Obesity among pre-adolescent and adolescents of a developing country (India)

There are very few reports from the developing world on the prevalence of obesity among children even though in developed countries it has reached epidemic proportions. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of obesity in pre-adolescent and adolescent children in a developing country (India) using WHO guidelines for defining obesity and overweight. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 2008 school-children aged 9-15 years. Approximately half the subjects belonged to a school attended by children of well to do families while the rest belonged to two schools from middle and lower socio-economic background. Weight and height were taken for all children and the body mass index (BMI) calculated. Children whose BMI was >85th percentile for age and sex were defined as overweight. Triceps skin fold thickness (TSFT) was measured for all overweight children and those with TSFT >90th percentile for age and sex were defined as obese. The overall prevalence of obesity and overweight was 11.1% and 14.2% respectively. The prevalence of obesity as well as overweight was higher in boys as compared to girls (12.4% vs 9.9%, 15.7% vs 12.9%). Prevalence of obesity decreased significantly with age, from 18.5% at 9 years to 7.6% at 14 years, rising at 15 years to 12.1%. Significantly more children from higher socio-economic status were obese and overweight than those from lower socio-economic status groups. No significant gender difference for obesity prevalence was seen among children from a less privileged background, however, amongst children from affluent families, significantly more boys were obese as compared to girls. Pediatric obesity is an emerging problem in developing countries, especially among higher socio-economic status groups. Significant gender disparity is seen, with boys of affluent background having a higher prevalence.     

长沙市13～18岁青少年超重和肥胖流行现状

目的 了解长沙市12~18岁青少年的超重和肥胖的流行现状,认识青少年肥胖问题的严峻性,为制定控制肥胖的干预措施提供参考依据。方法 2009年9-12月期间采用整群抽样的方法随机抽取长沙市12所中学和12所高中,共纳入13～18岁中学生16 843名,并按照WHO的要求测量体重和身高。结果 本次研究的中学生共16 843名,超重人数1 703名,超重率为10.11%,肥胖人数838,肥胖率为4.98%,其中男女生超重率分别为952/8 149(11.68%)和751/8 694(8.64%),男女生肥胖率分别为578/8 149(7.09%)和260/8 694(2.99%)。不同性别儿童超重率和肥胖率差异均有统计学意义(χ²=42.89,149.73,P均<0.001)。随着年龄增长男生超重率呈现先增加后下降的趋势,肥胖率一直呈现增加的趋势。女生超重率随着年龄增长呈现增加趋势,肥胖率呈现先增加后降低的趋势。结论 长沙市13～18岁儿童青少年超重和肥胖率高,存在性别差异,应该动员家庭、幼儿园/学校、社区在内的所有相关群体采取综合干预措施,减少肥胖发生。     

The epidemiology of overweight and obesity among Australian children and adolescents, 1995-97

OBJECTIVES: To determine the population prevalence of overweight and obesity among Australian children and adolescents, based on measured body mass index (BMI). To determine if overweight and obesity are distributed differentially across the population of young Australians. METHODS: Data from three independent surveys were analysed. In each, height and weight were measured by trained surveyors using valid, comparable methods. BMI (kg/m2) was used as the index of adiposity and recently published international BMI cut-off values used to categorise each subject as non-overweight, overweight or obese. RESULTS: The population prevalence and distribution of overweight, obesity and overweight/obesity combined were generally consistent across datasets. The ranges of the prevalence of non-overweight, overweight, obesity and overweight/obesity combined were 79-81%, 14-16%, 5% and 19-21% (boys) respectively and 76-79%, 16-18%, 5-6% and 21-24% (girls). There were no consistent relationships between the prevalence of overweight/obesity and sex, age or SES. Their prevalence was up to 4% higher in urban than rural areas among boys, but there were no differences between urban and rural girls. The data suggest a higher prevalence of overweight/ obesity among students from European or Middle-Eastern cultural backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS: Some 19-23% of Australian children and adolescents are either overweight or obese. Although urban/rural, SES and cultural background differentials were noted, only the last warrants a targeted health promotion response. IMPLICATIONS: Overweight/obesity is a prevalent health risk factor among Australian children and adolescents. More information is needed to understand whether targeted approaches are required for specific ethnic groups in addition to broad, population-based approaches.     

Prevalence and covariates of obesity in Lebanon: findings from the first epidemiological study

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity and examine associated covariates in the Lebanese population. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of 2104 individuals, 3 years of age and older. Anthropometric measurements and dietary assessments were conducted following standard methods and techniques. Overweight and obesity (classes I to III) were defined according to internationally standardized criteria for classification of BMI. RESULTS: For children 3 to 19 years of age, prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were higher overall for boys than girls (22.5% vs. 16.1% and 7.5% vs. 3.2%, respectively). For adult men and women (age > or = 20 years), the prevalence of overweight was 57.7% and 49.4%, respectively. In contrast, obesity (BMI > or = 30 kg/m(2)) was higher overall among women (18.8%) than men (14.3%), a trend that became more evident with increasing obesity class. BMI, percentage of body fat, and waist circumference increased to middle age and declined thereafter. Whereas lack of exercise associated significantly with obesity among children, obesity in older adults was more prevalent among the least educated, nonsmokers, and those reporting a family history of obesity. DISCUSSION: The results from this national population-based study in Lebanon show high prevalence rates of overweight and obesity comparable with those observed in developed countries such as the United States. While further studies are needed to examine the underlying social and cultural factors associated with lifestyle and nutritional habits, now is the time to institute multicomponent interventions promoting physical activity and weight control nationwide.     

2013年中国不同省份儿童超重和肥胖现况

目的研究我国不同省份0~5岁儿童的超重和肥胖现况。方法数据来自中国2013年0~5岁儿童乳母营养健康监测,采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,研究对象为全国31个省、自治区、直辖市55个调查县区中的0~5岁儿童。儿童身高、体重的测量采用标准方法,通过问卷调查收集儿童基本信息。儿童超重和肥胖采用WHO 2006年、WHO 2007年的生长发育标准(参考)进行判断。所有分析使用2010年国家统计局的省级标准人口进行事后分层加权计算。结果2013年监测0~5岁儿童样本量为32861名,各省0~5岁儿童城乡合计的超重率在3.3%~16.1%之间,肥胖率在0.6%~9.7%之间。在只有城市调查点的省份,山东0~5岁儿童超重率最高(14.3%),海南最低(3.3%);山东儿童肥胖率最高(5.2%),海南最低(0.6%)。在只有农村调查点的省份,山西儿童超重率最高(16.1%),青海最低(3.3%);肥胖率为山西最高(9.7%),青海最低(0.7%)。兼具城乡调查点的省份,儿童超重率为河北最高(14.3%)、贵州最低(3.5%);肥胖率为河北最高(6.6%)、贵州最低(0.9%)。结论2013年中国东部、中部地区0~5岁儿童的超重率、肥胖率相对较高。     

2011年温州城乡九所中小学生超重肥胖患病状况调查

【目的】 调查温州城乡中小学生超重肥胖的患病状况。 【方法】 2011年5-8月随机抽取温州城区、城乡结合部及农村中小学共9所学校进行整群调查。记录学生的一般资料,同时测量身高体重两项发育指标,计算体质指数,按照2004年中国肥胖问题工作组(WGOC)推荐的诊断标准,评价温州市中小学生的超重及肥胖患病状况。 【结果】 共9 657名在校学生参与调查,其中男生5 114 名,女生4 543名,平均年龄(14.95±4.53)岁,被调查人群中超重占7.6%,肥胖占2.6%,男生超重和肥胖患病状况均显著高于女生(9.8% vs 5.2%,5.2% vs 1.2%,P值均<0.01),各年龄段中以7岁儿童肥胖及超重状况最为严重(27.15% vs 7.955%),城区及城乡结合部超重肥胖患病状况明显高于农村(P值均<0.01)。 【结论】 温州中小学校肥胖和超重总患病约为10%,男性,尤其是城区及城乡结合部男生超重肥胖患病情况最为严重,需要引起高度重视。     

成都市0～18岁儿童肥胖流行病学调查

[目的]研究成都市0～18岁儿童超重和肥胖的发病情况.[方法]以随机整群抽样的方法,抽取成都市3个城区16901名儿童测查身高、体重,以WHO标准同性别组身高的体重的超重和肥胖标准计算超重和肥胖的发病率.[结果]成都市0～18岁儿童超重总的发病率为12.5%(2019人),肥胖为5.2%(833人),超重的发病率远远高于肥胖的发病率.婴儿期超重发病率最高.男孩的肥胖发病率高于女孩.[结论]成都市儿童超重和肥胖的发病率较高,必须加强对儿童肥胖的防治.     

Disparities in Obesity and Overweight Prevalence Among US Immigrant Children and Adolescents by Generational Status

We examined the prevalence and socio-behavioral correlates of obesity and overweight among 46,707 immigrant and US-born children and adolescents aged 10–17 years. The 2003 National Survey of Children’s Health was used to estimate obesity and overweight prevalence among children in 12 immigrant groups, stratified by race/ethnicity and generational status. Logistic regression was used to examine immigrant differentials in the prevalence and odds of obesity and overweight. Obesity and overweight prevalence varied from a low of 6 and 18% for second-generation Asian immigrants to a high of 24 and 42% for native-born black children (US-born black children with US-born parents), respectively. After adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, perceived neighborhood safety, television viewing, computer use, and physical activity, first-generation immigrant children, overall, had 26% lower odds of obesity than native-born children. Obesity and overweight prevalence was lower for immigrant black and white children than their native-born counterparts, while obesity and overweight prevalence among Hispanic children did not vary significantly by generational status. Compared with native-born white children, the adjusted odds of obesity were 64% higher for native-born blacks, 55% higher for second-generation Hispanic immigrants, and 63% lower for first-generation Asian immigrants. Adjusted immigrant differentials in overweight risks were also marked. Socioeconomic, demographic, and behavioral factors accounted for 61 and 35% of ethnic-immigrant disparities in obesity and overweight prevalence, respectively. Immigrant patterns in childhood obesity and overweight vary substantially by ethnicity and generational status. To reduce disparities, obesity prevention programs must target at-risk children of both immigrant and US-born parents.     

中国6~17岁儿童青少年超重肥胖流行特征

目的 分析我国6~17岁儿童青少年超重肥胖流行情况,为制定肥胖防治策略提供科学依据。方法 利用"2010-2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测"中6~17岁儿童青少年调查资料,分析我国儿童青少年超重肥胖现状。6岁儿童采用WHO 2007年推荐的分年龄性别BMI超重肥胖判定标准判定超重肥胖,7~17岁儿童青少年采用《中国学龄儿童青少年超重和肥胖预防与控制指南》中的分年龄、性别的BMI超重肥胖判定标准进行判定。结果 6~17岁儿童青少年超重率和肥胖率分别为9.6%和6.4%,其中城市儿童青少年超重率和肥胖率分别为11.0%（男生：12.8%,女生：9.0%）和7.7%（男生：9.7%,女生：5.5%）,农村儿童青少年超重率和肥胖率分别为8.4%（男生：9.3%,女生：7.4%）和5.2%（男生：6.2%,女生：4.1%）。按家庭经济收入水平分,高、中和低家庭收入儿童青少年的超重率分别为12.3%、10.7%和8.2%,肥胖率分别为8.6%、7.2%和5.7%。结论 2012年,我国6~17岁儿童青少年超重肥胖表现为城市高于农村,男生高于女生;患病率与家庭经济收入水平有关。     

上海静安区学龄前儿童超重肥胖及高血压流行现状

目的 了解上海静安区学龄前儿童超重、肥胖及高血压的流行现状,为制定相关干预措施提供依据。方法 以参加2017年上海静安区幼儿园体检的3 608名3~7岁学龄前儿童为研究对象,按照世界卫生组织儿童生长发育标准和中国儿童青少年血压参考标准进行超重肥胖和高血压的调查,采用SPSS 24.0进行统计学分析。结果 上海市静安区3~7岁学龄前儿童超重和肥胖的总检出率分别为9.3%和9.2%,男童肥胖检出率高于女童,6~7岁儿童超重及肥胖检出率高于其余年龄组(P＜0.05),而超重检出率的性别差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。高血压的总检出率为1.5%,男童高于女童,肥胖儿童高血压检出率显著高于超重及非超重肥胖儿童(P＜0.001),而高血压检出率的年龄差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 上海市静安区学龄前儿童超重、肥胖检出率较高,相关慢性病的预防应早在学龄前期进行。     

北京市2004年2-18岁儿童青少年超重和肥胖流行现状

目的分析北京市2～18岁儿童青少年超重和肥胖检出率水平及分布特征.方法利用2004年北京市儿童代谢综合征调查总样本中21 198名2～18岁人群的体重指数数据,分别采用中国（WGOC标准）、美国疾病预防控制中心（CDC 2000标准）和国际肥胖工作组（IOTF标准）推荐的儿童青少年超重和肥胖体重指数分类标准计算超重和肥胖检出率.结果北京市2～18岁儿童青少年合并超重（包括肥胖）检出率、肥胖检出率分别是18.6%和8.1%（CDC 2000标准）,17.4%和5.1%（IOTF标准）;根据WGOC计算的7～18岁合并超重检出率和肥胖检出率是20.9%和8.9%.学龄儿童（6～18岁）的合并超重率高于学龄前儿童（19.8%：14.8%,CDC 2000标准）;学龄儿童中,男性高于女性（26.7%：16.5%,WGOC标准）,城市高于农村（27.0%：15.9%,WGOC标准）;学龄前儿童城乡间差异无统计学意义.结论北京市有1/5的儿童青少年超重或肥胖,居国内最高水平.儿童青少年肥胖已经成为北京市一个重要公共卫生问题,需要引起社会高度关注.     

张家口市卫华小学7~12岁儿童肥胖与血压及肺活量的相关分析

目的 了解张家口市卫华小学7~12岁儿童肥胖发生情况,分析儿童期肥胖与血压及肺活量的关系。 方法 于2012年9月通过整群抽样的方法,对张家口市卫华小学1 530名儿童进行体重、身高、血压、肺活量等相关指标进行测量。计算体质指数(body mass index,BMI),依据BMI值筛查超重、肥胖儿童,统计分析肥胖与血压水平及肺活量的关系。结果 受检人群总体超重检出率为13.01%,肥胖检出率为14.25%,其中男童、女童超重检出率分别为17.2%和8.31%,男童、女童肥胖检出率分别为14.23%和8.59%,男童超重、肥胖检出率均显著高于女童(P<0.01);超重和肥胖儿童的收缩压和舒张压水平均显著高于体重正常儿童(P<0.01),且超重、肥胖和体重正常儿童高血压检出率分别为10.55%、39.95%和4.85%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);当儿童BMI<30时,BMI与肺活量呈正相关,当BMI≥30时,BMI与肺活量呈负相关。 结论张家口市卫华小学儿童超重、肥胖流行趋势显著,男童更为突出;随着肥胖程度的增加,儿童的收缩压和舒张压水平呈现上升趋势,高血压检出率增加;当儿童BMI≥30时,肥胖已影响肺功能。提示儿童超重、肥胖使心、肺功能降低,预防和控制儿童肥胖刻不容缓。     

2015年山东省6~18岁儿童青少年超重肥胖流行现况

目的 分析山东省学龄期儿童青少年超重肥胖流行现况,为儿童青少年肥胖防治策略和措施的制定提供基础数据。方法 利用2015年山东省中小学生体检数据,共纳入9 583 576名6~18岁儿童青少年。利用国内外四种儿童青少年超重肥胖标准分析山东省学龄期儿童超重肥胖性别、年龄、城乡分布特征,并比较国内标准与国外标准间的一致程度。结果 基于中国肥胖问题工作组(中国标准)、国际肥胖问题工作组(IOTF标准)、美国疾病预防控制中心(CDC标准)和世界卫生组织(WHO标准)推荐的儿童青少年超重肥胖体重指数(BMI)筛查标准,山东省6~18岁儿童青少年总体超重检出率分别为17.5%、16.6%、13.9%和17.6%,肥胖检出率分别为13.1%、7.2%、11.4%、10.8%。男生超重肥胖检出率高于女生,城市高于农村。在6~11岁年龄组随年龄增长超重肥胖检出率呈平稳上升趋势,12~18岁年龄组呈迅速下降趋势。中国标准与其他三种国际标准之间一致性较好,加权Kappa值分别为0.82(中国标准vs.CDC标准)、0.70(中国标准vs.IOTF标准)和0.83(中国标准vs.WHO标准)。结论 儿童青少年肥胖已成为山东省重要的公共卫生问题,需引起全社会的重点关注。     

Overweight and obesity at school entry as predictor of overweight in adolescence in an Arctic child population

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyse the changes in the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and in mean body mass index (BMI) among school children, and to analyse the predictive value of overweight and obesity at school entry to overweight and obesity in adolescence in an Arctic child population. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study. A database was created on the basis of files from health examinations. Data on children aged 5-7 years and 13-17 years and the subsample of children followed from school entry to adolescence was analysed. RESULTS: During the years 1972-2002 the prevalence of overweight and obesity increased significantly, and mean BMI rose by 5.6% at school entry and by 4.7% in adolescence. Sensitivity and specificity: Of the children being obese in adolescence, 56.3% were already obese at school entry; for the overweight children, 50.6% were also overweight or obese at school entry. Of the children with normal weight in adolescence, 91.9% were also normal weight at school entry. The positive predictive value of being overweight or obese combined at school entry was 59.5%, i.e. more than every second retained their overweight or obesity in adolescence. Only 10% of the obese school entry children had gained normal weight in adolescence. The negative predictive value for normal weight children at school entry was 91.3%. CONCLUSION: The study showed that during 30 years from 1972, overweight and obesity among school children in Greenland have increased dramatically. Overweight and obesity at school entry were shown to be a good predictor of overweight or obesity in adolescence.     

深圳市学龄儿童BMI值分布及超重和肥胖状况

目的了解深圳市学龄儿童超重、肥胖状况及人体质量指数值分布情况,为学生营养健康教育提供依据。方法抽取深圳市2所小学7~12岁学龄儿童3 008名作为观察对象,以国际生命科学会中国肥胖问题工作组(WGOC)颁布的“中国学龄儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查体质量指数值分类标准”,对深圳市小学生超重、肥胖状况进行筛查。结果与WGOC采用P85和P95作为超重和肥胖筛查标准相比,深圳市学龄儿童BMI值P85和P95相对较高。以WGOC标准筛查,深圳市学龄男童超重和肥胖检出率分别为17.6%和12.3%,女童超重和肥胖检出率分别为8.1%和6.1%。结论采用WGOC标准能较准确地筛查学龄儿童超重和肥胖。深圳市学龄儿童肥胖检出率较高。     

Association between overweight or obesity and household income and parental body mass index in Australian youth: analysis of the Australian National Nutrition Survey, 1995

This study is a secondary data analysis based on the 1995 Australian National Nutrition Survey (NNS). A random subsample of 1581 school children aged 7-15 years old from the NNS was studied. The results show the prevalence of overweight, obesity and combined overweight and obesity was 10.6-20.9%, 3.7-7.2% and 15.6-25.7%, respectively. The odds ratio of overweight or obese boys with highest household income was significantly smaller than those with the lowest household income. The proportion of combined overweight and obesity in children whose parents were overweight or obese was significantly greater compared with those whose parents were not. The trend of increasing prevalence of overweight or obesity among children with increasing parental body mass index (BMI) was significant after adjusting for age except the trend of father's BMI for boys. This study provided baseline data on the recent prevalence of overweight or obesity of Australian school children using new international absolute BMI cut-off points. It indicated that young school girls (7-9 years) were more likely to be overweight or obese compared with boys, the prevalence rates of overweight or obesity in older boys (13-15 year) was significantly greater than in other age groups while in girls it was the opposite. The boys with lowest household income ($0-17 500) were more likely to be overweight or obese compared with those with the highest household income (greater than $67 500). Having parents especially mothers who were overweight or obese may increase the risk of children being overweight or obese.     

西安市0~7岁儿童17年间超重/肥胖的流行趋势分析

目的 了解西安市17年间儿童超重/肥胖的变化情况,为制定有效的干预措施提供理论依据。方法 按照整群随机抽样方式,兼顾全市地理分布及经济状况,抽取了莲湖、未央和临潼3个区的0~7岁儿童10 374人,男5 498人,女4 876人。以WHO 2007身高别体重肥胖标准作为诊断超重和肥胖的指标,筛查出超重/肥胖儿童,并与1996年同年龄段儿童超重/肥胖率进行比较。对3岁及以上超重/肥胖儿童发放自行设计的0~7岁儿童饮食行为调查问卷。结果 1)2013年0~7岁儿童的超重率为16.87%,肥胖率为8.18%。2)2013年0～7岁男、女童超重率较1996年增加了约2倍,差异有高度统计学意义(χ²=413.611,401.898,P<0.001)。2013年0～7岁儿童不同年龄段肥胖率的均显著高于1996年。3)超重/肥胖儿童食欲好,进食速度快,喜食甜饮料与肉食。结论 17年间西安市城区0~7岁儿童超重/肥胖显著增高,培养儿童良好的饮食行为习惯,制定儿童超重/肥胖的干预措施势在必行。     

基于微信平台的华东地区0~5岁儿童超重及肥胖的调查分析

目的 了解华东地区儿童超重及肥胖的分布特点,探讨基于微信平台收集数据的优缺点,为今后进行调查和制定有效的干预措施提供理论依据。方法 0~5岁儿童家长通过微信平台在线填写,19 793名儿童纳入分析,其中男童11 770例,女童8 023名,以2007年世界卫生组织推荐的身高标准体重值作为诊断超重和肥胖的指标。将本次调查儿童的超重和肥胖率与2006年中国九市超重和肥胖检出率进行比较。结果 本研究华东地区0~5岁儿童超重和肥胖检出率分别为10.1%和4.2%,男童肥胖的总检出率高于女童(χ²=14.965,P＜0.001),尤其0~1岁和2~3岁男童肥胖的检出率均高于女童(χ²=9.528和14.066,P值均<0.001),华东地区各年龄段儿童超重和肥胖的检出率均高于2006年中国九市水平。结论 华东地区0~5岁儿童超重和肥胖检出率较高,使用移动平台进行人群调查研究更快捷和简便。     

北京市房山区中小学生视屏时间与超重肥胖的关系

了解1周、上学日、周六周日视屏时间与儿童青少年超重肥胖的关系,为改善中小学生超重肥胖现状提供参考.方法 对北京市房山区中小学校按照分层整群抽样的方式分别抽取城市中学、城市小学、乡村中学、乡村小学各4所学校,对抽中学校的学生共2 670名进行身高、体重等体格测量并连续记录1周运动行为日记.分析不同时段视屏时间与中小学生超重肥胖的关系.结果 北京市中小学生超重肥胖率为32.28%,上学日视屏时间超过3h的学生仅占2.13%,但周六周日视屏时间超过3h的学生升至16.10%.在控制混杂因素后,1周日均视屏时间>2~3 h组与>3 h组的学生发生超重肥胖的风险分别是≤2 h组的1.388和1.590倍,上学日日均视屏时间>2~3 h组与>3 h组的学生发生超重肥胖的风险分别是≤2 h组的1.553和1.775倍.未发现周六周日不同视屏时间组学生超重肥胖风险不同.结论 1周日均与上学日日均视屏时间>2h是儿童青少年超重肥胖的危险因素.应关注学生在上学日和周六周日的视屏时间.     

北京市城区3～6岁儿童单纯性肥胖症近10年的流行趋势分析

【目的】了解北京市3～6岁儿童单纯性肥胖症的现状及变化情况,为制定干预措施提供科学依据。【方法】在北京市选择与1996年基本相同的城区和幼园所,并采用同样的方法,先初筛后,测量儿童的体重和身高值,根据WHO推荐的身高标准体重值进行诊断及分度,共调查7037名儿童。【结果】1996～2006年3～6岁儿童肥胖增长率为41.6%,以4～5、6～7岁增加明显,分别增长94.3%和112.3%,肥胖度的构成2006年比1996年轻度肥胖增多,中度肥胖减少,肥胖-超重比为2.04。男童增长率明显高于女童。【结论】3～6岁儿童单纯性肥胖症的流行形势严峻,其防治仍是今后工作的重点,应加强肥胖的健康教育。