糖耐量低减和空腹血糖受损:定义及干预的现状

由国际糖尿病联盟 (IDF)召集的本次研讨会是为了考察有关糖耐量低减 (IGT)和空腹血糖受损 (IFG)相关的糖尿病和心血管疾病 (CVD)风险的最新文献 ,力图回答三个问题 :(1 )目前的IGT和IFG的定义是否合适 ;(2 )IFG和IGT是危险因子 (riskfactor)、危险标志 (riskmarker)还是疾病 (disease) ;(3)对 :IFG和IGT人群应该采取怎样的干预措施 (如果有的话 ) ?①引起空腹血糖 (FPG)和口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT) 2h血糖 (2hPG)升高的因素并不相同 ,肝脏葡萄糖输出增加和早期胰岛素释放缺陷是前者的特点 ,而外周胰岛素抵抗是后者的显著特征。因此 ,IFG和IGT之间的一致性是有限的。迄今所有的患病率调查发现 ,只有不到一半的IFG人群有IGT ,更少的IGT人群 (2 0 %～ 30 % )有IFG。②大多数的人群研究表明 ,IGT的患病率远高于IFG ,二者的临床表现和性别分布也有差异。IFG在男性更为常见 ,IGT在女性稍微增多。IFG的患病率倾向在中年达到高峰 ,而IGT的患病率逐渐增加直到老龄。③IFG和IGT都与发生糖尿病的风险显著增加有关 ,而最大的风险在于同时具有IFG和IGT的人群。由于在多数人群IGT比IFG更常见 ,所以对于筛查糖尿病高危人群 ,IGT的敏感性较高 (特异性稍差 )。在多数人群 ,60 %的糖尿病人大约 5年前已有IGT或IFG ,另外 40     

空腹血糖受损与糖耐量减低的区别

1979年美国国家糖尿病资料组提出糖耐量减低（IGT）这个概念。1985年WHO将FPG〈7．0mmol／L，2hPG≥7．8mmol／L且〈11．1mmol／L作为IGT的一种临床分型。1997年美国糖尿病学会（ADA）提出了IFG，即FPG≥6．1mmol／L且〈7．1mmol／L同时2hPG〈7．8mmol／L的概念。1999年WHO提出的IFG和IGT的定义和诊断标准与ADA相同，且提出IFG的另一意思是非糖尿病性空腹高血糖状态。2003年ADA将IFG的FPG下调为5．6mmol／L。IFG与IGT都是指患者的血糖介于正常人与糖尿病患者血糖水平之间的一种中间代谢状态，有人将其称之为糖尿病（DM）前期（prediabetes），也称为糖调节受损（IGR），因此IGR包括IFG和IGT两种状态。我们复习相关文献，将IFG和IGT的主要区别总结如下。     

空腹糖耐量受损及空腹血糖偏低和老年人轻度认知障碍的关系探讨

目的探讨轻度认知障碍(MCI)风险与血糖代谢异常的相关性,并为MCI的预防提供依据。方法本研究对1074例认知功能正常且无糖尿病、高脂血症、痛风的老年门诊患者进行了调查。随访5年,根据简易智力状态检查量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)进行认知功能评估,有121例受试者被诊断出患有MCI。此外,监测受试者每年血糖、糖化血红蛋白。结果入组的1074例受试者根据认知功能的不同分为MCI组和非MCI组,与非MCI组相比,MCI组中空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、三酰甘油(TG)和总胆固醇(TC)的平均值更高(均P<0.05)。在高血糖组中,FBG的临界值为6.2 mmol/L(敏感性=84.1%,特异性=90.9%,曲线下面积=0.875,P<0.001);在低血糖组中,FBG的临界值为4.5 mmol/L(灵敏性=77.4%,特异性=87.3%,曲线下面积=0.823,P<0.001)。HbA1c的临界值为5.5%(敏感性=76.0%,特异性=87.0%,曲线下面积=0.815,P<0.001)。多元Logistic回归分析MCI的风险增加与空腹血糖平均值<4.5 mmol/L和≥6.2 mmol/L(RR:1.69,95%CI:1.11~2.59;RR:1.81,95%CI:1.15~2.86)以及糖化血红蛋白平均值≥5.5%(RR:2.13,95%CI:1.51~2.99)相关。结论空腹糖耐量受损及空腹血糖偏低是老年人MCI发生风险的独立危险因素。     

空腹血糖受损、糖耐量受损人群2年自然转归及其影响因素的研究

目的探讨空腹血糖受损(IFG)、糖耐量受损(IGT)人群发生糖尿病的危险性及其影响因素.方法对1999年7月～12月包钢集团公司2万余人糖尿病普查中IFG、IGT患者730人于2001年9～11月进行随访调查.测量身高、体重、腰围、血压,作过夜空腹75 g葡萄糖耐量试验,同时测定空腹胰岛素(FINS)及服糖后2 h胰岛素(PINS),血总胆固醇(TC),甘油三酯(TG),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C).结果随访的656人中138人发生糖尿病.其中孤立性IFG(I-IFG)糖尿病年转变率为5.1%,孤立性(I-IGT)为11.5%,IGT为14.0%,IFG/IGT为20.2%.I-IGT、IGT及IFG/IGT糖尿病年转变率明显高于I-IFG(均P＜0.001).与I-IFG比较,I-IGT发生糖尿病的危险比为2.65,IFG/IGT为5.96.I-IFG转归为糖尿病的危险因素主要是年龄(OR 1.05)和BMI(OR 1.03).I-IGT是2h血糖(OR 2.02)、家族史(OR 2.19)及腰围(OR 1.08).各项临床指标2年的变化结果转归为I-IFG、I-IGT者2年前后的年龄、体重、腰围、BMI、血压、TC均值及其肥胖、腹型肥胖、血脂代谢紊乱、高血压的患病率均比NGT转归组高;I-IFG与I-IGT比较差异无显著性.结论 I-IGT发生糖尿病的危险性明显高于I-IFG,主要危险因素为腰围、餐后血糖、家族史.I-IFG发生糖尿病的危险因素则是年龄、BMI.故对IGT应给予积极的干预治疗,而对于IFG应定期随访.     

空腹血糖受损诊断标准下调的合理性分析

目的　探讨空腹血糖受损 (IFG)诊断点从 6.1mmol/L下调至 5 .6mmol/L的合理性。方法对1986年入选的 468名非糖尿病人群〔3 41例正常糖耐量 (NGT) ,12 7例糖耐量受损 (IGT)〕在 1988年 ,1990年和 1992年分别进行OGTT复查 ,测定空腹血糖 (FPG)及 2h血糖 (2hPG)。以COX模型分析不同基线血糖水平增加糖尿病的风险。结果　 (1) 10 9例 6年后发生糖尿病。COX成比例风险模型分析校正年龄、性别、体重指数 (BMI)影响后发现FPG与 2型糖尿病发病显著相关 (P =0 .0 0 0 1)。基线FPG 5 .6～ 6.0mmol/L组糖尿病发病危险性比FPG <5 .6mmol/L组已显著增加 ,RR为 3 .3 (95 %CI 2 .0～ 5 .3 ,P =0 .0 0 0 1)。 (2 )受试者工作特征 (ROC)曲线分析FPG预测糖尿病发病的最佳阈值是 5 .6mmol/L ,以FPG 5 .6mmol/L为诊断点IFG预报糖尿病发病的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值分别为 45 .0 % ,92 .8%和 65 .3 %。 (3 )NGT个体中COX成比例风险模型校正年龄、性别、BMI后显示 ,FPG分组 (5 .0～ 6.0mmol/L与 <5 .0mmol/L)与糖调节受损 (IGR ,包括IFG或IGT)发生显著正相关 (P =0 .0 0 7)。ROC曲线显示 ,FPG预测糖耐量恶化而进展为DM或IGR的最佳阈值为 5 .3mmol/L。结论　 (1)本组非糖尿病人群中FPG预测糖尿病发病的最佳阈值为 5 .6mmol/L     

空腹血糖受损、糖耐量受损人群3年自然转归及其影响因素的研究

目的 探讨空腹血糖受损(IFG)、糖耐量受损(IGT)人群发生糖尿病的危险性及其影响因素. 方法对2003年4～6月朝阳市市区居民1 062人糖尿病普查中IFG、IGT患者79人于2006年4～6月进行随访调查.测量身高、体重、腰围、血压,做过夜空腹75g葡萄糖耐量试验,同时测定血总胆固醇(TC),甘油三酯(TG),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C).结果 随访的65人中22人发生糖尿病.其中孤立性IFG(I-IFG)糖尿病转变率为10.8%,孤立性IGT(I-IGT)为9.2%, IFG/IGT为10.4%.在不同的年龄组,随着年龄增长糖代谢异常、高血压、肥胖、脂代谢异常有增加趋势,在40岁以上人群糖代谢异常的患病率有明显增加趋势.进行单因素相关分析结果发现血糖升高可能与增龄、糖尿病(DM)家族史、劳动强度、腰围指数(WC)增加、收缩压(SBP)增加、血脂异常等相关.进行Logistic回归分析,高龄、血压升高、中心性肥胖、体力活动强度减弱均为糖尿病危险因素.结论 I-IGT、IGT/IFG人群糖尿病累计发病率明显高于I-IFG人群.增龄、向心性肥胖、高血压、体力活动减少是糖代谢异常的重要危险因素,因此控制血压、体重,增加体力活动,对糖尿病预防具有重要意义.     

空腹血糖受损患者糖耐量异常及影响因素分析

目的了解空腹血糖受损(IFG)患者糖耐量异常(IGT)情况及其影响因素。方法纳入空腹血糖为5.6~6.1 mmol/L的IFG患者337例,检测患者口服75克葡萄糖后2小时血糖等资料,分析患者IGT情况及其影响因素。结果纳入的337例IFG患者中46.6%(157/337)伴有IGT。口服葡萄糖耐量异常和正常组超重和肥胖率分别为75.0%和63.1%(P0.05);口服葡萄糖耐量异常组甘油三酯水平显著高于正常组,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平低于正常组,均有统计学差异(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、体重指数、甘油三酯水平是IFG患者葡萄糖耐量异常的影响因素,相对危险分别为:1.06(95%CI:1.03~1.08);1.11(95%CI:1.05~119);1.58(95%CI:1.23~2.09)。进一步对体重正常者发生糖耐量异常的影响因素进行分析,除年龄外,甘油三酯水平是空腹血糖受损患者糖耐量异常的影响因素,相对危险为2.10(95%CI:1.29~3.43)。结论空腹血糖受损患者约半数伴有糖耐量异常,体重指数和甘油三酯水平是空腹血糖受损患者糖耐量异常的影响因素。     

A Higher Proinsulin Response to Glucose Loading Predicts Deteriorating Fasting Plasma Glucose and Worsening to Diabetes in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Tolerance

To evaluate the clinical significance of proinsulin determination, we measured glucose, insulin, C-peptide and proinsulin during 75-g oral glucose loading in 59 patients. In a 2.5-year follow-up study of 37 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) at the initial test, 11 patients changed from IGT to a normal state and 5 patients showed worsening to overt Type 2 diabetes with elevation of fasting plasma glucose; 21 patients remained unchanged. Although our data showed that both fasting (IGT: p = 0.4523) and 120-min plasma glucose (IGT: p = 0.8168) values at the initial test were not significantly correlated with increased fasting plasma glucose levels in a 2.5-year follow-up study, subjects with a higher 120-min proinsulin response to glucose during the initial OGTT showed a significant correlation (IGT: p <0.0001) with increased fasting plasma glucose levels after follow-up period and developed Type 2 diabetes. The present findings suggest that the proinsulin response to glucose loading might be a useful indicator for predicting worsening to diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance.     

国际糖尿病联盟关于代谢综合征定义的全球共识

一、供临床使用的代谢综合征全球定义1.国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)的代谢综合征新定义:根据IDF新定义,必须具备以下条件才能将某一个体定义为患有代谢综合征:中心性肥胖(欧洲男性腰围≥94cm,欧洲女性≥80cm,其他人种有各自特定的数值)加上以下4个因素中的任意2项,(1)甘油三酯(TG)水平     

Abnormal Antioxidant Status in Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Non-insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus

A total of 105 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance were classified into two groups, 51 subjects with plasma glucose > 11.1 mmol l⁻¹ in one of the blood samplings during OGTT, but at 2 h being less than < 11.1 mmol l⁻¹ were classified as early hyperglycaemics. Fifty-four cases were classified as true IGT, with fasting plasma glucose < 7.8 mmol l⁻¹ and post plasma glucose level between 7.8 and 11.1 mmol l⁻¹. Age and sex matched groups of normals (healthy adults) and NIDDM cases without symptomatic secondary complications were also included in the study. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) product in plasma, erythrocyte, and erythrocyte cell membrane were found to be significantly elevated (p < 0.001) in IGT, early hyperglycaemia and diabetes mellitus while glycosylated haemoglobin was also higher. Antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase were significantly lower in red blood cells obtained from IGT and early hyperglycaemic groups. They were closer to the levels showed in NIDDM confirming that antioxidant deficiency is already present in subjects classified as impaired glucose tolerant. Among the antioxidant scavengers, reduced glutathione (GSH) and ascorbic acid are reduced by 15 % and 20 % in IGT and NIDDM, respectively. We conclude that antioxidant status is poor in both IGT and NIDDM, suggesting an overlap of frank diabetic state in those classified as IGT. It is possible that antioxidant therapy might retard progression from IGT to NIDDM.     

The Effect of Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Tolerance on Mortality in Malta

A random sample of the middle-aged population of Malta was studied in a diabetic survey in 1981. Among the 1537 survey responders, in 659 men and 878 women aged 40 years or more the prevalence of diabetes was 16 % in men and 18 % in women, and that of IGT 5 % in both sexes. By the end of 1985, 90 subjects (49 men: 41 women) had died. Mortality/1000 (95 % CI) was among subjects with normal, impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in the age group 40–59 years 12 (5–19), 25 (23–73), and 61 (17–148), and in the age group of more than 60 years, 102 (68–136), 148 (59–237), and 178 (122–234), respectively. Age standardized mortality/1000 was in men 51, 28, and 100, and in women 34, 33, and 72 in the three categories of glucose tolerance, respectively. Among diabetic subjects aged 40–64 years the risk of death was increased seven-fold as compared with normoglycaemic subjects. Among men there was an inverse association between body mass index and mortality in all categories of glucose tolerance. Among women, no clear trend between body mass index and mortality was found. The relative risk of death for subjects with diabetes adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index was 2.2 (odds ratio: 95 % CI 1.40 to 3.42) as compared with non-diabetic subjects. The age-adjusted survival curves for normoglycaemic subjects were similar for men and women. Among subjects with abnormal glucose tolerance the survival was slightly better in women than in men (p = 0.056). About half of the deaths were from cardiovascular disease and 7 % from diabetes mellitus.     

Statin Use,Diabetes Incidence and Overall Mortality in Normoglycemic and Impaired Fasting Glucose Patients

BACKGROUND

The association between the use of statins and the risk of diabetes and increased mortality within the same population has been a source of controversy, and may underestimate the value of statins for patients at risk.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to assess whether statin use increases the risk of developing diabetes or affects overall mortality among normoglycemic patients and patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG).

DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS

Observational cohort study of 13,508 normoglycemic patients (n?=?4460; 33 % taking statins) and 4563 IFG patients (n?=?1865; 41 % taking statin) among residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, with clinical data in the Mayo Clinic electronic medical record and at least one outpatient fasting glucose test between 1999 and 2004. Demographics, vital signs, tobacco use, laboratory results, medications and comorbidities were obtained by electronic search for the period 1999–2004. Results were analyzed by Cox proportional hazards models, and the risk of incident diabetes and mortality were analyzed by survival curves using the Kaplan–Meier method.

MAIN MEASURES

The main endpoints were new clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and total mortality.

KEY RESULTS

After a mean of 6 years of follow-up, statin use was found to be associated with an increased risk of incident diabetes in the normoglycemic (HR 1.19; 95 % CI, 1.05 to 1.35; p?=?0.007) and IFG groups (HR 1.24; 95%CI, 1.11 to 1.38; p?=?0.0001). At the same time, overall mortality decreased in both normoglycemic (HR 0.70; 95 % CI, 0.66 to 0.80; p?<?0.0001) and IFG patients (HR 0.77, 95 % CI, 0.64 to 0.91; p?=?0.0029) with statin use.

CONCLUSION

In general, recommendations for statin use should not be affected by concerns over an increased risk of developing diabetes, since the benefit of reduced mortality clearly outweighs this small (19–24 %) risk.

     

糖化血红蛋白联合空腹血糖检测筛查对糖尿病的临床价值

目的分析并研究糖化血红蛋白联合空腹血糖检测筛查对糖尿病的临床检验效果,为糖尿病的筛查提供指导和依据。方法于2014年4月—2014年8月期间依据纳入排除标准随机抽取200例,其中已确诊为糖尿病的患者数为40例,采用随机数字表法将160例分为两组,并同时将40例糖尿病患者分为两组,试验组采用的检验方式为糖化血红蛋白联合空腹血糖检验筛查,对照组采用的检验方式为空腹血糖检验方法,对两组的检验结果进行分析研究并比较。结果试验组在经过糖化血红蛋白联合空腹血糖检测后,确诊为糖尿病患者人数、疑似糖尿病患者人数、确诊未患糖尿病患者人数依次为20例、1例、79例;对照组依次为12例、16例、72例。试验组在经过糖化血红蛋白联合空腹血糖检测后,总有效率为100%,对照组总有效率为92%。结论对于糖尿病的筛查,糖化血红蛋白联合空腹血糖检测筛查方式相较于只对患者进行空腹血糖检测更为有效,效果更好。     

空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白检测在糖尿病诊断中的临床意义

目的探讨空腹血糖(FPG)和糖化血红蛋白(Hb ALc)检测在糖尿病诊断中的临床价值。方法选择2014年10月—2015年1月在该院诊断为空腹血糖受损者120例纳入试验组,选择同期在该院进行健康体检的健康人110例纳入对照组,两组性别、年龄等一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),两组均行FPG和Hb ALc检测,比较两组FPG和Hb ALc检测结果。结果试验组FPG、Hb ALc检测结果均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。以FPG≥7.0mmol/L为标准,试验组糖尿病确诊率为46.67%,以Hb ALc≥6.5%为标准,试验组糖尿病确诊率为88.33%,以FPG≥7.0 mmol/L、Hb ALc≥6.5%为标准,试验组糖尿病确诊率为98.33%,三种标准糖尿病确诊率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白联合检测可准确诊断糖尿病,具有较高的临床应用价值。