治疗方式对外阴鳞癌ⅠB期复发的影响

摘 要：［目的］ 探讨外阴鳞癌ⅠB期不同治疗方式的复发情况。［方法］ 对30例确诊并治疗的外阴鳞癌ⅠB期进行回顾性分析,用Kaplan-Meier方法进行预后比较。［结果］ 外阴鳞癌ⅠB期1年复发率为26.67％（8/30）。对于仅行手术治疗者,外阴局部扩大切除术患者复发率为60％（3/5）,而外阴广泛切除术+腹股沟淋巴结清扫者为23.0％（3/13）,差异具有统计学意义（P=0.045）。对于行外阴广泛切除术+腹股沟淋巴结清扫术者23例,有复发高危因素如病理分化差、瘤体大等共14例,行外阴广泛切除术+腹股沟淋巴结清扫术+放疗和(或)化疗者1年复发率为10％（1/10）,而行外阴广泛切除术+腹股沟淋巴结清扫术者为50%（2/4）,1年复发率差异具有统计学意义（P=0.03）。［结论］ 对于ⅠB期外阴鳞癌,尽可能行腹股沟淋巴结清扫,对于有高危因素者,手术结合放疗或（和）化疗能降低其近期复发率。     

手术方式对102例子宫内膜癌患者预后的影响

[目的]探讨子宫切除范围及淋巴结清扫术对子宫内膜癌预后的影响。[方法]对102例子宫内膜癌患者，将其中行筋膜外子宫切除手术（筋膜外组）40例与次广泛／广泛子宫切除术（广泛组）62例患者进行对照分析；行盆腔淋巴结清扫术（清扫组）48例和未行淋巴结清扫术（未清扫组）54例进行对照分析．比较其生存率。[结果]102例患者5年总的生存率为93．1％。筋膜外组与广泛组患者5年生存率比较，差异无显著性（P〉0．05），但其中Ⅱ期及Ⅱ期以上患者筋膜外组、广泛组的5年生存率分别为66．7％和91.3％，有显著性差异（P=0．044）。单因素分析结果提示盆腔淋巴有转移的患者预后不良。盆腔淋巴结清扫术和未行清扫术两组生存率比较，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。[结论]盆腔淋巴转移的患者预后差，但盆腔淋巴清扫术并不改善患者预后。Ⅱ期及Ⅱ期以上患者行次广泛／广泛子宫切除术有助于改善预后。     

手术方式对102例子宫内膜癌患者预后的影响

[目的]探讨子宫切除范围及淋巴结清扫术对子宫内膜癌预后的影响。[方法]对102例子宫内膜癌患者，将其中行筋膜外子宫切除手术（筋膜外组）40例与次广泛／广泛子宫切除术（广泛组）62例患者进行对照分析；行盆腔淋巴结清扫术（清扫组）48例和未行淋巴结清扫术（未清扫组）54例进行对照分析．比较其生存率。[结果]102例患者5年总的生存率为93．1％。筋膜外组与广泛组患者5年生存率比较，差异无显著性（P〉0．05），但其中Ⅱ期及Ⅱ期以上患者筋膜外组、广泛组的5年生存率分别为66．7％和91.3％，有显著性差异（P=0．044）。单因素分析结果提示盆腔淋巴有转移的患者预后不良。盆腔淋巴结清扫术和未行清扫术两组生存率比较，差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。[结论]盆腔淋巴转移的患者预后差，但盆腔淋巴清扫术并不改善患者预后。Ⅱ期及Ⅱ期以上患者行次广泛／广泛子宫切除术有助于改善预后。     

盆腔淋巴结清扫对评估膀胱癌预后的价值

目的:评价规范化盆腔淋巴结清扫对膀胱癌患者预后的影响作用,分析影响淋巴结转移的相关因素及淋巴结肿大与淋巴结转移两者的关系。方法:回顾性分析2008年1 月至2013年7 月天津医科大学肿瘤医院120 例膀胱癌患者临床资料,分为盆腔淋巴结规范化清扫组58例,未规范化清扫组62例。分析淋巴结转移与病理分期、分级及术中触及肿大淋巴结的关系,探讨盆腔淋巴结清扫对预后的影响。结果:120 例膀胱癌患者术后1、3、5 年总生存率分别为84.0% 、69.9% 、57.9% 。规范化盆腔淋巴结清扫组与未规范化清扫组的3 年生存率分别为78.4% 与46.2%（χ2= 5.487,P = 0.019）。 淋巴结阳性与阴性患者术后3 年生存率分别为50.0% 与86.4% ,（χ2= 9.303,P = 0.002）。 术中触及肿大淋巴结与淋巴结转移具有相关性（P < 0.001）,病理分期、病理类型（尿路上皮癌及非尿路上皮癌）及年龄是患者预后的影响因素（P < 0.05）。 结论:术中触及肿大淋巴结与淋巴结转移相关,可预测淋巴结转移的发生,盆腔淋巴结清扫影响膀胱癌患者预后,阳性淋巴结是膀胱癌患者预后的独立危险因素,规范盆腔淋巴结清扫术可延长患者术后生存时间。      

外阴癌76例临床分析

目的 分析外阴癌治疗、预后情况及其淋巴结转移的特征。方法 对随访超过5年并有完整资料的76例外阴癌进行回顾性分析。结果 76例的5年5年生存率64．5％,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ及Ⅳ期5年生存率分别为94．1％（16／17）、67．9％（19／28）、54．5（12／22）、22．2％（2／9）。Ⅲ、Ⅳ期手术加放疗组5年生存率62．5％（10／16）与单纯放疗组25．0％（3／12）比较有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。76例经治疗后有11例未控制,未控率14．5％,复发17例,复发率为26．2％。腹股沟及盆腔淋巴结转移率分别为33．9％（19／56）、28．6％（4／14）。盆腔淋巴结转移者腹股沟淋巴结均有转移。腹股沟淋巴结阴性5年生存率为86．5％、阳性42．1％（P＜0．05）。结论 外阴癌以手术治疗为主,病灶＞1cm者应行根治性外阴切除加双侧腹股沟淋巴清扫术,晚期病例加放疗。单纯放疗预后差。腹股沟淋巴结阴性不必行盆腔淋巴结清扫术。     

腹腔镜下腹股沟淋巴结切除术治疗外阴癌的临床研究

目的　探讨外阴浸润癌行腹腔镜下腹股沟淋巴结切除术的可行性和手术技巧。方法　２０１０年１１月至２０１１年８月对１０例外阴癌患者行根治性局部外阴切除术和腹腔镜下腹股沟淋巴结切除术,必要时行盆腔淋巴结切除术。结果　１０例患者均在腹腔镜下腹股沟淋巴结切除术后行根治性局部外阴切除。平均每侧腹股沟淋巴结切除手术时间为９１ｍｉｎ（８０～１３０ｍｉｎ）,术中每侧腹股沟淋巴结切除平均出血为６.３ｍｌ（５～１０ｍｌ）,切除淋巴结数平均为７.４个（单侧）,淋巴结转移２例,平均拔管时间为６.８ｄ（５～１０ｄ）,所有患者均未发生腹股沟区皮肤坏死。结论　外阴广泛切除联合腹腔镜下腹股沟淋巴结切除术治疗外阴浸润癌安全、可靠,手术创伤小,术后切口愈合佳,不易发生腹股沟区皮肤缺血坏死。     

腹腔镜手术在早期宫颈癌治疗中的应用观察

目的探讨腹腔镜在早期宫颈癌患者行子宫广泛切除术＋盆腔淋巴结清扫术中的应用价值。方法入组55例早期宫颈癌患者,随机分为2组,分别行腹腔镜辅助下（28例）和开腹（27例）广泛子宫切除术＋盆腔淋巴结清扫术,比较2组的术中和术后情况。结果腹腔镜组手术时间、术中出血量、切除淋巴结个数、术后排气时间、下床活动时间、术后住院时间、术后病发生率等方面均优于开腹组（P〈0.05）。结论对于早期宫颈癌,腹腔镜辅助下广泛子宫切除术＋盆腔淋巴结清扫术近期疗效较好,值得临床推广应用。     

外阴癌临床治疗309例报告

目的　分析外阴癌不同治疗方法的结果 ,并探讨其复发转移的特征。方法　采用回顾性研究的方法 ,对 30 9例外阴癌的临床治疗结果进行分析。结果　 30 9例患者总的 5年生存率为6 7.9% ,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ及Ⅳ期的 5年生存率分别为 86 .9%、82 .5 %、5 9.2 %和 43.6 %。总的治疗失败率为49 .8% (其中 2年内失败者占 6 9.5 % ) ;复发部位依复发时间不同而异 ,83.6 %的腹股沟、盆腔及远处转移发生在治疗后 2年内 ,外阴局部复发占 2年后治疗失败的 81.1%。外阴癌复发转移与年龄无关。Ⅰ期癌各种治疗方法的生存率及治疗失败率差异无显著性。Ⅱ期癌外阴根治性切除 腹股沟清扫术生存率较高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;腹股沟淋巴结阳性者 ,手术治疗的失败率显著低于放疗 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;腹股沟淋巴结阴性者 ,两种治疗方式差异无显著性 ;腹股沟预防照射剂量Dm达 6 0Gy者 ,失败率显著低于剂量Dm <6 0Gy者 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　早期外阴癌应施行外阴根治性切除 ,加施预防性淋巴清扫或腹股沟足量放疗 ;对中晚期患者 ,争取切除原发灶及行腹股沟淋巴清扫 ,并辅以术前、术后放疗。     

影响FIGO Ⅰb期宫颈鳞癌预后的因素

目的：探讨经根治性手术治疗的FIGOⅠb期宫颈鳞癌患者的预后影响因素。方法：对174例经我院治疗的Ⅰb期宫颈鳞癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：本组病例总5年无瘤生存率为79.4%,复发率为16.7%。肿瘤〉4cm者（60例）和≤4cm（114例）者中分别有75.0%和28.1%接受过术前放疗,差异具有显著性（P〈0.001）。肿瘤≤4cm/无术前放疗、肿瘤≤4cm/有术前放疗、肿瘤〉4cm/无术前放疗和肿瘤〉4cm/有术前放疗各组的5年无瘤生存率分别为80.5%、85.2%、69.3%和77.1%,差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。单因素分析显示盆腔淋巴结转移、宫旁切缘阳性和术后辅助治疗方式与5年无瘤生存率（P〈0.05）显著相关。多因素分析显示影响预后的独立因素为盆腔淋巴结转移（P=0.004）和宫旁切缘阳性（P=0.040）。高危组（伴盆腔淋巴结转移和/或宫旁切缘阳性）中肿瘤≤4cm和〉4cm患者的5年无瘤生存率（57.4%vs44.7%,P=0.575）和复发率（7/18vs6/14,P=0.821）无显著差异。低危组（无伴盆腔淋巴结转移或宫旁切缘阳性）中,肿瘤≤4cm和〉4cm患者的5年无瘤生存率（86.5%vs82.9%,P〉0.05）与复发率（9/95vs7/47,P〉0.05）无显著差异。结论：对于以根治性手术为主要治疗手段的FIGOⅠb期宫颈鳞癌,盆腔淋巴结转移和宫旁切缘阳性是影响预后的独立因素,肿瘤大小不能为预后预测提供有价值的信息。     

早期子宫颈癌淋巴结转移34例临床观察

目的探讨早期子宫颈癌术后淋巴结转移同步放疗、化疗与预后关系。方法回顾性分析34例早期子宫颈癌术后淋巴结转移的患者,全部行广泛性子宫切除＋盆腔淋巴结清扫术。其中Ⅰa期5例,Ⅰb期16例,Ⅱa期13例;术前放疗、化疗13例,术后全部行同步放疗、化疗;单个淋巴结转移26例,2个或2个以上淋巴结转移8例。结果淋巴结转移率22.1%（34/154）,34例淋巴结转移患者全部行术后同步放疗、化疗,5年生存率82.4%。转移淋巴结直径〈2cm者,5年生存率86.7%;转移性淋巴结直径≥2cm者,5年生存率57.9%;1个淋巴结转移至1级组患者,5年生存率76.6%;转移至2级组患者,5年生存率45.0%。结论淋巴结转移是影响子宫颈癌预后的重要因素,而术后对有淋巴结转移患者行同步放疗、化疗,可有效地提高5年生存率。     

外阴鳞状细胞癌109例临床分析

目的 分析外阴鳞状细胞癌（简称：鳞癌）的临床资料,探讨外阴鳞癌发病的相关因素.法 回顾性分析109例外阴鳞癌患者的临床资料.结果 外阴鳞癌发病年龄多在50 ～ 69岁,病程多为6～12个月,好发于大阴唇,病灶大小2～4cm,90％以上为高分化鳞癌.按2009年外阴癌FIGO新分期重新划分结果,ⅠB期增多,Ⅱ、Ⅲ期下降.109例患者合并外阴上皮内非瘤样病变99例,白变主要累及大小阴唇,病理类型中外阴硬化性苔藓占60％（59/99）.多在病变的10～15年出现癌变.结论 外阴上皮内非瘤样病变与外阴鳞癌关系密切.长时间的病变有发生癌变的风险,定期复查可及早发现癌变.     

Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva in a virgin patient with Turner syndrome

Two types of gynecologic tumors are commonly described in the Turner syndrome, the first one is gonadoblastoma, which occurs in patients with Y chromosome abnormalities, and the second one is endometrial carcinoma which is mostly related with exogenous estrogen usage. Here, we describe an extremely rare case of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva in a virgin woman with Turner syndrome. A 35-years old single, virgin woman referred to our Oncology Department with warty, necrotized, exophytic 6-7 cm vulvar mass. She had a history of primary amenorrhea and mosaic Turner syndrome was determined in her karyotype analysis. Biopsy specimen of the vulvar mass revealed squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva, and total vulvectomy with inguinal femoral lymphadenectomy was performed. The postoperative course was uneventful and there has been no recurrence of the disease up to date. Women with Turner syndrome have streak ovaries that produce very low estrogen and the squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva may have developed at an early age with Turner syndrome because of this low estrogen value similar to postmenopausal women. The current case is a special case due to its age of occurrence, virgin and Turner syndrome status.     

Preservation of the vulva in stage III squamous cell carcinoma with intra-arterial chemotherapy

A patient with stage III vulvar squamous cell carcinoma who was successfully treated with intra-arterial and intravenous chemotherapy and subsequent local excision is presented. The tumor was located on the left side of the vulva. Chemotherapy initially was administered into the left internal iliac artery. After two courses of the intra-arterial infusions, the tumor was no longer visible macroscopically. Two additional courses of chemotherapy were given intravenously to treat possible metastases to the lymph nodes. After the chemotherapy, the tumor site in the vulva was excised. A few small nests of tumor cells were identified in the excised specimen. The appearance of the vulva after surgery was quite natural and similar to that of a woman without disease. The patient is alive and disease-free 36 months after surgery. Conservative therapy, which includes intra-arterial and intravenous chemotherapy, should be considered for selected women with advanced vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. Received: November 24, 1998 / Accepted: April 5, 1999     

HPV 16 in multiple neoplastic lesions in women with CIN III

Paraffin embedded material of multiple primary cancers and other hyperplastic tumours from fifteen patients were analyzed by PCR and in situ hybridization for the presence of HPV DNA in the lesions. All patients had also high grade cervical intraepithelial dysplasia (CIN III) and breast carcinomas and were selected from a previous study enrolling 46 women with CIN III and breast carcinomas. HPV 16 was detected by PCR in 8/15 patients (53%), with eleven HPV 16 positive tumours. HPV 16 was detected in two malignant melanomas, one basal cell carcinoma, one squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva, one Bowen disease of the vulva, two high grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasias, one cancer corporis uteri, one bronchial carcinoma and two lymphomas. Three cases, two high grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia and a squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva, were also reported to be positive by in situ hybridization. 5/8 patients (63%) with HPV 16 positive second cancers had also HPV 16 positive breast carcinomas. All fifteen patients with second cancers after CIN III had HPV 16 positive CIN III lesions; 53% of the patients had also a familial cancer history. We assume that HPV 16 may be involved in the development of different second cancers in women with HPV 16 positive CIN III.     

The role of radiation therapy in preventing regional recurrences of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva

PURPOSE: To evaluate treatment of the inguinal nodes for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We reviewed the records of 227 patients who had treatment of the inguinal lymph nodes between 1980 and 1998 for squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. The inguinal nodes were clinically suspicious in 67 patients and clinically negative in 160. Regional treatment was as follows: lymph node dissection (LND) alone in 119 patients, LND plus radiation therapy (RT) in 57, and RT alone in 51. The extent of LND ranged from node excision to radical inguinal LND; all patients treated with LND alone had at least a superficial inguinal LND. Median follow-up of surviving patients was 98 months. Rates of inguinal node recurrence (INR) at 5 years were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients had INRs (5-year INR rate, 15.4%). Patients who received RT alone or RT + LND were significantly more likely than those treated with LND alone to have T3-4 tumors, tumors >5 cm, or lymph node involvement. However, 5-year INR rates were similar for the three groups (16%, 13%, and 16%, respectively). For patients who had LND only, the risk of INR was greater if the primary tumor was more than 2 cm (p = 0.056) or poorly differentiated (p = 0.04). For patients who had postoperative RT, INR was significantly greater if the time from LND to RT was greater than 50 days (p = 0.03). Ten patients had severe groin or lower-extremity complications after LND. Two patients died of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications. Six patients who were treated with RT had hip fractures or hip replacements after treatment. CONCLUSION: RT alone or in combination with LND is highly effective in preventing INR in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva and is associated with a low risk of major late complications.     

Impact of inguinal dissection on prognosis of early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva--a retrospective analysis

BACKGROUND: Inclusion of inguinal lymphadenectomy in the surgical procedure is a potential prognostic factor for squamous cell vulvar carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 33 women with early-stage squamous cell vulvar carcinoma were analyzed retrospectively. Before the establishment of FIGO criteria in 1983, 17 patients with stage I and 2 patients with stage II were evaluated clinically without inguinal lymphadenectomy. All patients underwent post-operative radiotherapy with a median dose of 45 Gy to the pelvis (vulva included) and boost dose to the vulva ranging from 10 to 20 Gy. Factors assessed for prognostic value included age, inguinal lymph node dissection, differentiation grade, and total irradiation dose to the vulva and pelvis. RESULTS: The log-rank test and the univariate regression analysis revealed that all above factors except irradiation dose decreased the overall survival. In the multivariate regression analysis, differentiation grade and the absence of inguinal dissection were independent predictors for decreased survival with a relative risk up to 2.6 (95% CI = 1.3, 5.6) and 2.7 (95% CI = 1.31, 5.44), respectively. CONCLUSION: Clinical evaluation of inguinal lymph node involvement is inadequate and node dissection is definitely the only appropriate surgical procedure for vulvar carcinoma.     

A case of stage IVb vulvar cancer effectively treated by concurrent chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin

A 72-year-old woman was hospitalized because of a 10 cm tumor in her right inguinal area. Furthermore, a 6 cm tumor mass was observed in her right vulva. Computed tomography revealed multiple swollen lymph nodes in the para-aortic and pelvic areas. On the basis of these findings, the patient was diagnosed with stage IVb squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Radiation therapy of 67.4 Gy/33 Fr was administered to the pelvis, inguinal area and vulva. Four courses of chemotherapy with cisplatin (40 mg/m(2)) were concurrently administered every week during radiation therapy. The response to chemoradiotherapy was assessed to be complete. The patient has been doing well without any recurrence for 24 months.     

Preferential retention of codon 72 arginine p53 in squamous cell carcinomas of the vulva occurs in cancers positive and negative for human papillomavirus

We have sought to determine the basis for preferential loss of the codon 72 proline (72P) rather than the arginine (72R) allele in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in p53. The proportion of cases containing human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 was not statistically different among individuals with either 72RR or 72RP in the germ line (P > 0.99), but p53 LOH was significantly more common in individuals heterozygous 72RP than in 72RR individuals (P = 0.04). LOH more commonly involved the 72P allele in both HPV-positive and HPV-negative cancers. Our results imply that preferential loss of the 72P allele in vulval squamous cell carcinoma occurs by HPV-dependent and -independent mechanisms.     

Combined Bleomycin and Irradiation in Preoperative Treatment of Advanced Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vulva

Forty-two patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva were treated with a combination regimen of bleomycin 180 mg and external irradiation 30-45 Gy. Twenty patients had primary lesions, and 22 patients had recurrent disease. Fifteen (75%) of the patients with primary disease showed objective response (five complete and ten partial response). Four underwent surgery. of these, one is alive after 60 months with no evidence of disease. Two have died of unrelated causes without signs of recurrence. Seventeen relapsed and died of carcinoma of the vulva. Median survival for patients treated for primary disease was 8.0 months. Thirteen (59%) of 22 patients treated for recurrence showed objective response (two complete and eleven partial responses). None underwent surgery. All these patients died of carcinoma of the vulva. Median survival was 6.4 months. Toxicity was acceptable, and there were no treatment-related deaths. Even taking into account that our patients had very advanced disease, the results are disappointing. An increase of the radiation dose beyond the maximum of 45 Gy given, and more aggressive surgery, might have improved the results.     

14-3-3蛋白和NF-κB在外阴硬化性苔藓和外阴鳞癌中的表达及意义

目的:探讨14-3-3和NF-κB在外阴硬化性苔藓（VLS）和外阴鳞癌（VSCC）中的表达及临床意义。方法:采用免疫组化方法检测14-3-3和NF-κB在VLS和VSCC及外阴正常组织中的表达情况,并结合临床病理资料进行分析。结果:14-3-3在VLS的表达明显低于外阴正常皮肤,两者差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;在VSCC中的表达明显高于外阴正常皮肤,两者差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;在VSCC III-IV期中表达明显高于I-II期（P<0.05）;在年龄、有无淋巴结转移和分化程度方面,无统计学上的差异（P>0.05)。NF-κB在VLS中的表达明显低于外阴正常皮肤（P<0.05）;在VSCC中的表达明显高于外阴正常皮肤（P<0.05）;在VSCC III-IV期中表达明显高于I-II期（P<0.05）;有淋巴结转移的表达明显高于无淋巴结转移（P<0.05）,中分化的表达明显高于高分化（P<0.05）。Spearman相关性分析结果表明:在VLS和VSCC中14-3-3和NF-κB的表达有相关性且呈正相关。结论:14-3-3和NF-κB高表达可能与VSCC的发生、发展有关,低表达与VLS的发生有关。