功能性鼻整形的发展历程与临床进展

现代鼻整形技术发展至今历时百余年,期间耳鼻咽喉科医生和整形外科医生分别在各自领域推动鼻整形的发展。本文介绍了现代鼻整形技术的发展历程与临床进展,包括由鼻科学中发展出的功能性鼻整形和整形外科学中发展出的美容性鼻整形。鼻整形技术由开始的切除性鼻整形发展至结构性鼻整形,以及近几年提出的保留性鼻整形,功能保护的重要性在鼻整形中愈来愈被认识。随着学科的发展与融合,功能性鼻整形的理念有待进一步拓展,以适应未来鼻整形领域的发展。     

鼻整形相关功能问题探讨北大核心CSCD

功能性鼻整形主要通过改变解剖结构进而改善鼻腔通气功能,实现外形和功能的统一,其中既包括异常结构的矫正,也包括正常结构的保护。本文结合近年发表的文献和临床实践,对鼻部结构与功能的关系、鼻部结构与外形的关系、鼻整形术对鼻腔通气功能的影响,以及保留性鼻整形等方面进行阐述,以期提高读者对鼻整形相关功能、尤其是鼻阻塞问题的理解和认识。     

鼻整形相关功能问题探讨

功能性鼻整形主要通过改变解剖结构进而改善鼻腔通气功能, 实现外形和功能的统一, 其中既包括异常结构的矫正, 也包括正常结构的保护。本文结合近年发表的文献和临床实践, 对鼻部结构与功能的关系、鼻部结构与外形的关系、鼻整形术对鼻腔通气功能的影响, 以及保留性鼻整形等方面进行阐述, 以期提高读者对鼻整形相关功能、尤其是鼻阻塞问题的理解和认识。     

功能性鼻整形的解剖学进展

随着整形外科技术的不断发展,功能性鼻整形外科因其需要同时改善患者鼻部的外观及功能而受到广泛关注。本文旨在梳理近年来功能性鼻整形领域的解剖学进展,对鼻部与功能相关的重要结构的解剖学研究进行回顾,为功能性鼻整形临床研究与实践提供理论基础和参考。     

功能性鼻整形手术的相关解剖进展北大核心CSCD

鼻部支架是由上1/3的骨性支架和下2/3的软骨支架构成的三棱锥体结构,是鼻外形和功能的解剖结构基础。功能性鼻整形手术主要通过调整骨和软骨性支架的异常,达到外形和功能的同期改善。本文介绍了外鼻美学特征、鼻部皮肤软组织结构、鼻部支架(包括骨和软骨性鼻锥)、鼻小叶和鼻腔,并提出鼻背软骨的概念,对键石区在功能性鼻整形中的作用有了新的认识,强调了隔背软骨的重要性。功能性鼻整形手术前,要准确定位引起表面标志异常和通气功能障碍的解剖部位,精准手术,才能获得患者和医生均满意的效果。     

OsiriX软件在功能性鼻整形教学及术前评估中的应用

目的探讨OsiriX软件在功能性鼻整形教学及术前评估中的应用。方法采用医学图像OsiriX软件处理DICOM格式的CT图片，对鼻部外观、鼻骨、鼻阀、鼻中隔及鼻腔气道等结构进行三维重建，以模拟患者真实的外形和结构。结果利用OsiriX软件可以直观、真实地重建患者的鼻外观、鼻骨、鼻阀、鼻中隔和鼻腔气道等结构。结论OsiriX可以重建功能性鼻整形所需要了解的结构，在临床教学和术前评估中具有重要作用。     

鼻外伤畸形的功能性鼻整形术

功能性鼻整形是通过调整鼻部的解剖结构来改善鼻通气功能,同步改善外鼻的面部表情及美观功能的手术技术。本文围绕“鼻外伤畸形”这一专病,结合大量的国内外文献,阐述了功能性鼻整形术的各种要点,详细叙述了鼻骨骨折、鼻眶筛骨折、鼻中隔骨折和偏曲.外伤后鼻畸形和鼻瓣区畸形5种疾病.同时介绍了在行功能性鼻整形术前后的主观性和客观性评估方法。     

ROE量表在外鼻畸形合并鼻中隔偏曲患者手术前后生存质量评估中的应用

目的 探讨外鼻畸形合并鼻中隔偏曲患者接受鼻内镜辅助下功能性鼻整形术后生存质量的改善情况。 方法 采用鼻整形结局评估量表(ROE)评价,对其进行信度和效度分析,采用汉译的ROE问卷对接受鼻内镜辅助下功能性鼻整形术治疗的外鼻畸形合并鼻中隔偏曲患者手术前后的分值进行比较。 结果 汉译的ROE问卷具有较好的信度和效度,外鼻畸形合并鼻中隔偏曲患者,手术前后ROE分值分别为(38.622±18.136)和(76.603±6.761),差异有统计学意义(t=14.478, P<0.001)。 结论 以ROE作为评价指标,鼻内镜辅助功能性鼻整形术治疗外鼻畸形合并鼻中隔偏曲能使患者的生存质量得以提高。     

Osteotomy: the key technique in the correction of nasal dorsum deformity北大核心CSCD

截骨术是功能性鼻畸形矫正中的关键技术,广泛用于骨性鼻锥多种畸形的矫正。截骨术也是整形技术中最具挑战性的技术,其可控性较差、对术者要求较高,处理不当不仅影响手术效果,还可导致术后多种畸形发生。本文主要对截骨术的相关解剖、截骨类型、技巧、并发症及进展等方面进行阐述,以期帮助临床医生对该技术的掌握。     

鼻面部畸形行功能性鼻整形术中应关注的问题

鼻面部外伤可以造成鼻面部骨结构破坏和软组织结构的畸形，出现形态和功能上的缺陷，功能性鼻整形外科要求在改善外形的同时，恢复鼻功能。本文从功能性鼻整形外科角度就骨性鼻锥、软骨性鼻锥和鼻阀结构畸形中的常见的需关注的问题，作简要地阐述。     

Functional tension nose as a cause of nasal airway obstruction

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate the influence of functional tension nose in nasal obstruction and to discuss its frequency and management. METHODS: Over the years 2000-2006, 153 patients underwent revision operation for nasal obstruction in our rhinoplastic center. Twenty-two of them (14.37%) suffered from functional tension nose. All 22 patients refused rhinoplasty during primary septoplasty. Sixteen of them had a kyphotic nose and the rest six cases suffered from hanging columella (drooped nose). Eighteen of them underwent primary rhinoplasty in combination with caudal diminution under general anesthesia. The other four patients refused rhinoplasty, and under local anesthesia their tip was deprojected and reprojected. RESULTS: Marked improvement in nasal airflow was noted at the most recent follow-up evaluation in 20 patients out of 22 (90.91%). The mean length of follow-up was 8 months (ranging from 4 to 12 months). All follow-up results were based on office examination and pre- and post-operative computer-assisted rhinomanometry evaluation. In only two cases results were not efficient enough. CONCLUSION: Our study strongly suggests that tension nose is a usual misdiagnosed cause of nasal obstruction. This problem is concealed under a "kyphotic", "big", or "pinocchio" nose. Usually the functional defect is spontaneously corrected during conventional rhinoplasty. However, tip should be deprojected and reprojected in cases where the patient refuses cosmetic intervention and surgeon tries to resolve his functional problem.     

Management of the keel nose and associated valve collapse

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the anatomical abnormality of the keel nose and correlate the findings with etiologic maneuvers of a routine rhinoplasty procedure; to identify the contributing factors and offer suggestions to avoid or decrease the severity of these surgical complications; and to present an effective revisional procedure to correct the functional and cosmetic consequences of this deformity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 47 patients (31 women and 16 men; age range, 18-71 years) with a keel-appearing nose presented for revision rhinoplasty. All had undergone at least 1 rhinoplasty procedure, and 39 had undergone 2 or more previous nasal procedures. All patients had bilateral lateral nasal wall collapse and an associated severely compromised internal nasal valve. All patients underwent reconstruction with a conchal cartilage overlay graft. RESULTS: All patients had a moderate to excellent cosmetic improvement; the subjective improvement in nasal airway was more dramatic. Since patients with a keel nose have an associated internal valve collapse, both abnormalities are addressed simultaneously with the conchal cartilage overlay repair, which results in minimal morbidity with no major complications. CONCLUSIONS: Conchal cartilage overlay repair uses a cartilage graft from the auricle with a recommended external rhinoplasty for placement. Appropriate sizing and fashioning precede the precise placement and suture fixation. This technique addresses both functional and cosmetic abnormalities.     

Knorpeltransplantate bei der funktionell-ästhetischen Rhinoplastik

Complications after rhinoplasty could often be prevented if less of the support structures of the nose were resected and cartilage transplants were used to give stability. Long-term complications depend heavily on the nasal anatomy, Which is why the surgeon must be able to identify anatomical variants and adapt the surgical technique as necessary. Thus, rhinoplasty techniques have moved away from excisional methods and shifted toward repositioning and restructuring existing tissues. Conservative reduction and preservation of support structures will maximize the aesthetic and functional results. Checking the shape of the tip of the nose is the critical step, and stabilization of the nasal base in particular leads to a good long-term outcome with preservation of the nasal tip projection. The surgeon needs to stabilize the structure of the nose by building up the structure and must also anticipate the effects of scar contracture. This entails structural grafting with autologous cartilage. In this paper, the authors present the grafting techniques most commonly used to sculpt the nasal framework; in primary and secondary rhinoplasty. Tried and tested grafts are presented, with the appropriate nomenclature relating to each and also the anatomical locations of and clinical indications for each.     

Cartilage grafts in functional and aesthetic rhinoplasty

Complications after rhinoplasty could often be prevented if less of the support structures of the nose were resected and cartilage transplants were used to give stability. Long-term complications depend heavily on the nasal anatomy, Which is why the surgeon must be able to identify anatomical variants and adapt the surgical technique as necessary. Thus, rhinoplasty techniques have moved away from excisional methods and shifted toward repositioning and restructuring existing tissues. Conservative reduction and preservation of support structures will maximize the aesthetic and functional results. Checking the shape of the tip of the nose is the critical step, and stabilization of the nasal base in particular leads to a good long-term outcome with preservation of the nasal tip projection. The surgeon needs to stabilize the structure of the nose by building up the structure and must also anticipate the effects of scar contracture. This entails structural grafting with autologous cartilage. In this paper, the authors present the grafting techniques most commonly used to sculpt the nasal framework; in primary and secondary rhinoplasty. Tried and tested grafts are presented, with the appropriate nomenclature relating to each and also the anatomical locations of and clinical indications for each.     

Die Schiefnase

The deviated nose represents a complex cosmetic and functional problem. Septal surgery plays a central role in the successful management of the externally deviated nose. This study included 800 patients seeking rhinoplasty to correct external nasal deviations; 71% of these suffered from variable degrees of nasal obstruction. Septal surgery was necessary in 736 (92%) patients, not only to improve breathing, but also to achieve a straight, symmetric external nose. A graduated surgical approach was adopted to allow correction of the dorsal and caudal deviations of the nasal septum without weakening its structural support to the nasal dorsum or nasal tip. The approach depended on full mobilization of deviated cartilage, followed by straightening of the cartilage and its fixation in the corrected position by using bony splinting grafts through an external rhinoplasty approach.     

Rhinoplasty

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Successful rhinoplasty requires a detailed understanding of the nasal structure needed to produce a functional and aesthetically pleasing nose. Recent advances in surgical technique have focused on cartilage repositioning and reshaping, often with the use of cartilage grafting. RECENT FINDINGS: Newer techniques for strengthening the middle vault, stabilizing the base, and modifying the lateral crura are presented, as well as the M-arch model, a modification of the tripod concept. SUMMARY: Technical advances in rhinoplasty provide numerous options for reconstruction and reshaping of the nose.     

Investigations of the influence of external nose deformities on nasal airflow

BACKGROUND: Abnormalities of the external shape of the nose are often felt as cosmetically disturbing. In many cases an additional hampering of the respiratory function of the nose is seen and causes pathological nasal airflow patterns. For the functional outcome of aesthetic-surgery of the nose, knowledge of nasal flow is essential. In the medical literature there are some discrepancies between the relationship of nasal shape and nasal flow. We investigated typical airflow patterns in different abnormalities of the external nose. METHODS: We performed fluid dynamic experiments on exact, anatomical nasal models and functional nasal models (so-called modified Mink boxes). We investigated the inspiratory flow pattern in nose-models with typical variations of the shape of the external nose. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: There were typical airflow patterns for every external nasal abnormalities. The normal nose shows a disturbance of the streamlines over the entire nasal cavum. Under physiological flow velocities we find laminar and turbulent flow. The pathological variations of the nasal shape show mostly different airflow patterns and characteristics. The main reason for that is a deformed or anatomically false configurated inflow area (vestibulum, isthmus and anterior cavum). During rhinoplasty the reconstruction of the nasal inflow area has to be taken into account.     

锤摏法整复陈旧性外伤C型歪鼻

目的 探讨陈旧性外伤C型歪鼻矫正及鼻功能重建的手术效果。方法 32例陈旧性外伤C型歪鼻患者全部行锤摏法鼻骨重组术联合鼻中隔矫正术。结果 术后随访6~24个月,歪鼻矫正良好31例,满意率为96.9%。鼻功能改善,无并发症发生。结论 锤摏法鼻骨重组术联合鼻中隔矫正术整复陈旧性外伤C型歪鼻畸形及重建鼻功能可获得美容和鼻功能改善的双重效果。     

The 'butterfly' graft in functional secondary rhinoplasty

OBJECTIVE: To describe a surgical technique (the conchal cartilage "butterfly" graft) which, when used in properly selected patients, has been found to be a dependable method for alleviation of postrhinoplasty internal nasal valve dysfunction. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. METHODS: Analysis of consecutive patients with weakness and/or collapse of the upper lateral cartilages following rhinoplasty. Seventy-two patients (37 women and 35 men, age range 17-76 y) had severe nasal obstruction and were found to have indications for this procedure. All patients had undergone at least one rhinoplastic procedure. All patients were followed for a minimum of 2 years after surgery. RESULTS: All 72 patients experienced significant subjective improvement in relative nasal obstruction. Two patients (3%) reported less than total resolution of their difficulty breathing through their nose; the remaining 70 patients (97%) reported complete resolution of their nasal airway problems. No patients reported their postoperative nasal obstruction as the same or worse than their preoperative baseline. Sixty-two patients (86%) reported improvement in the appearance of their nose, 8 patients (11%) felt that their appearance was unchanged, and 2 patients (3%) felt that the appearance of their nose was made worse by the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Patients presenting with nasal obstruction after rhinoplasty are frequently found to have collapse and/or weakening of their upper lateral cartilages with resulting nasal valve dysfunction. The conchal cartilage "butterfly" graft is a technique which, when properly performed during revision rhinoplasty, yields predictable functional and cosmetic results with minimal morbidity.