Biological activity of the essential oil of Kadsura longipedunculata (Schisandraceae) and its major components

Objectives The aim was to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of Kadsura longipedunculata and the biological activity of the oil and its major components. Methods The essential oil from stem bark of Kadsura longipedunculata was analysed by capillary gas chromatography (GLC/FID) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GLC/MS). The ability of the oil to reduce diphenylpicrylhydrazine (DPPH^?) was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity. Inhibition of both lipoxygenase and prostaglandin E₂ was used to assess the anti‐inflammatory activity. Antimicrobial activity was studied in vitro against a range of bacteria and fungi using diffusion and microdilution methods. Inhibition of trypanosome proliferation was assessed using resazurin as vital stain. The in‐vitro cytotoxicity of the essential oil on six human cancer cell lines (HepG2, MIA PaCa‐2, HeLa, HL‐60, MDA‐MB‐231 and SW‐480) was examined using the MTT assay. Key findings Fifty compounds, representing 97.63% of total oil, were identified. δ‐Cadinene (21.79%), camphene (7.27%), borneol (6.05%), cubenol (5.12%) and δ‐cadinol (5.11%) were found to be the major components of the oil. The oil exerted a good antimicrobial activity against all Gram‐positive bacteria tested, including methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecalis. Streptococcus pyogenes and S. agalactiae were the most sensitive bacteria with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 60 µg/ml oil. The essential oil showed a moderate fungicidal activity against yeasts, but it did not show any activity against Gram‐negative bacteria. The essential oil showed a good trypanocidal activity in Trypanosoma b. brucei with an IC50 value of 50.52 ± 0.029 µg/ml. Radical scavenging activity had an IC50 value of 3.06 ± 0.79 mg/ml. 5‐Lipoxygenase inhibition (IC50 = 38.58 µg/ml) and prostaglandin E₂ production inhibition (28.82% at 25 µg/ml) accounted for anti‐inflammatory activity of the oil. The oil exhibited some degree of cytotoxic activity against MIA PaCa‐2, HepG‐2 and SW‐480 cell lines with IC50 values of 133.53, 136.96 and 136.62 µg/ml, respectively. The oil increased caspase 3/7 activity (an indicator of apoptosis) 2.5–4 fold in MIA Paca‐2 cells. Camphene and borneol did not show antioxidant activity. However, both compounds exhibited some degree of antimicrobial, trypanocidal, anti‐inflammatory and cytotoxic activity. Conclusions This investigation provided evidence for, and confirmed the efficacy of, K. longipedunculata, a traditionally used Chinese medicinal plant for the treatment of inflammation and infection.     

Platinum and Palladium‐triazole Complexes as Highly Potential Antitumor Agents

The palladium complexes [(dppe)Pd(L)₂PdCl₂], [(dppe)Pd(L)₂PtCl₂], [(dppp)Pd(L)₂PdCl₂], [(dppm) Pd(L)₂NiCl₂], and [(dppm)Pd(L)₂SnCl₄] 15–19 were prepared. The antiproliferative activity of the newly synthesized complexes as well as their previously prepared analogues 3–14 and 20–26 were screened against a large panel of human cancer cell lines derived from haematological CD4⁺ human T‐cells containing an integrated HTLV‐1 genome (MT‐4). The complex 12a , b exhibited remarkable antiproliferative activity against MT‐4, CD4⁺ human acute T‐lymphoblastic leukemia (CCRF‐CEM), human splenic B‐lymphoblastoid cells (WIL‐2NS), human acute B‐lymphoblastic leukemia (CCRF‐SB), skin melanoma (SK‐MEL‐28), and prostate carcinoma (DU145) cell lines (CC₅₀ = 0.5 μM, 0.4 ± 0.05 μM, 0.6 ± 0.05 μM, 0.4 ± 0.1 μM, and 0.8 ± 0.2 μM, respectively), meanwhile, 9a , b , 14a , b , and 23 showed significant activity against the CCRF‐SB cell lines (CC₅₀ = 0.6 ± 0.06 μM, 0.7 ± 0.05 μM, 0.6 ± 0.05 μM, and 0.8 ± 0.15 μM, respectively). Further, 19 exhibited activity against the CCRF‐CEM cell line (CC₅₀ = 0.4 ± 0.05 μM).     

Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of the essential oil of Hofmeisteria schaffneri

Objectives The aims of this study were to establish the antimicrobial potential of Hofmeisteria schaffneri essential oil and its chemical composition. Methods The essential oils of Hofmeisteria schaffneri harvested at flowering (batches I and IV) and non‐flowering (batches II and III) seasons were prepared by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC and GC‐MS. The aqueous and organic (CH₂Cl₂‐MeOH 1 : 1) extracts were prepared by using infusion and maceration techniques, respectively. The in‐vitro antimicrobial activity of the preparations and compounds against Candida albicans and some bacteria (Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive) was assessed using the broth dilution method in 96‐microplate wells. Key findings Forty‐four compounds, representing ～90% of the total constituents, were identified in the essential oil of Hofmeisteria schaffneri collected in flowering (batches I and IV) and non‐flowering (batches II and III) seasons. In all cases, several thymol analogues were the major components of the oils (～65%); some small differences in the relative proportions of these constituents were observed. The infusion exhibited an antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, with a MIC value of 64 µg/ml in each case. The essential oil batches were active against Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC ranging from 48 to 192 µg/ml. They were, however, inactive against Gram‐negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi (MIC > 1024 µg/ml). On the other hand, the infusion of the plant as well as the oil from batch I displayed anti‐Candida albicans activity, with MIC of 128 and 192 µg/ml, respectively. Finally, the organic extract did not displayed significant activity against the tested microorganisms (MIC ≥ 1024 µg/ml). Some of the compounds isolated from the plant were also tested. Compounds 8 and 38, which were present in the essential oils, displayed the best antibacterial effect against Gram‐positive bacteria (MIC ranging between 32 and 64 µg/ml). Compounds 6 (present in the infusion) and 10 (present in all preparations) showed higher activity against the yeast (MIC = 128 µg/ml) than the remaining compounds, with MIC values ranging from 256 to 512 µg/ml. Conclusions The composition and antimicrobial activity of the oils changed slightly from flowering to non‐flowering seasons. The results of the present investigation provide in‐vitro scientific support for the use of the plant against skin infections in Mexican folk medicine.     

Inhibitory effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil and its main components on nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages

Objectives Zataria multiflora is an aromatic plant that is used in flavouring and preserving foods and also used as an antispasmodic, anaesthetic and antinociceptive agent. In this study, the effects of Z. multiflora essential oil on nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated macrophages was investigated. Methods Z. multiflora essential oil was extracted by water‐distillation, analysed by GC‐MS and then the effect of the essential oil on NO and H₂O₂ production was investigated. Key findings Carvacrol (52%), thymol (16%) and p‐cymene (10%) were the main components of the oil. The IC50 (concentration providing 50% inhibition) for reactive oxygen scavenging was estimated to be 5.7, 3 and 4.2 µg/ml for the essential oil, thymol and carvacrol, respectively, while the corresponding IC50 values for reactive nitrogen scavenging were estimated to be 8.6, 4.7 and 6.6 µg/ml. Z. multiflora essential oil, thymol, and carvacrol significantly reduced NO and H₂O₂ production as well as NO synthase and NADH oxidase activity in LPS‐stimulated murine macrophages while p‐cymene did not show any antioxidant activity. Conclusions Z. multiflora essential oil has the potential to be used in the therapy of oxidative damage.     

Synthesis and in vitro antiproliferative activity of novel (4-chloro- and 4-acyloxy-2-butynyl)thioquinolines

The series of new acetylenic thioquinolines containing propargyl, 4-chloro-2-butynyl, and 4-acyloxy-2-butynyl groups have been prepared and tested for antiproliferative activity in vitro against human [SW707 (colorectal adenocarcinoma), CCRF/CEM (leukemia), T47D (breast cancer)] and murine [P388 (leukemia), B16 (melanoma)] cancer lines. Most of the obtained compounds exhibited antiproliferative activity, especially compounds 8, 12, and 21 showed the ID₅₀ values ranging from 0.4 to 3.8 μg/ml comparable to that of cisplatin used as reference compounds.     

Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis properties of the oil of Amomum tsao-ko and its major component,geraniol

Context: Trichomonosis, caused by the flagellate protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis, is the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease (STD) and 5-nitroimidazole drugs are used for the treatment. However, a growing number of T. vaginalis isolates are resistant to these drugs, which make it becomes an urgent issue.

Objective: The current study was designed to evaluate the anti-T. vaginalis activity of the essential oil from A. tsao-ko used in traditional Chinese medicine and as a spice and its main component, geraniol.

Materials and methods: The anti-T. vaginalis activities of A. tsao-ko essential oil and geraniol were evaluated by the minimum lethal concentration (MLC) and 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) in vitro. The morphological changes of T. vaginalis were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, sub-MLC concentration treatment with sub-MLC A. tsao-ko essential oil and geraniol was also performed.

Results: This study shows that MLC/IC₅₀ of A. tsao-ko essential oil was 44.97?µg/ml/22.49?µg/ml for T. vaginalis isolate Tv1, and 89.93?µg/ml/44.97?µg/ml for T. vaginalis isolate Tv2. Those of geraniol were 342.96?µg/ml/171.48?µg/ml, respectively. After A. tsao-ko essential oil or geraniol treatment, obvious similar morphological changes of T. vaginalis were observed by TEM: the nuclear membrane was damaged, nuclei were dissolved, and the chromatin was accumulated; in the cytoplasm, numerous vacuoles appeared, rough endoplasmic reticulum dilated, the number of ribosomes were reduced, organelles disintegrated, the cell membrane was partially damaged, with cytoplasmic leakage, and cell disintegration was observed. The action time did not increase the effect of A. tsao-ko essential oil or geraniol against T. vaginalis, as no significant difference was observed after sub-MLC concentration treatment for 1, 3, and 5?h with A. tsao-ko essential oil and geraniol.

Discussion and conclusion: The study describes the first report on the activity and morphological changes of A. tsao-ko essential oil and geraniol against T. vaginalis. The results obtained herein presented new opportunities for antitrichomonal drugs.     

Synthesis,molecular docking,and pharmacological evaluation of N‐(2‐(3,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)benzoxazole‐5‐yl)benzamide derivatives as selective COX‐2 inhibitors and anti‐inflammatory agents

A series of N‐(2‐(3,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)benzoxazole‐5‐yl)benzamide derivatives ( 3am ) was synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory activity against COX‐1 and COX‐2. The compounds with considerable in vitro activity (IC₅₀ < 1 μM) were evaluated in vivo for their anti‐inflammatory potential by the carrageenan‐induced rat paw edema method. Out of 13 newly synthesized compounds, 3a , 3b , 3d , 3g , 3j , and 3k were found to be the most potent COX‐2 inhibitors in the in vitro enzymatic assay, with IC₅₀ values in the range of 0.06–0.71 μM. The in vivo anti‐inflammatory activity of these six compounds ( 3a , 3b , 3d , 3g , 3j , and 3k ) was assessed by the carrageenan‐induced rat paw edema method. Compounds 3d (84.09%), 3g (79.54%), and 3a (70.45%) demonstrated significant anti‐inflammatory activity compared to the standard drug ibuprofen (65.90%) and were also found to be safer than ibuprofen, by ulcerogenic studies. A docking study was done using the crystal structure of human COX‐2, to understand the binding mechanism of these inhibitors to the active site of COX‐2.

     

Antioxidant and antilisterial effect of seed essential oil and organic extracts from Zizyphus jujuba

Hydrodistilled volatile oil from the seeds of Zizyphus jujuba was analyzed by GC–MS. Twenty three compounds representing 91.59% of the total oil was identified. The oil and organic extracts revealed a great potential of antilisterial effect against all five strains of Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19111, 19116, 19118, 19166 and 15313. Also the oil had strong detrimental effect on the viable count of the tested bacteria. The samples were also subjected to screening for the antioxidant activity by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radicals scavenging activities assay. In the first case, the IC₅₀ value of the Z. jujuba essential oil was determined to be 5.21 ± 0.01 μg/ml. Among the extracts, the strongest activity was exhibited by the methanol extract with an IC₅₀ value of 20.44 ± 0.18 μg/ml. In the superoxide radicals scavenging activities assay, methanol extract was superior to all other extracts (IC₅₀ = 18.60 ± 0.3 μg/ml). Furthermore, the amount of total phenolic compounds was determined. The results indicate that the essential oil and extracts of Z. jujuba could serve as natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents for the food industry.     

Antioxidant and antidermatophytic activities of essential oil and extracts of Magnolia liliflora Desr.

This study was carried out to assess the antioxidant and antidermatophytic activities of the essential oil and extracts of Magnolia liliflora Desr. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The free radical scavenging activities of the oil and ethyl acetate extract were found to be superior (IC₅₀ values = 10.11 and 16.17 μg/ml, respectively) as compared to butylatedhydreoxyanisole (BHA), (IC₅₀ value = 18.27 μg/ml). Also the ethyl acetate extract revealed the highest phenolic contents (96.13 mg/g of dry wt) as compared to the other extracts. Further, the oil (1000 μg/disc) and extracts (1500 μg/disc) revealed 42.36–63.12% and 19.07–54.14% antidermatophytic effect, respectively along with their respective MIC values ranging from 62.5 to 500 and 250 to 2000 μg/ml against the members of Trichophyton and Microsporum spp. Also the oil had strong detrimental effect on spore germination of tested fungal pathogens as well as concentration and time dependent kinetic inhibition of Microsporum canis KCTC 6348. The results of this study justify a potential role of M. liliflora to serve as a natural antioxidant and antidermatophytic agent.     

Bioassay‐Guided Isolation and Structural Modification of the Anti‐TB Resorcinols from Ardisia gigantifolia

Tuberculosis (TB) is a highly contagious disease mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis H₃₇R_V. Antitubercular (anti‐TB) bioassay‐guided isolation of the CHCl₃ extract of the leaves and stems of the medicinal plant Ardisia gigantifolia led to the isolation of two anti‐TB 5‐alkylresorcinols, 5‐(8Z‐heptadecenyl) resorcinol ( 1 ) and 5‐(8Z‐pentadecenyl) resorcinol ( 2 ). We further synthesized 15 derivatives based on these two natural products. These compounds (natural and synthetic) were evaluated for their anti‐TB activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H₃₇R_V. Resorcinols 1 and 2 exhibited anti‐TB activity with MIC values at 34.4 and 79.2 μm in MABA assay, respectively, and 91.7 and 168.3 μm in LORA assay, respectively. Among these derivatives, compound 8 was found to show improved anti‐TB activity than its synthetic precursor ( 2 ) with MIC values at 42.0 μm in MABA assay and 100.2 μm in LORA assay. The active compounds should be regarded as new hits for further study as a novel class of anti‐TB agents. The distinct structure–activity correlations of the parent compound were elucidated based on these derivatives.     

Central nervous system effects of the essential oil of the leaves of Alpinia zerumbet in mice

Objectives Alpinia zerumbet, known in Brazil as colônia, is popularly used as a diuretic, antihypertensive, anti‐ulcerogenic and sedative. Based on this, we have investigated the central effects of the essential oil isolated from A. zerumbet leaves. Methods Mice were treated once with 50 or 100 mg/kg of the essential oil, intraperitoneally, 30 min before being submitted to behavioural models of: locomotor activity (open‐field), catalepsy, anxiety (elevated plus maze), depression (forced swimming test and tail suspension tests) as well as apomorphine‐induced stereotypy. Key findings Results showed a dose‐related decrease on locomotor activity and apomorphine‐induced stereotypy. There was a decrease to the order of 55% of the grooming behaviour with both doses studied. The essential oil 100 mg/kg increased cataleptic activity (167%) and the immobility time in the forced swimming and tail suspension tests. Pretreatment with haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) alone also decreased locomotion, increased cataleptic activity and immobility time in the tail suspension test. No alterations in the elevated plus maze test were registered. Conclusions The essential oil of A. zerumbet leaves had depressant and possible antipsychotic activity, since it could reverse the stereotypy induced by apomorphine, presenting effects comparable with those obtained with haloperidol treatment.     

Biological Evaluation of 2‐(4‐Amino‐Phenyl)‐3‐(3,5‐Dihydroxylphenyl) Propenoic Acid

Abstract: 2‐(4‐Aminophenyl)‐3‐(3,5‐dihydroxylphenyl) propenoic acid (CSN‐07001) is a new compound based on the combination of resveratrol and propenoic acid derivatives. In vitro cyclooxygenase (COX)/5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LOX) inhibition assays showed that the test compound exhibited a dual inhibitory activity against the COX (COX‐1 IC₅₀ = 2.20 μM, COX‐2 IC₅₀ = 1.76 μM) and 5‐LOX (IC₅₀ = 0.28 μM) enzymes. Further, the enhanced COX‐1/COX‐2/5‐LOX expression in lipopolysaccaride‐induced lung inflammation in mice was also suppressed by CSN‐07001 in a concentration‐dependent manner. In vivo studies showed that CSN‐07001 exhibited potent anti‐inflammatory and antinociceptive effects in different experimental models. We further examined the risk of gastric damage induced by CSN‐07001. The test compound was gastric‐sparing in that it elicited markedly fewer stomach lesions than indomethacin in rats. Taken together, our data indicate that CSN‐07001 exhibits a novel class of dual inhibitors of COX and 5‐LOX having therapeutic potential as non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory agents with an enhanced gastric safety profile.     

Chemical analysis and in vitro antiviral and antifungal activities of essential oils from Glechon spathulata and Glechon marifolia

Abstract

Context: Glechon spathulata Benth. and Glechon marifolia Benth. (Lamiaceae, Mentheae) are aromatic plants used in traditional medicine for the treatment of viral infections.

Objective: The chemical composition and antiviral and antifungal activities of Glechon spathulata and Glechon marifolia essential oils were investigated.

Materials and methods: The oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC–FID and GC–MS. Anti-herpes virus (HSV-1) activity was examined in Vero cells by yield reduction assay, in doses of 0.0095% v/v and 0.039% v/v, for G. spathulata and G. marifolia oil, respectively. Antifungal activity was carried by the broth microdilution method, in oil concentrations that ranged from 5.2 to 500?µg/mL.

Results: β-Caryophyllene (14.2% and 32.2% for G. spathulata and G. marifolia, respectively) and bicyclogermacrene (17.1% and 16.5%, respectively) were the major components of both oils. At noncytotoxic concentrations of the essential oils, the viral titer was reduced by up to 2 log₁₀ for KOS and VR-733 strains. The antifungal activity was observed against Trichophyton rubrum (MIC 10–83?µg/mL) and Epidermophyton floccosum (MIC 83–500?µg/mL). The oil of G. spathulata exhibited activity against the three strains tested (KOS, VR733, and 29-R), whereas G. marifolia oil was active against two strains, KOS and VR733.

Discussion and conclusion: The chemical composition for G. spathulata and G. marifolia essential oils is very similar. The oil of G. spathulata can be promising as a new antifungal agent against dermatophytes. The findings add important information to the biological activity of Glechon species essential oils, specifically its antiviral and antidermatophytic properties.     

Design,Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 1,5‐Diaryl‐1,2,4‐triazole Derivatives as Selective Cyclooxygenase‐2 Inhibitors

A series of 1,5‐diaryl‐1,2,4‐triazole derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitors. The results of the preliminary biological assays in vivo showed that eight compounds 5b , 6b , 6c , 7c , 8b , 8d , 9c , and 9d have potent anti‐inflammatory activity (P < 0.01), while compounds 6b , 6c , and 9c exhibit marked potency. Compound 6c was then selected for further investigation. In the COX inhibition assay in vitro, compound 6c was identified as a potent and selective inhibitor of COX‐2 (COX‐2 IC₅₀ = 0.37 µM; SI = 0.018), being equipotent to celecoxib (COX‐2 IC₅₀ = 0.26 µM; SI = 0.015). In a rat carrageenan‐induced paw edema assay, 6c exhibited moderate anti‐inflammatory activity (35% inhibition of inflammation) at 2 h after administration of 15 mg/kg as an oral dose. A docking study also revealed that compound 6c binds in the active site of COX‐2 in a similar mode to that of the known selective COX‐2 inhibitor SC‐558.     

Synthesis and Structure‐Activity Relationship Studies of Pyrazole‐based Heterocycles as Antitumor Agents

Several 4‐cyano‐1,5‐diphenylpyrazoles attached to different heterocyclic ring systems at position 3 were synthesized starting from ethyl 4‐cyano‐1,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxylate 1 . The newly synthesized compounds were tested in vivo for their anti‐estrogenic effects and evaluated in vitro for their cytotoxic properties against estrogen‐dependent tumors. 3‐(5‐Mercapto‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐2‐yl)‐1,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carbonitrile 13 revealed the highest cytotoxic activity with a GI₅₀ value equal to 40 nM against the IGROVI ovarian tumor cell line. It also showed an anti‐estrogen activity 1.6 more effective than the reference drug, in addition to a high tolerable dose. 3‐(5‐(Methylthio)‐4‐phenyl‐4H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl)‐1,5‐diphenyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carbonitrile 7 was found to have the highest anti‐estrogenic activity, while 1,5‐diphenyl‐3‐[5‐(phenylamino)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl]‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carbonitrile 11 showed the lowest activity. The oral LD₅₀ values revealed that most of the tested compounds are relatively nontoxic.     

Antiulcerogenic and anti‐inflammatory activities of the essential oil from Pterodon emarginatus seeds

Objectives The objective of this work was to investigate the antiulcerogenic and anti‐inflammatory activities of the essential oil from Pterodon emarginatus seeds. Methods The following tests were used: ulcers induced by ethanol, indometacin and HCl/ethanol, and pleurisy induced by carrageenan in Swiss albino rats. The rats were treated by the oral route with essential oil of P. emarginatus seeds. Key findings The essential oil at 100, 300 and 500 mg/kg exhibited significant protection against ulcers induced by ethanol, indometacin and HCl/ethanol (P < 0.001). The essential oil caused a marked reduction in the exudate volume and inhibited leucocyte and neutrophil influx (P < 0.05) in carrageenan‐induced pleurisy. Moreover, the essential oil significantly decreased nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin‐1 (IL‐1) levels, without affecting tumour necrosis factor‐α production. Conclusions The results demonstrated the marked antiulcerogenic and anti‐inflammatory effects of the essential oil from P. emarginatus, which are, at least in part, a consequence of NO and IL‐1 modulation. P. emarginatus or its constituents might represent new therapeutic options to treat gastric ulcers and inflammatory diseases.     

Chemical profile and biological activities of Veronica thymoides subsp. pseudocinerea

Abstract

Context: In Turkey, Veronica species (Plantaginaceae) have been used as a diuretic and for wound healing in traditional medicine.

Objective: To examine the fatty acid and essential oil profiles, the antioxidant, anticholinesterase, antimicrobial, and DNA damage effects of Veronica thymoides P.H. Davis subsp. pseudocinerea M.A. Fischer as a potential source of natural active compounds.

Materials and methods: GC/MS was used to analyze essential oil and fatty acid obtained from whole plant. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the β-carotene-linoleic acid test system, DPPH-free and ABTS cation radicals scavenging, and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity assays. The anticholinesterase and antimicrobial activities were determined by Ellman and broth macrodillution methods, respectively. The effect of the methanol extract on DNA cleavage was investigated.

Results: Hexatriacontene (21.0%) was found to be the main constituent in essential oil, and linoleic acid (25.2%) and palmitic acid (20.6%) in fatty acid. Methanol extract demonstrated the best IC₅₀ values in lipid peroxidation (49.81?±?0.31?µg/ml) and DPPH-free radical scavenging activity (15.32?±?0.17?µg/ml). Methanol and water extracts possessed strong ABTS cation radical scavenging activity with IC₅₀ values 9.15?±?0.28 and 8.90?±?0.14?µg/ml, respectively. The acetone extract exhibited moderate butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. The highest antimicrobial activity was determined in methanol extract against Escherichia coli with 31.25?µg/ml MIC value. Inhibition of methanol extract on plasmid DNA cleavage by OH radicals was found to be 93.32% at 500?µg/ml.

Conclusion: The methanol extract having strong antioxidant and DNA damage effects could be investigated phytochemically to find natural active compounds.