“公众对器官捐献态度”的问卷结果分析

目的 调查公众对器官捐献的知晓程度及态度.方法 设计制定器官捐献调查问卷,共10组20个问题,多数为选择题.调查核心为公众对器官捐献的态度及器官捐献的发展问题.在医院门诊大厅、繁华商业区及4所专业性较强的高等院校随机选取受访者,填写调查问卷,并记录受访者性别、年龄、文化程度、职业或专业方向等基本信息.结果 共获得有效问卷2930份,受访者年龄中位数为38.12岁,男性与女性的比例为1 ∶1.2.90.9％的受访者知道器官移植,并能选择出部分可供移植的器官.95.7％的受访者知道器官捐献,但了解的时间存在差别.89.1％的受访者赞成尸体器官捐献,赞成者中的72.7％愿意将来捐献自己的器官;接触过肾功能衰竭和器官移植患者的受访者对于器官捐献的赞成率高于未接触过的受访者(P＜0.05).65.3％的受访者赞成活体器官捐献,低于赞成尸体器官捐献者的比例(P＜0.05).85.7％的受访者赞成给予捐献者家属相应经济补偿.62.9％的受访者建议通过媒体宣传或各种教育途径增加公众对器官捐献的了解,14.5％的受访者建议国家制定相应法律.结论 目前公众对器官移植及器官捐献有所了解,多数人赞成尸体器官捐献并愿意身后捐献器官.普及器官移植相关知识对器官捐献有促进作用.多数人认为适当给予捐献者家属经济补偿是必要的.媒体宣传和教育可推动器官捐献事业的发展.     

Attitudes towards organ donation and transplantation – a study involving Baltic physicians

The aim of this study was to identify and describe attitudes towards organ donation and transplantation among a group of Baltic physicians who are involved in this aspect of medical care. A total of 151 neurosurgeons, anesthesiologists, and neurologists anonymously answered a questionnaire between February and March 1995. The majority of physicians said they would be willing to donate their own organs after their death but disagreed with the idea of using organs from a dead person who had had a negative opinion towards organ donation. Given a patient who fulfilled the criteria for brain death, this group of physicians found it widely acceptable to keep the patient on a ventilator until organ donation could take place. We conclude that the participating physicians generally have similar attitudes towards organ donation and transplantation. This study is valuable in that it shows the interest in, and the need for, clinical and research collaboration, including a discussion of ethics, within the area of organ donation and transplantation. This is essential for future collaboration with Western countries. Received: 7 January 1998 Received after revision: 12 May 1998 Accepted: 23 June 1998     

Factors associated with positive attitudes toward organ donation in Arab Americans

Padela AI, Rasheed S, Warren GJW, Choi H, Mathur AK. Factors associated with positive attitudes toward organ donation in Arab Americans.
Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 800–808. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Background: The demand for transplantable organ continues to exceed supply, particularly in minority patient populations. We explored the factors influencing organ donation attitude within the Arab American community. Methods: Secondary data analysis from a face‐to‐face survey administered in late 2003 to 1016 adults from a representative population‐based sample on Greater Detroit Arab Americans. Results: Christian Arab Americans were more likely than Muslim Arab Americans, and women more than men, to believe organ donation after death was justifiable. Higher educational attainment and income, as well as greater acculturation into American society, were associated with greater odds of believing organ donation to be justified. Self‐reported health status and level of psychological distress and health insurance status were not associated with beliefs about organ donation. Conclusions: A multifaceted approach toward increasing organ donation rates in this growing population requires targeted community‐health care system collaborations involving religious and civic leaders using Arabic language and culturally sensitive media. Summary: Arab Americans represent a growing population about which little is known in regard to organ donation and transplantation. This population is not specifically captured within national and local transplantation databases, and little empiric work has assessed attitudes and barriers toward organ donation and transplantation within this community. Our work represents the first to use a representative population‐based sample to explore the modifiable and non‐modifiable characteristics of those who believe cadaveric organ donation to be justified.     

A National Program Toward Improving Renal Health: Advancing Organ Donation Awareness

Background

Despite the national advocacy campaign for kidney transplantation from deceased donors in the Philippines 96% of kidneys transplanted into 721 kidney transplants from 1999 to 2001 came from living donors. A national survey on the knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of Filipinos on organ donation in 2001 showed factors that disadvantaged deceased organ donation to be poor understanding of “brain death,” religion, and fear of the operation. These concerns were addressed and another survey was conducted in 2005.

Objectives

To compare knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of Filipinos on organ donation between 2001 and 2005, and compare the number of kidney transplants from deceased donors between 2001 until 2008.

Methods

Two surveys in 15 regions of the Philippines were conducted using multistage sampling. Using a structured questionnaire there were 2000 respondents in 2001, and 2140 in 2005. Analysis was performed using chi-square analysis.

Results

The majority of respondents knew about kidney donation. Between 2001 and 2005, there was increased awareness that transplants came from both living and deceased donors (37% to 41%) and a decline in those believing transplants came only from deceased donors (14% to 9%). Willingness to become a living (59% to 87%) or a deceased donor (35% to 49%) increased. The increase in transplantation from deceased donors from an average of 10 per year from 1999 to 2001 to 31 per year from 2006 to 2008.

Conclusion

Increased awareness about kidney donation among Filipinos, improved consent to become an organ donor, and an increase in kidney transplantation from deceased donors occurred from 2001 to 2008.     

Survey of First-Year Medical Students to Assess Their Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Organ Transplantation and Donation

Background

The important shortage of organ donors is still a fundamental public health problem in France. Improving the knowledge and attitudes of health care professionals could help to promote organ donation. The aim of this survey was to evaluate the level of knowledge of medical students and their gaps about organ donation prior to any medical course.

Materials and Methods

A survey was conducted among 571 first-year medical students at a medical faculty in Lyon. Their knowledge, attitudes, personal views, and perceptions toward organ donation and transplantation were investigated prior to any medical course. A 31-item anonymous questionnaire including queries about personal views of organ donation, factual knowledge, and awareness of French law was distributed to the students.

Results

To “willingness to donate a kidney to a relative,” 97.7% of respondents consented, 0.9% objected, and 1.4% did not answer. Their attitudes toward cadaveric organ donation were different: 81.1% agreed, 13.5% refused, and 5.4% did not answer. Regarding their knowledge about which organs could be transplanted, 95% of the respondents were aware of the possibility to transplant a face and 14% thought that xenotransplantation was performed nowadays.

Conclusions

First-year medical students have a good knowledge level regarding the organ donation and transplantation system prior to their medical course. Some gaps remain which could be improved. The results of this study supported a greater emphasis on providing information regarding transplantation in medical schools to improve the knowledge of future health care professionals. A follow-up survey of the participants at the end of their medical course will be interesting to assess the progress of their attitudes.     

器官捐献高等教育模式的探索与实践

中国器官移植事业的改革和法治化进程始于2007年首部器官移植法规《人体器官移植条例》的颁布。历经10年的探索，我国根据自身社会发展阶段和文化传统的具体情况，建立了一个遵循世界卫生组织指导原则和国际伦理准则且符合我国国情的国家器官捐献与移植体系。中欧双方一直重视在医学专业技术人员培训、临床科研等领域开展国际合作。多年来，双方开展了一系列卓有成效的合作项目，其中包括中欧10所大学联合向欧盟委员会"伊拉斯谟＋"项目申报的"中欧器官捐献领导力培训及专业技术输送计划"。该课程旨在中国医学教育领域建立一个高等教育(研究生)新课程——器官捐献。课程融合中欧教育特点，以网络教学与临床实践相结合，联合培养了首批中国器官捐献国际师资团队及器官捐献管理人才，并正式出版了我国首部器官捐献高等教育专业双语教程——《中欧器官捐献管理(双语版)》。项目至今已成功培养了144名本地在职医务人员或在读医学研究生，并在导师指导下产出了40余篇学术论文。     

Factors Limiting Deceased Organ Donation: Focus Groups' Perspective From Culturally Diverse Community

Background

In-depth understanding of cultural and religious factors limiting organ donation of three ethnic populations (Malay, Chinese, and Indian) in Southeast Asia is lacking. Identification of factors limiting organ donation among these three ethnic groups will provide insights into culturally appropriate strategies to promote acceptance of organ donation in a multiethnic Asian community.

Methods

A total of 17 focus group discussions (105 participants) were conducted between September and December 2008. Participants were members of the general public aged 18 to 60 years, recruited through convenient sampling around the Klang Valley area of Malaysia.

Results

Although the majority had favorable attitudes toward deceased organ donation and transplantation, a diversity of myths and misinformation were unearthed from the discussions across the ethnic groups. These include perceived religious prohibition, cultural myths and misperceptions, fear of disfigurement, fear of surgery, distrust of the medical system, and family disapproval. Culture and religious beliefs played important prohibitive roles among those opposed to organ donations. There were distinctive ethnic differences in cultural and religious concerns regarding organ donation. Less-educated and rural groups appeared to have more misconceptions than the well-educated and the urban groups.

Conclusion

Our findings may assist organ donation and transplantation organizations to reach diverse sociodemographic and ethnic communities with culture-specific information about organ donation. The involvement of community and religious leaders is critical in organ donation requests.     

Influence of knowledge and religiousness on attitudes toward organ donation

There remains a great need for organ donation. Each year thousands of individuals wait for organs to be donated for transplantation. In this study, the Organ Donation Attitude Survey (ODAS) was developed. One hundred ninety undergraduate students (114 women with a mean age of 20.0 and 76 men with a mean age of 20.5 years) enrolled in general education classes at a small midwestern university participated. The present study determined that ODAS is a reliable and valid instrument to assess attitudes regarding organ donation. The data were analyzed by stepwise regression to determine which variables were related to attitudes regarding organ donation. The results indicated the impact of four variables: education regarding organ donation, knowledge of someone who had donated an organ after death, awareness of anyone who received a donated organ, and religious beliefs. These significant variables in the regression analysis explained 24.95% of the ODAS total score variability. The most important results of the present study indicated that the ODAS was psychometrically valid and it could be used to evaluate attitudes regarding organ donation.     

Attitudes of hospital staff involved in organ donation to the procedure

Hospital staff have a key function in asking for potential organ donors, but little is known about their own attitudes towards donation. In a community hospital with 7–8 multi-organ extraction procedures each year 199 staff members were surveyed. Although only 7 % of the responding staff would personally refuse to donate an organ, 23 % would not give consent to organ donation from a close relative. 47 % of those prepared to be donors had signed a donor card. Donors informed their family more frequently (88 %) about their personal attitude towards organ donation than non-donors (60 %), or undecided personnel (43,8 %; chi-square P = 0,004). No significant difference in attitude according to medical profession subgroups was found. The findings are in line with general population surveys and indicate that much work needs to be done to encourage medical staff involved in organ donation to set an example to the community. Received: 14 June 1999/Revised: 17 February 2000/Accepted: 18 April 2000     

Evaluation of transplantation procedures acceptance among students of Thai, American, and Polish origin who finished a basic didactic course

The aim of this paper was to compare acceptance of basic transplantation procedures as displayed among students from Poland, Thailand, and the United States who finished their education in our clinic. The research concerned a group of 110 fifth year students of the medical department, including 42 citizens of Poland (group 1), 41 citizens of Thailand (group 2), and 27 citizens of the United States (group 3). The average age of the respondents was 25.4 years and 58% were women. After completing a number of clinical transplantation classes, we performed an anonymous poll that consisted of 12 questions related to attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation from dead of living donors. Chi-square tests were used to analyze the relationship between expressed opinions and demographic data. The majority of students accepted organ donation from either dead (92% “definitely yes”) or living (81%) donors. The smallest percentage (58%) was expressed by group 2. Some insignificant differences were also observed in connection with the question of whether “brain death” is equivalent to death of a person. Students' responses were diverged with regard to consideration of implied consent as a factor to condition organ procurement from dead donors. Amid Thai students, acceptance was definitely lower (23%) than Polish (67%) or American (58%) ones. At the same time, organ donation was mostly dependent on the consent of a deceased person's family. Similar to other groups, the great majority of students declared their consent to both organ procurement after their own death, to donating a kidney to their relatives, or to persons with whom they are emotionally connected. Interestingly, 16% accepted organ donation for money.     

Knowledge,Attitude, and Behavior Toward Organ Donation and Transplantation Among Medical Students in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

BackgroundOrgan donation is an integral part of medical ethics worldwide, including Saudi Arabia. Although the Saudi community has a positive attitude toward the concept of organ donation and transplantation, several factors prevent people from agreeing to donate organs and tissues. This study aimed to explore and evaluate the knowledge and attitudes medical students in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia have toward organ donation and transplantation.MethodsA cross-sectional study among 722 medical students in the Eastern Province. The questionnaire consisted of 3 parts: sociodemographic questions, organ donation and transplantation knowledge questions, and questions on attitudes toward organ donation and reasons for consenting or refusing to donate.ResultsBoth men and women had positive attitudes toward organ donation. The level of knowledge of organ donation and related procedures did not differ significantly among men (13.07%) and women (13.60%) (P < .027). The motives for donation were the desire to help others (88.8%) (P = .02) and sympathy (59.8%). The main source of information on organ donation for respondents was television, followed by the internet and relatives and/or friends.ConclusionsWhile medical students are generally supportive of organ donation and transplantation, they may lack basic knowledge on organ donation. Due to lack of basic knowledge, they become hesitant to make the decision to donate. It is recommended that additional organ donation modules be included in the student curriculum to increase the knowledge of future health care providers. Most of the participants would not change their attitudes toward organ donation based on the Saudi government initiatives to register for the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation organ donation program.     

Organ donation and transplant: The Islamic perspective

Islam is the second most practiced religion globally, and the number of Muslims in Western countries has been increasing due to recent trends in migration. Studies have shown that Muslims in the Western world have more negative attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation compared with individuals from other religious backgrounds. Multiple barriers have been postulated that may prevent Muslims from exploring organ donation or transplantation. We conducted a literature review with the goal of summarizing the opinions of major Sunni and Shia scholars and Islamic bodies about organ donation and transplantation, including their opinions and rulings on the neurological determination of death to inform healthcare professionals, community members, and leaders. We also identified factors and attitudes that may prevent members of the Muslim community from achieving equitable access to transplantation or from consenting to donate organs during life or after death. Key factors or concerns identified included: lack of information regarding organ donation, mistrust of the healthcare system, family opinions, sacredness of the body, lack of clear understanding of religious rulings, and opinions of religious leaders. Studies have suggested that partnering with religious leaders to address these concerns may help foster positive attitudes toward organ donation and transplantation.     

Does Death Anxiety Affect the Attitude Towards Organ Donation?

BackgroundIt is important to determine the attitudes of nurse candidates towards organ transplantation and their death anxiety levels to help patient families make an informed decision about organ donation.AimThe aim of this study is to examine nurse candidates' public knowledge and attitude towards organ donation.MethodsThe research was conducted with nursing students at the Faculty of Health Sciences, between December 2021 and February 2022. Data were collected using a personal information form, Fear of Death Scale (FODS), and Organ Donation Attitude Scale (ODAS).ResultsOur study determined that the percentage of students who wanted to donate organs and the death anxiety average of students were moderate. It was determined that students' positive attitudes towards organ donation were high and negative attitudes were low, and there was a negative relationship between them (p<0.001). In this study, in the comparison of death anxiety by gender, the mean scores of women's death anxiety, thinking about death and witnessing death, suffering, and uncertainty of death were found to be higher than men's, and the difference was significant (p<0.001).ConclusionAs a result, it is thought that improving the attitudes of future nurse candidates towards organ transplantation will significantly affect their organ transplantation decisions. Education is required for students with insufficient experience.     

Knowledge and attitudes toward organ/tissue donation and transplantation among health care professionals working in organ transplantation or dialysis units

Objective

To evaluate the awareness and attitudes of health care professionals toward organ/tissue donation and transplantation.

Methods

We included 309 health care professionals from 27 dialysis centers and eight organ transplantation centers in Istanbu in the present study conducted from April 2008 to August 2008. The 24-item questionnaire, including items concerning sociodemographic features and knowledge about and attitudes toward organ/tissue donation and transplantation, was applied by face-to-face interviews.

Results

An organ/tissue donation card was completed among 77% of subjects, while 90% were identified as supporting transplantation. The main reasons identified for lack of donation were lack of confidence (59.7%), fear of procurement (31.5%), and inappropriate use of harvested organs (18.1%).

Conclusion

In conclusion, targeting health care professionals in the first place and development of nationwide media and educational campaigns on the ethical, moral, as well as religious dimensions of transplantation and donation seem crucial to increase the number of individuals who can act as role models via their positive impact on the general public's attitudes toward organ donation.     

医院住院患者对器官移植与捐献的意愿调查

目的了解医院住院患者对器官移植与捐献相关领域的认知情况和态度。方法通过自编调查问卷形式,以医院住院患者为对象进行问卷调查。内容包括一般信息、对器官移植与捐献的认知和态度,并分析影响器官移植和捐献、对移植和捐献关注的问题以及捐献方式的影响因素。数据结果以SPSS 18.0进行分析。结果本次调查共发放问卷1 000份,回收973份,有效问卷906份,有效率为93.1%。906份有效问卷中,788例(87.0%)患者听过器官移植,118例(13.0%)未听过器官移植;189例(20.9%)有移植亲属,717例(79.1%)无移植亲属;511例(56.4%)愿意接受器官移植,226例(24.9%)不愿意,169例(18.7%)不知道;490例(54.1%)同意器官捐献,173例(19.1%)不同意,243例(26.8%)不知道。性别因素对器官移植(P=0.299)和捐献(P=0.327)的意愿均无影响,年龄、学历、职业、是否听过器官移植及是否有移植亲属对器官移植和捐献的意愿均有影响(P<0.01)。性别因素对关于器官移植(P=0.727)和器官捐献(P=0.935)关注问题均无影响,年龄、学历、是否听过器官移植、是否有移植亲属对器官移植和捐献后关注的问题均有影响(P<0.01)。对器官移植手术最关注的问题依次为:是否有可供移植的器官占28.7%(260/906),术后生活质量占23.0%(208/906),手术风险占21.5%(195/906),手术费用占19.5%(177/906),术后排斥反应占7.3%(66/906)。器官捐献后最关注的问题依次为:捐献器官的合理应用占57.4%(520/906),亲属的态度占23.8%(216/906),捐献补偿占17.6%(159/906),其他占1.2%(11/906)。捐献方式上,403例(44.4%)愿意接受心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD),257例(28.4%)愿意接受脑死亡器官捐献,246例(27.2%)愿意接受活体器官捐献。性别、学历和职业对捐献方式有影响(P<0.05),而年龄、是否听过器官移植和是否有移植亲属对捐献方式无影响(P>0.05)。结论对器官移植宣传的不足和高昂的移植费用是制约器官移植接受率的主要因素,随着时间推移、全民教育水平的不断提高和加强对器官移植的广泛宣传,器官移植的接受率将呈现不断增高的趋势。目前医院患者普遍接受的器官捐献方式仍然是DCD。建立一个合理运作的捐献器官分配体系和适当的捐献补偿机制是促进器官捐献事业发展的关键。     

Effects of an Education Program on Intensive Care Unit Nurses' Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions to Advocate Deceased Donor Organ Donation

Introduction

Organ shortage limits the application of organ transplantation. The attitudes of intensive care unit (ICU) staff play an important role in organ advocating. The effects of an education program for ICU nurses on organ advocating were uncertain. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of an education program based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on ICU nurses' attitudes and behavioral intentions to advocate deceased organ donation.

Methods

Participants were recruited from 3 different ICU units in medical centers and were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n = 61) or a control group (n = 62). The nurses in the experimental group received comprehensive education programs, and the control groups received a brochure only. The outcome parameters were measured by questionnaires at 3 different time points of pretest, posttests immediately after education, and 2 months later.

Results

Before education, there was no difference in attitude and behavior intentions between the control and experimental groups. After TPB training, the nurses significantly changed their attitudes and behavior intentions on organ advocating, both immediately (P < .01) and 2 months after the education program (P < .01). In addition, multivariate analysis indicated that TPB training is significantly associated with the change of attitude (P < .01) and behavior intention (P < .05) of organ donation advocacy.

Conclusions

TPB education programs enhanced the ICU nurses' attitudes and behavioral intentions on advocating organ donation. Repeated education is advised to increase the participation of ICU nurses on organ advocacy.     

Attitude of Health Care Professionals to Organ Donation: Two Surveys Among the Staff of a German University Hospital

The persistent shortage of organs for transplantation could be minimized by increasing the number of potential donors. The opinion of the staff of a university hospital toward organ donation is of special interest because they are directly involved in solid organ transplantation. In 2007, we conducted a first voluntary survey concerning organ donation among the staff of the university hospital of Essen. A short information campaign and further opinion poll among staff as well as visitors was performed in 2009 to compare professional and public attitudes toward organ donation. The first poll comprised 242 questionnaires showing 55% of the hospital staff carrying organ donor cards, particularly more women (60%) than men (46%). After this survey, an additional 19% of the hospital staff imagined they might carrying an organ donor card in the future. In the second survey, we analyzed 151 questionnaires, showing 66% of staff members carrying an organ donor card, an incidence significantly greater than among visitors (48%). The need for information regarding organ donation was greater among visitors (35%). However, 21% of the hospital staff still also need education concerning organ donation. More education and increased transparency of transplantation practice are necessary for hospital staff to act successfully as initiators. Hospital staff with positive attitudes toward organ donation may have a positive impact on the attitudes of the general public toward organ donation.