重建后交叉韧带股骨侧“锐角效应”的相关研究

背景:重建后交叉韧带术后的股骨侧"锐角效应"可造成韧带移植物磨损,目前尚无有效的解决方法。目的:通过动物模型试验研究骨道技术减小重建后交叉韧带术后股骨侧"锐角效应"的可行性及其生物力学特性,以进一步指导临床研究。方法:采用猪屈趾肌腱重建后交叉韧带,分别建立与股骨髁间窝侧壁夹角为80°、90°、100°骨道组,均未行骨道边缘打磨处理,测量并计算压强值,用以表示磨损作用大小;之后建立压强值最小组的对照组,采用相同夹角大小,并行骨道打磨处理。不同夹角组之间和同夹角不同处理组之间进行压强值比较,评估骨道技术对韧带磨损情况的减小作用。结果:与股骨髁间窝侧壁呈100°夹角,且进行边缘打磨处理的骨道的压强值最小。结论:应用骨道技术可有效减小重建后交叉韧带股骨侧的"锐角效应"。     

后交叉韧带重建中不同角度胫骨隧道的生物力学研究

目的评价后交叉韧带重建中不同角度胫骨隧道对移植物生物力学性能的影响。方法应用18具人体跟腱作为移植物重建后交叉韧带,分别建立与胫骨平台呈30°、40°、50°3组不同夹角的胫骨隧道,在胫骨隧道出口边缘与移植物之间放置压敏片计算压强值及试验前后隧道出口面积变化来评估磨损作用的大小、"锐角效应"的影响以及移植物循环载荷能力。结果胫骨隧道与胫骨平台夹角50°时压强最小、隧道出口面积扩大最小。夹角减小压强增大、隧道出口面积的扩大增大,"锐角效应"增加,导致循环载荷能力下降。结论增加胫骨隧道与胫骨平台的夹角,可以降低隧道出口处的压强,减少移植物磨损,增加疲劳力学性能。     

后交叉韧带重建中股骨侧复合固定技术的生物力学研究

目的探讨股骨侧＂锐角效应＂及复合固定技术对后交叉韧带重建术后移植物的影响。方法50例猪膝关节,随机分为5组,以猪的屈趾肌腱作为移植重建后交叉韧带。移植物固定方法分别采用：EndoButton、可吸收界面螺钉（螺钉分别固定在移植物前上方及后下方）、复合固定（EndoButton联合小号界面螺钉）且螺钉固定在移植物后下方。在移植物与骨道边缘之间放置压敏片,并对其施以352N的负荷作用来测定其与骨道边缘之间压强。然后再对各移植物施以屈服负荷,记录各组压强值及屈服负荷。结果各组间的压强值以及屈服负荷间的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。其中,复合固定组压强值（3.28±0.22）Mpa低于其他各组,但是屈服负荷（470±55）N大于其他各组。并且,螺钉固定在后下方压强值（3.22±0.13）Mpa明显小于前上方固定（3.49±0.27）Mpa。结论应用复合固定技术重建后交叉韧带,可以减小＂锐角效应＂,并且复合固定技术固定强度大于单纯皮质外固定及单纯界面螺钉固定。     

三入路技术对前交叉韧带重建术骨道、移植物等的影响

目的探究关节镜下前交叉韧带重建术双入路技术(膝关节前内、前外入路)和三入路技术(膝关节前内上、前内下和前外入路)对骨道长度、移植物角度等的影响。方法对2017年10月至2018年7月在郑州市骨科医院运动医学科进行关节镜下前交叉韧带重建的患者进行随访,常规双入路组患者9例,男6例,女3例;年龄21～47岁,平均(31.33±7.47)岁;左膝5例,右膝4例。三入路组患者9例,男6例,女3例;年龄19～37岁,平均(24.78±6.61)岁;左膝4例,右膝5例。记录手术时间,测量前交叉韧带重建术后患者股骨骨道、胫骨骨道的长度以及重建后的韧带与股骨骨道的夹角,并进行统计学分析。结果三入路组与双入路组相比在年龄、左右侧别上差异无统计学意义。三入路组手术时间为(88.33±22.22)min,双入路组手术时间为(77.22±34.92)min,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);三入路组股骨骨道长度(35.56±5.24)mm,双入路组股骨骨道长度(35.87±6.59)mm,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);三入路组胫骨骨道长度(39.25±2.63)mm,双入路组胫骨骨道长度(33.36±3.50)mm,三入路组胫骨骨道长度明显长于双入路组(P0.05);三入路组重建后韧带与股骨骨道的夹角为(150.57±8.16)°,双入路组重建后韧带与股骨骨道夹角为(153.10±6.49)°,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论三入路组与常规双入路组相比在手术时间、股骨骨道长度、重建后韧带与股骨骨道夹角上并没有明显差异,但三入路组胫骨骨道长度明显长于双入路组胫骨骨道长度,且操作更为便捷,视野更为清晰,关节腔残留碎屑更少,同时可在镜下明确看到翻袢,降低了移植物固定失效风险。因此,在前交叉韧带重建术中更建议采用三入路技术。     

肌腱-骨块自体复合移植物嵌压固定法重建前交叉韧带的实验研究

[目的]研究肌腱-骨块自体移植物嵌压固定法重建前交叉韧带的组织形态学转归.[方法]以8只山羊膝关节为实验模型,用阶梯状联合钻1次成形建立股骨隧道呈倒置瓶颈状,以髌腱-胫骨结节骨块为移植物,在股骨隧道内行嵌压固定;在胫骨端骨桥打结固定.术后4、8、12和16周取材,分别进行放射学、大体形态和组织切片检查,观察隧道宽度变化及移植物的组织学转归.[结果]术后各时间点放射检查未见隧道扩大;HE染色检查显示12周后有明显的腱-骨连接形成,移植骨块与隧道形成骨性愈合.[结论]嵌压固定法重建前交叉韧带有利于移植物的愈合.     

移植物不同固定方式对自体腘绳肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带术后股骨骨道影响的对比研究

[目的]探讨自体腘绳肌腱重建膝前交叉韧带,移植物不同固定方式对术后股骨隧道的影响,与临床疗效关系。[方法]88例前交叉韧带损伤病例行关节镜下自体半腱肌、股薄肌腱重建前交叉韧带,根据移植物股骨侧固定方式不同,分为三组。A组26例,采用Endobutton固定;B组22例,采用可吸收挤压螺钉固定;C组40例,采用Rigidfix固定。术后平均随访16.5个月,进行MRI检查,测量矢状位骨道开口、开口1 cm、骨道最宽处三点骨道直径,以术后1周对应部位骨道直径为衡量标准,对其差值进行统计学分析。采用Lysholm评分评估各组临床疗效。[结果]3组病例前交叉韧带术后骨道直径均有不同程度增宽。在股骨侧骨道最宽处、开口1 cm处,3组测量结果两两对比有统计学差异(P0.05),B组增宽明显,C组骨道增宽最小;在股骨骨道开口处,C组骨道增宽程度最小(P0.05),A、B组无对比差异(P0.05)。A、C组股骨骨道形态呈线形;B组股骨骨道形态呈锥形。所有病例关节稳定性良好,无1例出现不稳。术后Lysholm评分,A组(94.4±2.9)分,B组(93.4±3.6)分,C组(96.3±2.7)分,三组间比较无显著差异(P0.05)。[结论]移植物固定方式影响前交叉韧带术后骨道扩大,是骨道扩大发生的重要因素;固定方式、骨道扩大程度与术后临床疗效无相关性。     

前交叉韧带撞击综合征的关节镜下诊断和治疗

[目的]探讨膝关节前交叉韧带撞击综合征的发生机制、病理改变及关节镜下诊断与治疗.[方法]自2005年1月-2007年7月通过关节镜下诊断和治疗膝关节前交叉韧带撞击综合征28例,术前患者临床表现以膝关节伸直受限和膝前痛为主.关节镜下检查并确认引起前交叉韧带撞击原因:股骨髁间窝狭窄或骨赘形成19例,陈旧性胫骨髁间嵴骨折导致交叉韧带止点抬高4例,前交叉韧带囊肿3例,前交叉韧带重建术前交叉韧带止点选择不当2例.根据关节镜下检查结果选择相应的手术方式:股骨髁间窝成形术;股骨髁间窝成形+胫骨髁间嵴骨赘切除术;关节清理+交叉韧带囊肿切除术;交叉韧带胫骨止点复位重建内固定术.[结果]所有病例均获得随访,时间6～34个月,平均15个月,优19例,良4例,可4例,差1例,优良率82.1%.[结论]前交叉韧带撞击综合征是引起膝关节渐进性伸直受限和膝前痛的一个重要原因.关节镜的检查和镜下手术对其诊断和治疗有着极高价值.     

关节镜下运用LARS人工韧带重建膝前交叉韧带

[目的]探讨在关节镜下运用"LARS人工韧带"重建膝前交叉韧带的手术方法和临床疗效.[方法]2006年6月起运用法国LARS膝关节前交叉韧带治疗急性前交叉韧带断裂15例,男11例,女4例,年龄22～51岁(平均26.8岁).所有患者术前Arto-scan均提示前交叉韧带连续信号中断,膝关节Lysholm评分平均50分.治疗在关节镜F完成,股骨隧道口定位在外髁内侧面140°弓形弧的中心点,胫骨隧道口定位在平台内外侧髁问嵴之间、髁间窝顶线后2～4 mm.骨隧道直径为7.5 mm、LARs韧带直径为8 mm、空心挤压螺钉直径为8 mm.[结果]经平均18个月随访,术后Lysholm评分平均90分,优8例,良5例,可2例,近期优良率为86.6%.本组无术后感染、无韧带自发断裂、无韧带松动并发症.[结论]运用"LARS人工韧带"重建膝前交叉韧带可达到解剖重建,可有效恢复膝关节稳定性;关节镜下手术拥有创伤小、康复快、疗效好等微创特点.     

关节镜下经髁间窝入路保留残留PCL纤维和板股韧带重建PCL

目的探讨关节镜下经髁间窝入路保留残留后交叉韧带(PCL)纤维和板股韧带重建PCL的临床效果。方法回顾性分析自2012-04—2014-10诊治的18例PCL损伤,在关节镜下单纯经髁间窝入路保留残留PCL纤维和板股韧带重建PCL。股骨隧道经前外侧入路建立并定位于距股骨髁间线软骨面约1.2 cm、距远点关节软骨面约0.8 cm处,胫骨隧道定位于胫骨后缘下1.0~1.5 cm处。移植物穿过骨隧道后股骨端用Endobutton悬吊固定,胫骨端用Bio-Intrafix及Staple门形钉固定。结果本组手术时间45~92(64.16±13.15)min。术后切口均一期愈合,X线及CT片显示骨隧道形态良好,内固定位置满意。18例均获得随访,随访时间12~18(15.66±2.06)个月。术前膝关节功能Lysholm评分19~46(31.56±8.82)分,术后12个月87~97(92.55±3.42)分;术后12个月膝关节功能Lysholm评分较术前明显提高,差异有统计学意义(t=45.450,P0.001)。结论关节镜下经髁间窝入路保留PCL残留纤维及板股韧带重建PCL操作简单且安全,可获得良好的手术视野,重建韧带的止点定位准确,术后短期效果良好。     

前交叉韧带解剖重建股骨隧道的应用解剖学研究

目的:测量膝关节前交叉韧带解剖重建股骨隧道的解剖学数据,为临床前交叉韧带解剖重建提供解剖学基础。方法:采用30例成人尸体膝部标本。屈膝120°关节镜下经前内辅助入路(AMP)解剖重建前交叉韧带股骨隧道,并用克氏针标记。去除标本的软组织,正中劈开股骨髁。测量股骨隧道长度;测量隧道内口至股骨后髁皮质边缘的距离与股骨髁间窝顶的垂直距离,记录隧道内口分位点位于髁间窝的钟点位置;测量隧道外口与股骨外髁的相对位置。结果:股骨隧道长度平均(36.35±3.14)mm(30.65~42.35 mm);隧道内口至股骨后髁皮质边缘的距离(17.84±3.35)mm(14.02~23.49 mm),至股骨髁间窝顶的垂直距离(14.05±2.32)mm(9.17~20.08 mm)。根据表盘法,隧道内口位于左膝02∶30±00∶10(01∶50~02∶50),右膝09∶30±0∶15(08∶30~10∶40);股骨隧道外口位于股骨外上髁近端(3.16±2.51)mm(1.61~6.30 mm),后方(4.25±2.16)mm(1.73~8.52 mm)。结论:本研究揭示了前交叉韧带解剖重建股骨隧道的解剖学特点,为临床应用提供了解剖学基础。     

胫骨骨道定位对前交叉韧带单束重建的影响

[目的]探讨胫骨骨隧道定位对前交叉韧带单束重建术后临床疗效的影响.[方法]将60例前交叉韧带断裂患者随机分为对照组和观察组.对照组胫骨骨隧道内口采用外侧半月板游离缘的切线与前后髁间突连线的交点定位;观察组选择原前内侧束和后外侧束中间位置定位.术后矢状位MRI测量胫骨骨道位置、胫骨纵向位移、后交叉韧带指数、膝关节功能评分进行分析评价.[结果]对照组和观察组胫骨骨道分别位于胫骨平台全长的前(38.67±4.23)％和(34.21±2.46)％.胫骨纵向位移为(11.14±2.64)mm和(14.34±2.23)mm,上倾角为(56.2±4.3)°和(44.6±5.2)°,后交叉韧带指数为(3.97±0.45)和(4.78±0.78);两组比较差异均有统计学意义(t检验,P＜0.05).术后1年,对照组与观察组IKDC膝关节主观评分分别为(79.63±4.67)分和(89.76±5.21)分;Lysholm评分分别为(85.61±4.92)分和(92.54±3.22)分,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t检验,P＜0.05).[结论]前交叉韧带单束重建能使患者的关节稳定性与功能均得到显著改善.膝关节MRI测量可较客观、准确地反映胫骨的骨道定位情况.理想的胫骨骨道在矢状位MRI上位于胫骨平台的前(34.21±2.46)％.     

Biomechanical comparison of tibial inlay and tibial tunnel techniques for reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament. Analysis of graft forces

BACKGROUND: The tibial inlay technique of reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament offers potential advantages over the conventional transtibial tunnel technique, particularly with regard to the graft force levels that develop over a functional range of knee flexion. Abnormally high graft forces generated during rehabilitation activities could lead to stretch-out of the graft during the critical early healing period. The purpose of this study was to compare graft forces between these two techniques and with forces in the native posterior cruciate ligament. METHODS: A load cell was installed at the femoral origin of the posterior cruciate ligament in twelve fresh-frozen cadaveric knees to measure resultant forces in the ligament during a series of knee loading tests. The posterior cruciate ligament was then excised, and the femoral ends of 10-mm-wide bone-patellar tendon-bone grafts were attached to the load cell to measure resultant forces in the grafts. For the tunnel reconstruction, the distal bone block of the graft was placed into a tibial tunnel and thin stainless-steel cables interwoven into the bone block were gripped in a split clamp attached to the anterior tibial cortex. With the inlay technique, the distal bone block was fixed in a tibial trough with use of a cortical bone screw with a washer and nut. The proximal ends of all grafts were pretensioned to a level of force that restored intact knee laxity at 90 degrees of flexion, and loading tests were repeated. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in mean graft forces between the two techniques under tibial loads consisting of 100 N of posterior tibial force, 5 N-m of varus and valgus moment, and 5 N-m of internal and external tibial torque. Mean graft forces with the tibial tunnel technique were approximately 10 to 20 N higher than those with the inlay technique with passive knee flexion beyond 95 degrees. Mean graft forces with both reconstruction techniques were significantly higher than forces in the native posterior cruciate ligament with the knee flexed beyond approximately 90 degrees for all but one mode of loading. CONCLUSIONS: In this cadaveric testing model, neither technique for reconstruction of the posterior cruciate ligament had a substantial advantage over the other with respect to generation of graft forces.     

Arthroscopic-assisted posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using patellar tendon autograft: a technique for graft passage

During arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction, passage of the graft into the knee joint may be difficult, especially when using the patellar tendon. Because of the angle of passage, the bone block ends may become entangled or caught on the superior edge of the posterior tibial tunnel when passing the graft from the tibia to the femur. The use of a blunt trocar through the posteromedial portal avoids impingement of the bone block against the edge of the tibial tunnel. This method uses the pulley principle and permits the graft to pass freely into the knee. This method has been used successfully by the authors in more than 40 PCL arthroscopic reconstructions.     

Measurement of anterior cruciate ligament angles in single-bundle reconstruction using the anteromedial portal

The purpose of this study was to measure the graft angles of reconstructed anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) with anteromedial (AM) portal technique in single-bundle reconstruction. Between October 2007 and October 2009, a total of 53 consecutive patients receiving arthroscopic ACL reconstruction with AM portal technique were enrolled in this cohort study. The placement of ACL femoral tunnel was within the femoral footprint of ACL. All the patients underwent postoperative computed tomography scan, magnetic resonance imaging, and radiological examinations, as well as clinical evaluations. Both knees of these patients were measured to compare the ACL angles. The mean sagittal ACL angle in operated knees was 52.88°±2.78°, compared with 51.89°±1.95° in the contralateral knees (P>.05). The mean ACL-Blumensaat line angle was 4.96°±0.77° in operated knees and 4.49°±0.83° in contralateral knees (P>.05). The computed tomography value (32.8%±5.6%) was also close to the position of the native femoral tunnel. Drilling the femoral tunnel through the AM portal can place the entry point of femoral tunnel precisely in the footprint, resembling the orientation of a native ACL.     

改良全关节镜下胫骨Inlay技术重建后十字韧带的实验研究

目的 探讨采用改良全关节镜下胫骨Inlay技术重建膝关节后十字韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)手术方法的特点及优势.方法 设计专门的胫骨隧道形态及配套的胫骨钻头,设计移植物的形态和固定方法.在5具成人膝关节标本上模拟操作,年龄25～65岁;左膝2例,右膝3例.设计出全关节镜下胫骨Inlay技术重建PCL的手术操作流程(包括建立胫骨隧道的方法,移植物的引入等).操作完成后切开实验标本,进行二次观察,观察胫骨隧道内口的形态和位置是否达到设计的要求.通过对30张正常MRI片进行测量,确定胫骨隧道的角度,明确术中PCL定位器的角度.结果 胫骨隧道内口设计成14 mm×7 mm×15 mm的圆锥状,外口为直径7 mm的圆柱状,配套的胫骨钻头设计成分体式,钻头在体外装配.胫骨平台后缘斜坡与水平成36°～47°,定位器角度设定为50°.移植物使用异体跟腱,移植物骨块设计成圆锥状,与胫骨隧道内口相匹配,移植物胫骨隧道外口使用纽扣钢板固定.5例标本手术均获得成功,切开行二次检查结果显示,其中4例移植物和胫骨隧道匹配,另1例隧道外口直径偏小,移植物无法完全嵌入.结论 改良全关节镜下胫骨Inlay技术重建膝关节PCL手术具有操作简单、准确、快速、固定牢靠的特点.

Abstract：

Objective To improve the arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction using tibial Inlay technique. Methods The special arthroscopic device and related fixation technique were designed. Five cadaveric knees were used to simulate the process of arthroscopic posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using tibial Inlay technique. The knees were cut open to observe whether the outlet of the tibial tunnel shape and location met the design requirements. Thirty normal MRI films were measured to identify tunnel angle and localizer angle. Results The inner outlet of tunnel was conical shape(14 mm×7 mm×15 mm) and the outer outlet was cylinder-shaped (a diameter of 7 mm). The tibial drill was designed into a split structure and could be assembled in vitro. According to the data obtained from MRI films, the angle between the plane of posterior cruciate ligament and horizontal place was 36°-47°, and the localizer was fixed at 50°.The achilles tendon was used as implant and the allogft bones were designed into conical shape to fit the inner outlet of tunnel. The other end of implant to the proximal tibia was fixed with button plate. All reconstruction operations were performed under arthroscopy. The outcomes of procedure were satisfactory. There were no vascular or peripheral nerve injuries in the cadaveric knees The tunnel position was accurate and the shape of tunnel had met the design requirements. Conclusion Our results imply that improved arthroscopic of posterior cruciate ligament using tibial Inlay technique is simple, accurate, rapid and stable fixation.     

关节镜下保留残存纤维结合七股自体腘绳肌腱单束重建后交叉韧带

目的研究膝关节镜下保留残存后交叉韧带(PCL)纤维结合7股自体腘绳肌腱单束重建PCL的临床效果。方法对13例PCL损伤,采用胫骨隧道技术结合7股自体腘绳肌腱进行单束重建,术中保留残存PCL纤维,移植物使用悬吊式固定,手术前后采用Lysholm膝关节功能评价表和Tegner下肢运动能力评价表进行评估,并了解患者膝关节的稳定性、活动度。结果所有患者随访12～36个月,术前和术后12个月Lysholm评分分别为(50.20±8.32)分和(87.23±4.20)分(P<0.05),Tegner评分分别为(2.03±0.33)分和(4.11±0.13)分(P<0.05)。术后12个月后抽屉试验阴性7例,Ⅰ度阳性5例,Ⅱ度阳性1例,所有患膝运动能力均较术前有所改善。结论关节镜下采用经胫骨隧道技术保留残存纤维结合7股自体腘绳肌腱单束重建PCL是一种恢复膝关节稳定性和功能的可靠方法。     

Anatomic Double Bundle: A New Concept in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using the Quadriceps Tendon

Surgical procedures for double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, which currently use hamstring graft, have been described, but some concerns remain regarding graft fixation and the ability to obtain adequate bundle size. We report an original double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction technique using a quadriceps tendon graft and a simplified outside-in femoral tunnel–drilling process. The graft consists of a patellar bone block with its attached tendon split into superior and inferior portions, which yields 2 bundles. The anteromedial tunnel is drilled from the outside through a small lateral incision by use of a guide. The posterolateral tunnel is made through the same incision with a specific guide engaged in the anteromedial tunnel. A single tibial tunnel is created. The graft is routed from the tibia to the femur with the bone block in the tibial tunnel and the 2 bundles in their respective femoral tunnels. After fixation of the bone block in the tibia, the 2 bundles are tensioned and secured separately in their femoral tunnels.     

Effect of the angle of the femoral and tibial tunnels in the coronal plane and incremental excision of the posterior cruciate ligament on tension of an anterior cruciate ligament graft: an in vitro study

BACKGROUND: High tension in an anterior cruciate ligament graft adversely affects both the graft and the knee; however, it is unknown why high graft tension in flexion occurs in association with a posterior femoral tunnel. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of the angle of the femoral and tibial tunnels in the coronal plane and incremental excision of the posterior cruciate ligament on the tension of an anterior cruciate ligament graft during passive flexion. METHODS: Eight cadaveric knees were tested. The angle of the tibial tunnel was varied to 60 degrees, 70 degrees, and 80 degrees in the coronal plane with use of three interchangeable, low-friction bushings. The femoral tunnel, with a 1-mm-thick posterior wall, was drilled through the tibial tunnel bushing with use of the transtibial technique. After the graft had been tested in all three tibial bushings with one femoral tunnel, the femoral tunnel was filled with bone cement and the tunnel combinations were tested. Lastly, the graft was replaced in the 80 degrees femoral and tibial tunnels, and the tests were repeated with excision of the lateral edge of the posterior cruciate ligament in 2-mm increments. Graft tension, the flexion angle, and anteroposterior laxity were recorded in a six-degrees-of-freedom load-application system that passively moved the knee from 0 degrees to 120 degrees of flexion. RESULTS: The graft tension at 120 degrees of flexion was affected by the angle of the femoral tunnel and by incremental excision of the posterior cruciate ligament. The highest graft tension at 120 degrees of flexion was 169 +/- 9 N, which was detected with the graft in the 80 degrees femoral and 80 degrees tibial tunnels. The lowest graft tension at 120 degrees of flexion was 76 +/- 8 N, which was detected with the graft in the 60 degrees femoral and 60 degrees tibial tunnels. The graft tension of 76 N at 120 degrees of flexion with the graft in the 60 degrees femoral and 60 degrees tibial tunnels was closer to the tension in the intact anterior cruciate ligament. Excision of the lateral edge of the posterior cruciate ligament in 2 and 4-mm increments significantly lowered the graft tension at 120 degrees of flexion without changing the anteroposterior position of the tibia. CONCLUSIONS: Placing the femoral tunnel at 60 degrees in the coronal plane lowers graft tension in flexion. Our results suggest that high graft tension in flexion is caused by impingement of the graft against the posterior cruciate ligament, which results from placing the femoral tunnel medially at the apex of the notch in the coronal plane.     

前十字韧带重建中的移植物位置偏移

目的 计算可吸收界面螺钉导致的移植物偏离隧道位移,探讨其对前十字韧带重建产生的影响.方法 19个新鲜尸体膝关节标本,随机选取5个,采用7 mm、8 mm、9 mm界面螺钉固定自体肌腱,测定偏移距离.另外14个膝关节分为等长组和解剖组,等长组膝关节测量界面螺钉固定后及校正位置的移植物拉长距离;解剖组膝关节于膝关节生物力学测试仪上分别测定ACL完整组、ACL缺失组、偏移组和校正组在134 N前向负荷下膝关节屈曲0°、15°、30°、60°和90°位的胫骨前向位移.结果 (1)肌腱偏移:直径7mm、8 mm、9mm的界面螺钉分别使移植物偏移(2.36±0.11)mm、(2.72±0.06)mm、(3.00±0.06)mm.(2)等长性:初始拉长小于3 mm,偏移拉长大于3 mm,校正拉长小于3 mm.(3)生物力学:屈膝0°、15°位,ACL完整组与偏移组、校正组差异无统计学意义.屈膝30°、60°、90°位ACL完整组与其他各组比较差异均有统计学意义,屈膝30°、60°位偏移组与校正组比较差异有统计学意义.结论 无论等长重建还是解剖重建,界面螺钉均影响移植物的股骨隧道口位置.前十字韧带重建预先校正股骨隧道口位置,移植物基本会处于预先的理想位置.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the impact of graft position shift on anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction induced by femoral fixation of interference screw. Methods Nineteen fresh cadaveric knees were used and assigned to three groups. 1) Study of graft position shift: 5 knees were randomly selected, interference screws of 7 mm, 8 mm and 9 mm were used in autologous tendon fixation, then the graft position shift were measured. 2) Study of isometry: 7 knees were randomly divided into the isometric reconstruction group (D group). In the D group, Retrobutton, interference screw and interference screw in location-corrected bone tunnel were used respectively as fixation. The isometry of grafts was evaluated. 3) Study of tibia anterior translation: 7 knees were randomly divided into the anatomic reconstruction group (J group). In the J group,the tibia anterior translation was measured in four different conditions in the same joint: intact knee joint,knee joint without ACL, ACL anatomic reconstruction by interference screw fixation, and ACL anatomic reconstruction by interference screw fixation with corrected bone tunnel location. Results 1) With 7 mm, 8mm and 9 mm interference screw fixation, graft position shift were (2.36±0.11) mm, (2.72±0.06) mm and (3.00±0.06) mm respectively. 2) Graft length change: graft length change in Retrobutton group and corrected bone tunnel group were less than 3 mm, while graft length change in those fixed with interference screw were stretched in more than 3 mm. 3) Study of tibia anterior translation: there was no difference among the intact group, the anatomic group and the corrected group at 0° and 15°. However, the difference was found between the intact group and other groups at 30°、60° and 90° of flexion, as well as between these two reconstructed methods at 20° joint flexion (P＜0.05). Conclusion In both isometric and anatomic ACL reconstruction with interference screw, the graft is pushed tightly toward the femoral tunnel wall, which shifts the graft away from the desired position. In our study we find out that the corrected location of the femoral bone tunnel significantly improves the isometry of ACL reconstruction and anatomic reconstruction.