Health Organization desirable limits. A household survey and field observations were conducted to assess the hygienic conditions and practices at and around the water sources.

Results

Total coliform were detected in 97% and Escherichia coli in 71% of the water samples. The concentration levels of Total coliform and Escherichia coli were above the permissible limits of the World Health Organization drinking water quality guidelines in each case. Protected sources had significantly less number of colony forming units (cfu) per 100 ml of water sample compared to unprotected sources (56% versus 95%, p < 0.05). Similarly in terms of Escherichia coli, protected sources had less counts (7% versus 40%, p < 0.05) compared with those from unprotected sources. Hygiene conditions and practices that seemed to potentially contribute increased total coliform and Escherichia coli counts included non protection of water sources from livestock faeces, laundry practices, and water sources being down slope of pit latrines in some cases.

Conclusions

These findings suggest source water protection and good hygiene practices can improve the quality of household drinking water where disinfection is not available. The results also suggest important lines of inquiry and provide support and input for environmental and public health programmes, particularly those related to water and sanitation.     

Issues for Microbial Regulation: Aeromonas as a Model

The decision by public health agencies to regulate specific microorganisms that may be found in drinking water can only be made if specific criteria find that a microorganism poses a health risk. These criteria should include: (1) there is a clinical history of an organism causing disease from the ingestion of drinking water; (2) there is epidemiological evidence that drinking water rather than food or other vectors is a major source of disease; (3) there is sufficient evidence that the target organism, if found in water, possesses virulence factors capable of causing disease in humans; (4) there is sufficient evidence that the target organism is not readily removed or inactivated by multi-barrier conventional water treatment process (e.g., coagulation-filtration-disinfection); (5) there is sufficient evidence that the target organism, if surviving conventional treatment, will be viable, virulent, and present in sufficient numbers to cause disease; (6) there are robust analytical methods for the target organism which have acceptable sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility to measure accurately the presence of the target organism in treated water; and (7) the performance criteria of analytical method(s) for the target organism have been certified by the appropriate public health agency, and there is intra-laboratory field-test performance data to base this certification.