Bone mineral density in chinese elderly women with hip fracture

In order to examine the status of osteoporosis of the patients with hip fracture, we assessed the bone mineral density (BMD) of the contralateral hip of 81 elderly females with hip fracture and compared those with 77 normal Chinese women. The age of fracture subjects was 73.5±6.6 years (mean±SD), and 69.2±6.9 years for the controls. All of these fractures were caused by minor trauma, such as falls from a standing position or slipping to the ground. The Norland 2600 dual-photon absorptiometer (DPA) was used to evaluated the BMD in the femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward's triangle areas. The BMD for the fracture subjects was significantly lower than those of the controls. By linear regression, the probability of fracture increased exponentially with age and low BMD. The mean BMD for femoral neck of the fracture subjects versus controls was 0.556 versus 0.624 g/cm²; for trochanter: 0.505 versus 0.566 g/cm²; for Ward's triangle: 0.432 versus 0.485 g/cm². Both negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value (PPV) were acceptable at the prevalence of hip fracture of 5% or 20% and at a cutoff point of 0.65 g/cm². These data revealed that the degree of relative osteoporosis in the patients with hip fractures was more severe than that of controls.     

骨折病史对中老年人群髋部骨密度影响的研究

目的 利用NHANES数据库分析50岁之前骨折病史是否影响患者50岁后的髋部骨密度。方法 纳入NHANES数据库5个调查年份的人群数据,通过筛查选出完成髋部骨密度检查并完成自我报告骨折病史调查者,通过统计学分析比较骨折组与非骨折组髋部骨密度的差异。结果 共纳入研究个体10 476例,其中非骨折组9 536人,骨折组940人,骨折组男性比率明显高于女性。骨折组人群平均年龄(62.8±9.1)岁,BMI值(29.24±5.77) kg/m2,非骨折组人群平均年龄(64.7±9.5)岁,BMI值为(28.55±5.59) kg/m2,结果差异有统计学意义。骨折组人群的合并症中肾功能障碍及关节炎显著高于非骨折组。协方差分析结果提示骨折组的髋部骨密度,股骨颈、大转子、转子间及Ward三角骨密度均显著下降。亚组分析结果显示髋部骨折组及腕部骨折组的骨密度均显著下降,而脊柱骨折组患者骨密度差异无统计学意义。结论 50岁之前骨折病史将会导致患者50岁之后髋部骨密度显著下降,尤其是腕部骨折及髋部骨折病史。     

股骨颈骨密度和股骨颈轴长与老年 髋部骨折的关系

目的 探讨股骨颈骨密度、股骨颈轴长与髋部骨折的关系，了解股骨颈骨密度、股骨颈轴长预测骨折的能力。方法 通过双能Ｘ线吸收骨密度测量仪测量髋部骨折组患者和同龄男女非骨折对照组的股骨颈轴长、股骨颈骨密度，分析比较两种测量指标预测股骨颈骨折的敏感性。结果 不同性别骨折组患者的股骨颈骨密度均明显低一南年龄、同性别对照组，差异有非常显著性意义（Ｐ〈０．０１），而骨折组与非骨折组男女股骨颈轴和莘差异无显著性意义     

A study of bone mineral density in women with forearm fracture in Northern Ireland

A group of Northern Ireland women aged 40–75 years of age with low-trauma forearm fracture were studied to determine the incidence of such fractures and the prevalence of osteoporosis in this fracture population. A total of 1,147 subjects were identified in 1997 and 1998 throughout Northern Ireland following low-trauma forearm fractures, as well as 699 residents in the Eastern Health and Social Services Board (EHSSB), enabling calculation of the annual incidence rate of new low-trauma forearm fractures at 2.69/1,000 population aged 40–75. A total of 375 participants consented to have bone mineral density (BMD) measurements undertaken at the femoral neck, spine, and forearm using a Lunar Expert bone densitometer. Osteoporosis at the femur was present in 14% of women, at the spine in 29%, and at the forearm in 32%. A total of 45% were osteoporotic at one or more measured sites, but only 18% were on treatment for osteoporosis. Additional significant risk factors identified included an early menopause in 24.5% and current or previous corticosteroid use in 13%. Only 1.6% received information on treatment of osteoporosis at the time of fracture. Increased awareness is needed in both primary and secondary care including fracture services to improve treatment of women with low-trauma fracture.     

Bone mineral density and walking ability of elderly patients with hip fracture: a strategy for prevention of hip fracture

The main risk factors for proximal femoral fracture include the hazard of falling and osteoporosis. The change in walking ability of patients before injury was evaluated over the last 10 years in a rapidly advancing aging society in Tokyo, Japan. The bone quality of patients was clarified in order to develop a strategy for prevention of hip fractures. The subjects were 157 women with proximal femoral fractures treated between 1989 and 1993 (group A) and 216 women treated between 1999 and 2003 (group B). Bone mineral density (BMD) of the radius of the patients showed slightly lower values than those of the elderly general population, but no statistically significant difference was observed in each age group except for the 75-79-year-old age group (p<0.05). Many patients had problems in walking, and 27% of patients in group A and 44% in group B could not walk outdoors or go shopping alone before the injury, and their bone mineral density was reduced. For the prevention of hip fractures, it is important to improve the physical function to avoid falls, which directly cause hip fracture. Patients who have difficulty performing effective physical exercise because of reduced walking ability require medication for osteoporosis.     

A nomogram for predicting lifetime hip fracture risk from radius bone mineral density and age

A statistical model for predicting a woman's lifetime risk of hip fracture using her bone mineral density at menopause has been proposed by Black et al. (1992b). We made an additional assumption concerning the correlation of bone mineral density between any two ages among postmenopausal women and applied the modified model to baseline ages between 50 and 85 years and any bone mineral density level likely to be observed in the population. The results are displayed in a form more convenient for application of this model in the clinical setting.     

Better discrimination of hip fracture using bone density,geometry and architecture

Bone density predicts the risk of hip fracture. Because hip strength is determined by bone geometry and architecture as well as density, we tested which variables in geometry and architecture were independent discriminators of hip fracture and, if combined with density, improved the discrimination of fracture from non-fracture over bone density alone. The design was a case-control study. The subjects were Caucasian women over the age of 60 years who had sustained a hip fracture after the age of 58 years (n=22), and controls matched for age and weight (n=43) and unmatched controls (n=317) with no history of hip fracture. Variables in density, geometry and architecture were obtained from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry images and from radiographs of the upper end of the femur. In a univariate model, of the measures of bone mass, the best discriminator of hip fracture was bone mineral density of the neck of femur; of the geometric measurements, it was hip axis length; and of the measurements of bone architecture, it was Singh grade. In a multivariate model, these three variables were shown to be independent discriminators of hip facture. When hip axis length was combined with bone mineral density, there was significant improvement in discrimination of hip fracture (p=0.014), and when Singh grade was combined with hip axis length and bone mineral density there was a further significant improvement (p=0.002). In logistic regression models using hip axis length and Singh grade adjusted for femoral neck bone mineral density, age and weight, the area under the receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve for femoral neck density, hip axis length and Singh grade together was significantly greater than for femoral neck density alone (p=0.006). Models that combine bone mass (density), geometry (hip axis length) and architecture (Singh grade) significantly improve the discrimination of hip fracture over bone density by itself. If these models can be shown to be equally useful in predicting hip fracture prospectively and can be obtained from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, their use will increase the ability to identify subjects at most risk of hip fracture.     

Low bone mineral density,grip strength and skinfold thickness are important risk factors for hip fracture in Hong Kong Chinese

The purpose of the study was to compare the bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip and spine, the grip strength and the skinfold thickness in Chinese hip fracture patients and controls, and to document the relative risk of hip fracture associated with different levels of these risk factors. The study was conducted on 163 elderly patients with hip fracture (32 men and 131 women) and 317 controls (104 men and 213 women). BMD at the hip and spine was measured by dual-energy X-ray densitometry (Norland NR26). The mean grip strength was measured in both hands by a hand dynamometer; and bicep, tricep and iliac skinfold thicknesses were measured by a caliper (Holstain). Student'st-test was used to compare the mean bone densities, recalled body weight, grip strength and skinfold thickness; and multiple logistic regression was used to calculate the relative risk and 95% confidence intervals in quartiles of bone density, grip strength and skinfold thickness. In women, the mean BMD and anthropometric measurements were significantly lower in patients than controls. However, in men the mean recalled body weight and measured skinfold thickness were not significantly different between patients and controls. In both men and women the relative risk of hip fracture increased significantly with diminishing bone density at the spine, femoral neck and intertrochanteric area, but not at the Ward's triangle. In women the relative risk of hip fracture also increased significantly with a low recalled body weight, grip strength and skinfold thickness. The relative risk of hip fracture in the lowest quartiles compared with the highest quartiles was 4.3 (95% CI 2.3–9.0) for BMD at the femoral neck, 9.7 (95% CI 4.6–20.6) for iliac skinfold thickness and 2.0 (95% CI 4.6–20.6) for grip strength. The results of multiple logistic regression shows that a low iliac skin fold thickness was associated with a higher risk of hip fracture than grip strength and BMD in women, but not in men. It is concluded that low BMD is a significant risk factor for hip fracture in elderly Chinese living in Hong Kong; however, poor muscle strength and lack of subcutaneous fat are as important.     

Bisphosphonates in children with hypercalciuria and reduced bone mineral density

Previous studies have demonstrated reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and biochemical changes of excessive bone resorption in some patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH). Consequently, bisphosphonates have been successfully employed in research animals and adults with IH and reduced BMD. We evaluated the effect of treatment with bisphosphonates in seven patients ages 10–16 years with persistent IH and reduced BMD. In five children, preceding traditional therapy failed. All children received oral alendronate and one also IV Zoledronic acid for 6–18 (median 9.0, mean 10.7) months. With treatment, BMD Z scores in the lumbar spine improved from −2.0 ± 0.3 to −0.8 ± 0.8 (p = 0.002) and in the femoral neck from −1.8 ± 0.4 to −0.7 ± 0.9 (p = 0.01); urine N-telopeptides/creatinine decreased from 372 ± 289 to 72 ± 39 nmol/mmol (p = 0.05) and calcium/creatinine from 0.29 ± 0.12 to 0.13 ± 0.06 mg/mg (p = 0.009). Height Z scores, normal at baseline in all, remained unaffected, and no new stones or fractures were documented throughout the treatment period. Serum creatinine, electrolytes, calcium, phosphorus and parathyroid hormone remained normal as well. In summary, in children with IH and decreased BMD, treatment with bisphosphonates normalized urine calcium excretion, eliminated urinary symptoms, and significantly improved reduced BMD. These short-term beneficial effects indicate the need for larger prospective studies on the potential of bisphosphonates to serve as a new tool in treating children with IH and reduced BMD.     

Preferential low bone mineral density of the femoral neck in patients with a recent fracture of the proximal femur

Bone mass is an important determinant of resistance to fractures. Whether bone mineral density (BMD) in subjects with a fracture of the proximal femur (hip fracture) is different from that of age-matched controls is still debated. We measured BMD of the femoral neck (FN) on the opposite side to the fracture, as well as femoral shaft (FS) and lumbar spine (LS) BMD by dual-photon absorptiometry in 68 patients (57 women and 11 men, mean age 78.8±1.0) 12.4±0.8 days after hip fracture following a moderate trauma. These values were compared with BMD of 93 non-fractured elderly control subjects (82 women and 11 men), measured during the same period. As compared with the controls, FN BMD was significantly lower in fractured women (0.592±0.013 v. 0.728±0.014 g/cm²,P<0.001) and in fractured men (0.697±0.029 v. 0.840±0.052,P<0.05). Expressed as standard deviations above or below the mean BMD of age and sex-matched normal subjects (Z-score), the difference in FN BMD between fractured women and controls was highly significant (–0.6±0.1 v. +0.1±0.1,P<0.001). As compared with mean BMD of young normal subjects, BMD was decreased by 36.9±1.4 and 22.4±1.5% (P<0.001) in fractured and control women, respectively. There was no significant difference between FN BMD of 33 women with cervical and 24 with trochanteric hip fractures (0.603±0.017 v. 0.577±0.020). FN BMD was lower than 0.705 g/cm² in 90% of fractured women. The prevalence of fracture increased with decreasing FN BMD, reaching 100% with values below 0.500 g/cm². FS and LS BMD were significantly lower in women with hip fracture than in controls (1.388±0.036 v. 1.580±0.030,P<0.001, for FS, and 0.886±0.027 v. 0.985±0.023,P<0.01, for LS), but these differences were not significant when expressed as a Z-score. In men with a recent hip fracture, FS BMD was significantly lower than in controls (1.729±0.096 v. 2.069±0.062,P<0.01), but the difference at the LS level did not reach statistical significance. These results indicate that both women and men with a recent hip fracture had decreased bone mineral density of the femoral neck, femoral shaft and lumbar spine. However, the difference appeared to be of higher magnitude for the femoral neck suggesting a preferential bone loss at this site.     

轻度偏瘫患者的髋部骨密度探讨

目的 临床所见大量的偏瘫患者发生瘫侧髋部骨折,笔者通过髋部骨密度测定,研究骨折与髋部骨量之间的关系,探讨瘫侧骨折发生率高的原因。方法 我们选择脑卒中患者60例,男性35例,48-78岁,平均年龄67岁,女性25例,48-70岁,平均年龄61岁。病史0.5-17年,平均6年。按其步行能力进行运动分级。另取正常对照60例,男性30例,女性30例,平均年龄64岁。分别用DEXA测定其双侧髋部骨密度值。结果 轻瘫患者中,不论患者有无跛行,其瘫侧髋部骨密度较健侧相比无显著性差异(P>0.05),与同年龄对照组相比亦无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论 偏瘫患者瘫侧骨折发生率高与瘫侧髋部骨量无关。可能与患者瘫侧运动功能障碍,重心倾向瘫侧,瘫侧肌力减弱,易向瘫侧跌倒有关。     

Femur strength index predicts hip fracture independent of bone density and hip axis length

Introduction Proximal femoral bone strength is not only a function of femoral bone mineral density (BMD), but also a function of the spatial distribution of bone mass intrinsic in structural geometric properties such as diameter, area, length, and angle of the femoral neck. Recent advancements in bone density measurement include software that can automatically calculate a variety of femoral structural variables that may be related to hip fracture risk. The purpose of this study was to compare femoral bone density, structure, and strength assessments obtained from dual-energy X-ray absorbtiometry (DXA) measurements in a group of women with and without hip fracture. Methods DXA measurements of the proximal femur were obtained from 2,506 women 50 years of age or older, 365 with prior hip fracture and 2,141 controls. In addition to the conventional densitometry measurements, structural variables were determined using the Hip Strength Analysis program, including hip axis length (HAL), cross-sectional moment of inertia (CSMI), and the femur strength index (FSI) calculated as the ratio of estimated compressive yield strength of the femoral neck to the expected compressive stress of a fall on the greater trochanter. Results Femoral neck BMD was significantly lower and HAL significantly higher in the fracture group compared with controls. Mean CSMI was not significantly different between fracture patients and controls after adjustment for BMD and HAL. FSI, after adjustment for T score and HAL, was significantly lower in the fracture group, consistent with a reduced capacity to withstand a fall without fracturing a hip. Conclusion We conclude that BMD, HAL, and FSI are significant independent predictors of hip fracture.     

Bone mineral density and bone turnover in patients with Bartter syndrome

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD), by use of DXA, and bone turnover, in patients with Bartter syndrome (BS). Ten patients (2 with BS type II and 8 with BS type III) were included in the procedure. Age at study varied between 2 and 30 years. During the studies usual treatment with indomethacin, spironolactone, and potassium chloride was maintained. Results were compared with those obtained in the 20 asymptomatic parents. Height of the patients at the time of the study did not differ from reference values (Z-score –1.2 to +0.8). Three patients (1 with BS type II and 2 with BS type III) presented reduced lumbar spine BMD or overt osteopenia (BMD Z-scores: –2.3, –1.3, and –1.1). BMD did not correlate significantly with age. Paternal and maternal femoral neck BMD values correlated significantly with lumbar spine BMD of the patients (r=0.65, P<0.05, and r=0.80, P<0.01). Lumbar spine BMD Z-scores correlated negatively with urinary Ca excretion when values both from patients and parents were jointly analyzed (r=–0.43, P<0.05). Plasma calcium concentration was significantly higher (P<0.001) and plasma phosphate Z-score was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the patients than in the parents. However, no significant differences were observed in values for intact PTH, 1,25 (OH)₂D₃ and 25 (OH)D₃. Intact PTH values correlated positively with BMD Z-scores at lumbar spine (r=0.45, P<0.05) and at femoral neck (r=0.63, P<0.01). Age-corrected biochemical markers of bone formation (plasma alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin concentrations) were normal whereas age-corrected markers of bone reabsorption (urinary PYD and DPD excretion) were significantly higher than parental values (P<0.01 and <0.05, respectively). We conclude that: (1) reduced BMD is not an exclusive feature of neonatal BS and it can be also observed in classic BS; (2) the loss of bone mineral is not progressive, probably because of the hypocalciuric effect of indomethacin therapy; and (3) this study did not determine whether loss of bone mass is the cause or the consequence of hypercalciuria although the beneficial effect of indomethacin therapy implies the latter.     

Fluoride pharmacokinetics and changes in Lumbar spine and hip bone mineral density

Debate about the use of fluoride for the treatment of vertebral osteoporosis has centered not only on whether fluoride treatment decreases vertebral fractures, but also the interindividual vertebral bone mineral density (BMD) response, the potential for nonvertebral fractures, as well as side effects and tolerability. These effects may be dose dependent and, in this study, we examin the pharmacokinetics of sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) in osteoporotic patients and relate this to changes in BMD. Plasma fluoride absorption curves were measured from 0 to 6 h after ingestion of MFP at baseline and during long-term dosing in 21 patients with vertebral osteoporosis (T scores 2). BMD was measured at baseline and at 12 months at the lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), trochanter, and Ward's triangle. We found that fluoride elimination was inversely related to creatinine clearance. LS BMD increased from a median of 0.77 g/cm² (range 0.69 to 0.99) at baseline to 0.88 g/cm² (0.75 to 1.13) (p < 0.001) after 12 months. This equates to a median increase of 12% (range −1.2 to 37). Median femoral neck BMD decreased from 0.75 g/cm² (0.62 to 0.94) at baseline to 0.69 g/cm² (0.62 to 0.92) (p = 0.13) after 12 months. This equates to a decrease of −2% (−19 to 10). BMD at the other hip sites also decreased alightly. Changes in LS and FN BMD were not significantly related (r = 0.28, p = 0.29). The various pharmacokinetic parameters measured were not related to changes in LS BMD; however, there was an inverse relationship between trough fluoride concentration during long-term dosing and change in FN BMD. Further studies are required to see if this relationship can be used to monitor osteoporotic patients treated with fluoride and prevent significant decreases in FN BMD and possibly fractures at this site.     

Alcohol consumption,bone density,and hip fracture among older adults: the cardiovascular health study

Introduction Previous studies have found inconsistent relationships of alcohol consumption with risk of hip fracture, and the importance of bone mineral density and risk of falls in mediating such a relationship has not been determined. Methods As part of the Cardiovascular Health Study, a population-based cohort study of adults aged 65 years and older from four U.S. communities, 5,865 participants reported their use of beer, wine, and liquor yearly. We identified cases of hip fracture unrelated to malignancy or motor vehicle accidents using hospitalization discharge diagnoses. A subgroup of 1,567 participants in two communities underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scans to assess bone mineral density. Results A total of 412 cases of hip fracture occurred during an average of 12 years of follow-up. There was a significant U-shaped relationship between alcohol intake and risk of hip fracture (p quadratic 0.02). Compared with long-term abstainers, the adjusted hazard ratios for hip fracture were 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61–1.00) among consumers of up to 14 drinks per week and 1.18 (95% CI, 0.77–1.81) among consumers of 14 or more drinks per week. Alcohol intake was associated with bone mineral density of the total hip and femoral neck in a stepwise manner, with approximately 5% (95% CI, 1%–9%) higher bone density among consumers of 14 or more drinks per week than among abstainers. These relationships were all similar among men and women. Conclusions Among older adults, moderate alcohol consumption has a U-shaped relationship with risk of hip fracture, but a graded positive relationship with bone mineral density at the hip. Funding: NIH contracts N01-HC-85079 through N01-HC-85086, N01-HC-35129, N01-HC-45133, N01-HC-75150 and N01- HC-15103, and intra-agency agreements Y02-AG-4-0251 and 1-Y02-HC-40205.     

Femoral neck geometry and hip fracture risk: the Geelong osteoporosis study

To determine the relationship between femoral neck geometry and the risk of hip fracture in post-menopausal Caucasian women, we conducted a retrospective study comparing the femoral neck dimensions of 62 hip fracture cases to those of 608 randomly selected controls. Measurements were made from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans (Lunar DPX-L), using the manufacturers ruler function, and included: hip axis length (HAL), femoral neck axis length (FNAL), femoral neck width (FNW), femoral shaft width (FSW), medial femoral shaft cortical thickness (FSCT_med), and lateral femoral shaft cortical thickness (FSCT_lat). The fracture group was older (median age 78.3 years vs 73.8 years), lighter (median weight 59.9 kg vs 64.5 kg), and, after adjustment for age, taller (mean height 158.7±0.8 cm vs 156.7±0.2 cm) than the controls. Furthermore, bone mineral density was lower in this group (0.682±0.016 g/cm² vs 0.791±0.006 g/cm²). After adjustment for age, bone mineral content (BMC) or height, hip fracture patients had greater FNW (up to 6.6%) and FSW (up to 6.3%) than did the controls. Each standard deviation increase in FNW and FSW was associated with a 1.7-fold (95% CI 1.3–2.3) and a 2.4-fold (95% CI 1.8–3.2) increase in the fracture risk, respectively. BMC-adjusted FNAL was greater in the fracture group (+2.1%) than in the controls, while the age-adjusted FSCT_med was reduced (–7.2%). There was a trend towards longer HAL (up to 2.1%) after adjustment for age or BMC, and thinner age-adjusted FSCT_lat (–1.7%) in fracture patients that did not reach statistical significance. In multivariate analysis, the risk of hip fracture was predicted by the combination of age, FNW, FSW, BMC and FSCT_med. HAL was not analyzed because of the small number of HAL measurements among fracture cases. We conclude that post-menopausal women with hip fractures have wider femoral necks and shafts, thinner femoral cortices and longer femoral neck axis lengths than do women with no fractures. Alteration in hip geometry is associated with the risk of hip fracture.The authors declare no conflicts of interest with regard to this article     

The prevalence of significant left-right differences in hip bone mineral density

Introduction We determined the prevalence of left-right differences in hip bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and the resultant consequence, namely: the frequency at which patients would be classified differently if lumbar spine and only one hip (rather than both hips) were measured.Methods This was a retrospective DXA scan reanalysis of 3012 white women ≥50 yrs who had scans of both hips using Hologic DXA systems. The difference between left and right hips was considered significant if it exceeded the least significant change (LSC) for any of three hip subregions (total hip, femoral neck, trochanter). The number of women with osteoporosis in both hips, the left hip only, or the right hip only was determined by lowest T-score from total hip, femoral neck, or trochanter.Results Despite high left-right correlations of subregion BMD, significant left-right differences in BMD were common: the difference exceeded the LSC for 47% of women at total hip, 31% at femoral neck, and 56% at trochanter. Left-right differences in BMD that exceeded the LSC affected the percent agreement of left-right hip classification: for all women irrespective of spine status, there was 77% classification (diagnostic) agreement in hip pairs in which the left-right hip BMD difference exceeded the LSC versus 87% agreement in which LSC was not exceeded (significant difference in proportions, P<0.0001). The greatest risk of different classification would occur in women with normal spines as the diagnosis might be determined by hip T-scores. Using L1-4 lumbar spine T-scores, 1229 women were normal at the spine. Twenty-four (2%) were osteoporotic at both hips. However, 12 women (1%) were osteoporotic only in the left hip (significantly different from zero, P<0.001) and 11 (1%) only in the right hip (P<0.001); of these 23 women, the difference in BMD between the osteoporotic hip and the contralateral hip exceeded the LSC in 16 (70% of those with osteoporosis in only one hip). Using L1-4 lumbar spine T-scores, 1159 women were osteopenic at the spine. Of these, 126 (11%) were osteoporotic at both hips, 54 (5%) only in the left hip (P<0.001), and 42 (4%) only in the right hip (P<0.001); of these 96 women, the difference in BMD between the osteoporotic hip and the contralateral hip exceeded the LSC in 56 (58% of those with osteoporosis in only one hip).Conclusions A statistically significant number of women with osteoporosis are potentially classified differently when scanning only one hip as a result of the high prevalence of left-right differences in BMD. Although the percentages are low, the total number of women affected may be large. From a public health perspective, the practice of scanning both hips could potentially identify more women with osteoporosis and may help prevent future hip fractures.     

Regional differences in hip bone mineral density levels in Norway: the NOREPOS study

Summary

Large regional differences in hip fracture rates within Norway have previously been shown. However, regional differences in hip bone mineral density (BMD) have not yet been assessed. In this study including 10,504 hip scans, there were significant regional differences in BMD. Further studies to address reasons for the regional differences in hip fracture risk are warranted.

Introduction

Bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip is an important determinant of hip fracture. While regional differences in Norwegian hip fracture rates have previously been shown, no comparative studies of hip BMD have been conducted.

Methods

Total hip BMD was measured by DXA in two population-based studies across Norway during 1997–2002. Valid hip scans with in vivo calibration were obtained from 5127 subjects in Tromsø (age 30–89 years) and 5377 subjects in Bergen (age 47–50 and 71–75 years).

Results

Women ≥60 years in Tromsø had 0.052 g/cm² higher age-adjusted BMD than women in Bergen, whereas BMD among women <60 years was similar in Tromsø and Bergen. Age-adjusted total hip BMD was 0.035 g/cm² lower in men ≥60 years in Bergen compared with Tromsø, and the corresponding figure for men <60 years was 0.028 g/cm². While adjustment for body mass index explained some, but not all of the differences, smoking, physical activity, diabetes prevalence, self-perceived health, intake of alcohol and estrogen use did not.

Conclusions

Regional differences in BMD at the hip were found in Norway. Reasons for this and potential impact on hip fracture rates should be explored in further studies.     

骨密度结合股骨颈颈干角对各型髋部骨质疏松性骨折风险的预测

目的：探讨股骨近端骨密度和股骨颈颈干角与髋部骨质疏松性骨折的相关性。方法收集在我院住院的髋部骨折患者100例和健康老年对照组100例,采用美国GE公司生产的LUNAR-Bravo双能X线骨密度仪及其配置的高级骨科专用分析测量软件,分析股骨近端骨密度和股骨颈颈干角与骨质疏松的相关性。结果髋部骨折组与对照组比较,髋部骨折组BMD较对照组有明显下降,股骨外侧皮质骨厚度明显减小,股骨颈干角（ NSA）较对照组钝。结论髋部骨密度结合股骨颈颈干角变化特点可以提高对各型髋部骨质疏松骨折危险性的预测。     

Physical training preserves bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with forearm fractures and low bone mineral density

Summary One hundred and twelve postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density (BMD) and forearm fractures were randomized to physical training or control group. After one year the total hip BMD was significantly higher in the women in the physical training group. The results indicate a positive effect of physical training on BMD in postmenopausal women with low BMD. Introduction The fivefold increase in hip fracture incidence since 1950 in Sweden may partially be due to an increasingly sedentary lifestyle. Our hypothesis was that physical training can prevent bone loss in postmenopausal women. Methods One hundred and twelve postmenopausal women 45 to 65 years with forearm fractures and T-scores from −1.0 to −3.0 were randomized to either a physical training or control group. Training included three fast 30-minute walks and two sessions of one-hour training per week. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in the hip and the lumbar spine at baseline and after one year. Results A per protocol analysis was performed, including 48 subjects in the training group and 44 subjects in the control group. The total hip BMD increased in the training group +0.005 g/cm2 (±0.018), +0.58%, while it decreased −0.003 g/cm2 (±0.019), −0.36%, (p = 0.041) in the control group. No significant effects of physical training were seen in the lumbar spine. A sensitivity intention to treat analysis, including all randomized subjects, showed no significant effect of physical training on BMD at any site. Conclusions The results indicate a small but positive effect of physical exercise on hip BMD in postmenopausal women with low BMD.