中药马齿苋的微量元素测定

本文报道用原子吸收分光光度法及等离子体发射光谱法测定马齿苋中二十一种微量元素的结果。     

Inter-element interactions in human hair

The concentrations of 33 elements: Ca, Mg, Na, U, Cu, Zn, P, Fe, Mn, Cr, Se, B, Co, Mo, Si, V, Ni, Be, Hg, Cd, Al, Pb, As, Ba, Au, Pt, Ag, Sr, Sn, Ti, W, Sb and Zr in hair were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Hair samples (n=83) were collected between 1996 and 2003 from inhabitants of city of Wroc?aw, located in Lower Silesia, south-west Poland (urbanized and industrialized region). Inter-element interactions were studied by evaluation of correlation coefficients between two elements, as well as by multiple regression analysis. The strongest relations found between the elements in the hair were as follows: Mg and Ca, Mn and Ca, Sr and Ca, Sr and Mg, U and Na, Ni and Zn, Mn and Sr, Cd and Ni, Sb and Pt. We obtained also the following essential linear multiple dependences (p<0.05): Al=f(U, P, Mn), As=f(Zn, Fe) (Zn is negatively correlated, β<0), Cu=f(V), Fe=f(Mn, As), Mg=f(Ca), Ca=f(Mg, Ba), Ni=f(Zn, Cd), Sb=f(Pt, Sn, W) and Ti=f(Fe, Co). These relations can be useful in the explanation of relationships among the elements in man.     

ICP-AES/ICP-MS测定西藏和河南产藏红花中主要金属元素及重金属含量(英文)

建立了ICP-AES/ICP-MS测定西藏和河南产藏红花中19种元素含量的方法。19种元素包括主要元素Ca、Fe、Mg、P、Sr、Al、Mn、Zn、V、Cr、Se、Co、Ni、Mo和重金属As、Cu、Cd、Hg、Pb。对于所测元素,标准曲线的相关系数>0.9938,方法的相对标准偏差RSD<5.25%。结果表明,ICP-AES/ICP-MS可用于藏红花质量控制,并为西藏和河南产藏红花中元素的含量测定提供了方法。     

The effect of age, sex, smoking habit and hair color on the composition of hair

Hair samples (N=83) were collected between the years 1996 and 2003 from inhabitants of Wroc?aw, a city located in Lower Silesia, south-western Poland (urbanized and industrialized region). The concentrations of 33 elements: Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cu, Zn, P, Fe, Mn, Cr, Se, B, Co, Mo, Si, V, Ni, Be, Hg, Cd, Al, Pb, As, Ba, Au, Pt, Ag, Sr, Sn, Ti, W, Sb and Zr in hair were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) techniques. The effect of age, sex, smoking habits and hair color on the elemental composition of hair was investigated. Also, the obtained results were compared with literature data. It was found that the composition of hair varied with age, sex, hair color and smoking habits. This concerned the majority of elements except Ti, Se, Mn, Ni, Hg, Cd, As, Co (in the case of effect of age), Al, Cd, Co (sex), Cd, K, Ag, Ca, Co, Be (smoking habit), P, Fe, Al, Mn and Cr (hair color). Therefore, reference values for the level of the remaining elements should be normalized according to age, sex, smoking habit and hair color. This would make hair analysis more reliable.     

Effects of certain mono-, di- and trivalent metal cations on the K+-stimulated p-Nitrophenyl phosphatase in rat brain

The effects of certain monovalent (Ag+1 and Li+1), divalent (Hg+2, Cu+2, Zn+2, Co+2, Fe+2, Pb+2, Mn+2, Sn+2, Ni+2, and Se+2) and trivalent (Fe+3, As+3, and Al+3) metals on a mitochondrial preparation of K+-stimulated-p-nitrophenyl phosphatase (K+-PNPPase) from rat brain were studied. Except for salts of Ni+2, Se+2 and Li+1, which irrespective of concentration failed to produce 50% inhibition, all of the metals examined were found to be potent inhibitors of the enzyme with 150 values of 0.24 microM for Ag+1 among the monovalent, 0.70, 30, 37, 38, 47, 60, 62, 490 and 850 microM for Hg+2, Cu+2, Cd+2, Zn+2, Co+2, Fe+2, Pb+2, Mn+2 and Sn+2, respectively, among the divalents and 100, 550 and 870 microM for Fe+3, As+3, and AL+3 respectively, among the trivalents. Salts of silver and mercury were the most toxic for this enzyme. All metals showed concentration dependent inhibition except lithium. The order of their potency was Ag+1 greater than Hg+2 greater than Cu+2 greater than Cd+2 greater than Zn+2 greater than Co+2 greater than Fe+2 greater than Pb+2 greater than Fe+3 greater than Mn+2 greater than As+3 greater than Sn+2 greater than Al+3 greater than Ni+2 greater than Se+2 greater than Li+1.     

Dose-response effects of various metal ions on rat liver metallothionein,glutathione, heme oxygenase,and cytochrome P-450

Adult male rats received ip injections of the maximum tolerable dose (MTD; μmol/kg/day, in parentheses following metal), or a fraction thereof, of Hg (5), Cd (20), Se (25), Ag (65), Cu (75), Co (100), Ni (120), Zn (200), Mn (250), Fe (300), Pb (400), or Cr (400) 36 and 12 hr before sacrifice. MTDs were estimated from previous studies, and at least three serial dilutions ($\text{1}\text{2}$, $\text{1}\text{4}$, $\text{1}\text{8}$, etc.) of the MTDs were tested for each metal. The effects of metal treatment on hepatic heme oxygenase activity (HO), cytochrome P-450, reduced glutathione (GSH) and metallothionein (MT), and renal MT and GSH were determined. Nine metals increased HO at the MTD, but only Cd, Se, Mn, and Pb increased HO at lower doses. These four metals plus Ag and Cr depressed cytochrome P-450 levels at the MTD, but only Cd, Mn, and Pb depressed cytochrome P-450 at a lower dose. Se increased hepatic GSH at the two highest doses, but all other metals had little or no effect. Kidney GSH was increased by all metals except Cd, Ag, Cu, and Cr, to a maximum level of only 150% of control (Pb). Cd and Zn induced hepatic MT in a dose-related manner to 420 and 580% of control, respectively. On a molar basis, Cd was about eight times more potent than Zn in increasing hepatic MT concentration. Hg, Ni, Mn, Fe, Pb, and Cr also significantly increased hepatic MT, but only to 150–200% of control. Pb had a slight but significant effect on hepatic MT at all doses down to 1/16th the MTD. This effect of PB, as well as other metals having a small effect on MT, may be the result of the effects of stress on MT rather than the metal ion per se. Renal MT was effectively induced by Hg, Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Pb. Relatively small amounts of Hg (0.62 μmol/kg/day) significantly increased renal MT when compared to the minimum effective dose of Cd (10 μmol/kg/day) or Zn (50 μmol/kg/day). In conclusion, metals have a number of effects on potential hepatic and renal biochemical defense mechanisms. Most of the metals lacked specificity, affecting a number but not all of the parameters examined. However, of the 12 metals examined, Zn was the most selective in that it produced marked increases in MT and little or no effect on the other parameters, whereas Cd had the broadest effect, altering all parameters except GSH.     

Effects of various trace metals on the binding of cadmium to rat hepatic metallothionein determined by the Cd/hemoglobin affinity assay

The Cd/hemoglobin affinity assay is finding increasing use as an indicator of metallothionein in a variety of biological tissues. Because the assay relies on the ability of heat-stable proteins to bind Cd, it is important to know the relative affinities of different trace metals to bind to such proteins, relative to Cd. This study examines the ability of 15 trace metals to prevent the binding of Cd to metallothionein using the Cd/hemoglobin affinity assay for metallothionein. Cd, Cu, Hg, and Ag were the only metals tested which significantly inhibited the binding of a fixed concentration (2 microM) of 109Cd to a crude preparation of rat hepatic metallothionein. As, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, Th, and Zn had no inhibitory effect at the highest concentrations tested. However, As, Sn, Th, and Zn prevented the precipitation of hemoglobin at relatively low concentrations and, thus, could not be fully tested for inhibitory potency. Cu was the most potent inhibitor, producing more than 90% inhibition at 5 microM, followed by Ag, Hg, and Cd, which produced 76, 72, and 65% inhibition of cadmium binding at 5 microM, respectively. These results suggest that caution should be taken in interpreting metallothionein concentrations obtained by the Cd/hemoglobin affinity assay in tissues which contain relatively a high concentration of Cu, Ag, or Hg, relative to that of Cd.     

Assessment of environmental contamination using feathers of Bubulcus ibis L., as a biomonitor of heavy metal pollution, Pakistan

Concentrations of metals such as Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analyzed in the feathers of cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) from three breeding colonies in the Punjab province, Pakistan. The mean concentrations of Ca, Cd, Fe, Pb and Mn were significantly different between the three study sites (River Chenab, River Ravi and Rawal Lake Reservoir). The mean concentrations of Ca, Cd, Fe and Mn were significantly greater at the River Chenab heronry and Cr, Co, Zn, and Pb concentrations at the River Ravi heronry. The feathers of cattle egrets collected from the Rawal Lake Reservoir heronry were least contaminated. Multivariate statistical methods viz., Factor Analysis based on Principal Component Analysis (FA/PCA); Hierarchical Cluster analyses (HACA), and Correlation Analyses identified relatively similar associations of metals and their sources of input. Metals such as Ca, Mg, and K were related with natural input from parent rock material whereas trace metals viz., Cu, Cd, Co, Pb, Ni, and Zn were associated mainly with anthropogenic processes. Metals such as Fe, Mn, and Li were either correlated with natural input or with anthropogenic activities. Concentration of heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, and Cr were well above the threshold level that can cause adverse effects in birds and pose menace to the cattle egrets population in Pakistan. The study suggested that the feathers of cattle egret could be used as a bio-monitor of the local heavy metals contamination.     

雪胆生药中二十一种微量元素含量分析

作者用原子吸收分光光度计和电感偶合等离子体发射光谱仪多种方法,测定了雪胆生药中二十一种微量元素的含量,并对结果进行了比较分析。     

A study on metals content in patients with colorectal polyps

Data on metals involvement in colorectal polyps are scarce and fragmentary. The aim of this study was to examine whether the level of metals could be associated with risk of colorectal polyp development. The concentration of 15 chemical elements (Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg Mg, Mn, Pb, Se, Sr, and Zn) in 17 colorectal biopsies of healthy individuals, in 15 polypotic and corresponding nonpolypotic biopsies taken from the same individual, was evaluated. Concentration in polyps of metals such as Al, Ca, Mg, Mn, Pb, Sr, and Zn was unchanged both in unpaired and paired samples; elements such as Ba, Cd, and Hg were significantly lower and Fe was significantly higher both in individual and paired tissues. Cobalt, Cr, and Cu were significantly different only between polyps and the adjacent normal tissue area; Se showed a significant accumulation comparing polyps versus healthy tissues. The difference found in some elements between polyps and a control tissue provides an indication about the role of essential and nonessential elements in the early stage (polyps) in the colon carcinogenic process and encourages further studies to confirm the involvement of such elements in neoplastic processes.     

大青叶中18种无机元素的含量测定

目的 建立大青叶中无机元素含量的测定方法。方法采用原子荧光、电感耦合等离子光谱、电感耦合等离子质谱等方法来进行无机元素的测定。结果测定了大青叶中Ca、Cu、Fe、Mg、Zn、Sr、V、Cd、Cr、Co、AI、Mn、Mo、Ni、P、Pb、As、Se等18种无机元素的含量。结论分析方法简便、快捷、准确,适于无机元素的分析测定。     

黄柏中18种无机元素的含量测定

目的建立黄柏中无机元素含量的测定方法。方法采用原子荧光、电感耦合等离子光谱、电感耦合等离子质谱等方法来进行无机元素的测定。结果测定了黄柏中Ca、Cu、Fe、Mg、Zn、Sr、V、Cd、Cr、Co、Al、Mn、Mo、Ni、P、Pb、As、Se等18种无机元素的含量。结论分析方法简便、快捷、准确,适于无机元素的分析测定。     

附子中18种无机元素的含量测定

目的建立测定附子中无机元素含量的方法。方法采用原子荧光、电感耦合等离子光谱、电感耦合等离子质谱等方法来进行无机元素的测定。结果测定了附子中Ca、Cu、Fe、Mg、Zn、Sr、V、Cd、Cr、Co、Al、Mn、Mo、Ni、P、Pb、As、Se等18种无机元素的含量。结论分析方法简便、快捷、准确,适于无机元素的分析测定。     

Pharmacological characterization of Aristolochia clematitis L. growing in the Stavropol Region

The amino acid and elemental composition of birthwort (Aristolochia clematitis L.) plant species occurring in the Stavropol region has been studied. The analyses showed a high content of tyrosine in the above-ground parts and revealed the presence of 25 elements (K, Ca, P, Mg, Al, Fe, Na, Si, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, V, Li, As, Pb, Co, J, Se, Cd, Hg, Be, Sn, Ti), some of which belong to the group of toxic metals. The differentiation of various plant organs with respect to the accumulation of different groups of chemical elements is established. __________ Translated from Khimiko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp. 23–24, April, 2006.     

Induction of metallothionein in rat primary hepatocyte cultures: evidence for direct and indirect induction

The ability of a number of metals and organic chemicals to induce metallothionein (MT) synthesis in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes was tested to determine whether MT induction in vivo results from a direct effect of the agent on the liver or as a result of an indirect, physiologic response to the agent. Hepatocytes were exposed to metals [zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and vanadium (V)] or organic compounds [ethanol, urethane, L-2-oxothiozolidine 4-carboxylate (L-OTCA), or dexamethasone] and were assayed for metallothionein by the Cd/hemoglobin radioassay. Cell viability was monitored by protein synthesis activity and cellular K+ concentration. Increases in MT concentrations were noted for Zn (22-fold), Hg (6.4-fold), Cd (4.8-fold), Co (2.4-fold), Ni (2.2-fold), and dexamethasone (4.5-fold). However, even at maximum tolerated concentrations, Mn, Pb, V, ethanol, urethane, and L-OTCA did not increase MT. The results indicate that Zn, Cd, Hg, Co, Ni and dexamethasone induce MT in vitro and thus are direct inducers of MT synthesis in hepatic tissue. In contrast, Mn, Pb, ethanol, urethane and L-OTCA, which did not increase the MT content of hepatocytes, apparently do so in vivo by an indirect mechanism.     

Heavy metal concentrations in timberline trees of eastern Tibetan Plateau

Concentrations of 14 heavy metals (Ag, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl, V, and Zn) in needles, twigs, bark and xylem of spruce and fir collected at the timberline of eight sites along the Hengduan Mountains, eastern Tibetan Plateau, are reported. Twigs had the highest concentration for most of elements, while xylem had the lowest concentration. The connections between elements in twigs were much richer than other organ/tissues. Pb, Ni, As, Sb, Co, Cd, Hg, Cr and Tl which are partly through anthropogenic sources and brought in by monsoon, have been accumulated in twigs and needles by wet or dry deposition in south and east sites where are within or near pollutant sources. Under moderate pollution situation, vegetation are able to adjust the nutrient element (Cu and Zn) cycle rate, thus maintain a stable concentration level. Seldom V, Ag, and Mo are from external anthropogenic sources. Needles and twigs can be used as biomonitors for ecosystem environment when needles can simply distinguish the origin of elements and twigs are more sensitive to extra heavy metal input.     

四川不同产地淫羊藿中无机元素的分析测定

目的:建立淫羊藿无机元素的测定方法,并对四川不同产地淫羊藿中16种无机元素进行比较研究。方法:用火焰原子吸收光谱法(FAAS)测定K、Na、Se、Hg、As、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的含量,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法(GFAAS)测定Mo、Pb、Cd、Cr和Co的含量。结果:所有样品中均含有16种无机元素,其中,K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn等6种元素的平均含量较高。FAAS法测定K、Na、Se、Hg、As、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的回收率为99.0%~103.9%,RSD为0.56%~1.8%;GFAAS法测定Mo、Pb、Cd、Cr和Co的回收率为99.4%~101.5%,RSD为0.21%~2.5%;各元素的相关系数为0.9990~1.0000。结论:该方法快速、简便、准确;测定结果为制订淫羊藿重金属元素及有害元素限量标准提供一定参考,同时为其合理用药和规范化栽培基地的选择提供依据。     

加味逍遥方中20种无机元素的分布规律及相关性研究

目的 建立加味逍遥方中无机元素的微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）分析方法,对不同批次加味逍遥提取物和组方药材中无机元素进行比较和分析。方法 采用微波消解法对样品进行前处理,ICP-MS法对加味逍遥提取物中铁、锌、铜、锰、镍、钒、铬、钴、硒、锶、铯、砷、镉、银、汞、铅、铀20种无机元素的进行了定量,并应用SPSS 22.0软件对结果进行统计学分析。结果 加味逍遥提取物中20种无机元素之间具有一定的相关性,应用主成分分析选出4个主因子,得出Na、Mg、Al、V、Ni、Cu、Se、Sr、Cs、Mn、Hg、Fe为加味逍遥提取物的特征元素;组方药材中主要含有Mg、Al、Mn、Fe;10味药材因其药用部位不同无机元素水平差异较大,同种元素水平从根及根茎类、皮类、全草类、果实种子类、菌类依次降低。结论 无机元素的水平变化不仅能表征提取工艺过程的稳定性,而且能为中药复方配伍规律研究提供实验依据。     

Hypothermia and hypometabolism: sensitive indices of whole-body toxicity following exposure to metallic salts in the mouse

To investigate the practicality of hypothermia and hypometabolism as sensitive indices of toxicity in the mouse, oxygen consumption was monitored continuously and body temperature was measured at 30 min postinjection following the intraperitoneal administration of various metal salts. Eleven metal ions were tested: Al3+, Cd2+, Co2+, Cr2+, Cu2+, Hg2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+. All metals induced dose-dependent reductions in both oxygen consumption (hypometabolism) and deep body (colonic) temperature. Comparative toxicity of the metal ions was evaluated by calculating the dose of metal ion in dimensions of mmol/kg body mass needed to reduce colonic temperature to 35 degrees C. The order of toxicity from lowest to highest was as follows: Cr less than Al less than Pb less than Mn less than Mg less than Zn less than Cu less than Co less than Ni less than Hg less than Cd. The threshold doses for reducing body temperature were less than 5% of the LD50 in 6 of the metals studied. Metal salts with relatively low LD50 doses such as Hg, Cd, and Ni were most efficacious in inducing hypothermia and hypometabolism. Moreover, there was a direct linear relationship between dose for inducing hypothermia or hypometabolism and the reported LD50. Hence, the hypothermia and hypometabolism test may prove to be a sensitive and rapid test for the evaluation of toxicity of environmental contaminants.     

反渗透膜浓缩技术对60mg促肝细胞生长素粉针剂常见金属元素含量影响的研究

目的了解反渗透膜浓缩技术对60mg促肝细胞生长素（PHGF）中钠（Na）、钾（K）、镁（Mg）、钙（Ca）、铁（Fe）、铬（Cr）、锰（Mn）、镍（Ni）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、砷（As）、银（Ag）、镉（Cd）、锑（Sb）、钡（Ba）、铅（Ph）等金属元素含量的影响,为药品工艺改进、质量控制及临床安全用药提供科学依据。方法采用在线内标,建立电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICPMS）技术对样品常见金属元素的检测方法,并对药品金属元素进行检测,比较2种规格药品中金属元素含量差异。结果ICPMS测定PHGF常见金属元素线性相关系数均〉0．9990;方法准确度、精确度和稳定性均达到要求,有证参考物质全血验证,方法准确度、精密度高。60mgPHGF与20mgPHGF生产工艺稳定,元素批间相对误差分别在0．00％-5．48％、0．24％-6．05％之间;2种规格药品各检测元素比较,Na、Mg、K、Fe、Ni、Zn、As、A异、Cd间均P〉0．05;Ca、Mn、Cu、Sb、Ba、Pb问均P〈0．01;Cr间P〈0．05。结论60mgPHGF与20mgPHGF检测元素比较,Na、Mg、K、Fe、Ni、Zn、As、Ag、Cd元素含量没明显差异;Ca、Mn、Cu、Sb、Ba、Pb元素含量有非常显著差异,20mgPHGF中Ca、Mn、Ba、Pb含量高。