盐酸地尔硫Zhuo缓释片的制备及体外释放度

以羟丙基甲基纤维素为凝胶骨架材料,以淀粉－糊精混合物及乳糖为填充剂,采用湿法制粒压片,制备了盐酸地尔硫Ｚｈｕｏ缓释片,并对其释放度进行了测定。所制备的缓释片在释放９０％之前的释放符合Ｈｉｇｕｃｈｉ方程。片剂中羟丙基甲基纤维素的含量及稀释剂的含量对药物的释放速度有较大影响,而压片力对药物的释放速度无明显影响。改变缓释片中羟丙基甲基纤维素的含量及稀释剂的种类可改变药物的释放速度。     

奥沙普秦—羧丙基—β—环糊精包合物的研究

采用溶液－搅拌法制备奥沙普秦－羟丙基－β－环糊精包合物,用红外光谱、差示扫描量热分析等方法对包合物进行了鉴定和确证。含量测定证明包合物主、客分子比１：１。且奥沙普秦的溶解度由原来的０．０１８ｍｇ／ｍｌ增至包合后的２．５９９ｍｇ／ｍｌ。     

丁卡因口腔粘附片的研究

目的：研制丁卡因口腔粘附片，并考察不同辅料的体外膨胀情况及释药性能。方法：采用聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）、羟丙甲基纤维素（HPMC）、低取代羟丙基纤维素（L－HPC）及卡波普（CP 934）为生物粘附材料，以不同配比制备丁卡因口腔粘附片，照中国药典2000年版附录浆板法用HPLC测定其释放度。结果：用CP与HPC（或HPMC）以1：2的比率制备的丁卡因口腔粘附片在1－2分钟内起效，口腔内的粘附时间大于3小时，夜间使用可达10小时以上。结论：CP与HPC（或HPMC）作为粘附材料制备丁卡因口腔粘附片能获得良好效果。     

改善乙酰水杨酸片溶出度的研究

采用干法制粒制备乙酰水杨酸片，分别加入低取代－羟丙基纤维素（Ｌ５－ＨＰＣ）、羧甲基淀粉钠（ＣＭＳ－Ｎａ）及干淀粉作崩解剂［１］，以改善溶出度。实验表明，内加ＣＭＳ－Ｎａ及干淀粉，干法制粒压片，能够明显改善乙酰水杨酸片的溶出度。     

Zn-DDC羟丙基β环糊精包合物的制备与鉴定

目的制备Zn-DDC羟丙基β环糊精包合物并进行鉴定。方法分别以研磨法、搅拌法、超声波法制备,用热分析法、粉末X-射线衍射法、红外光谱法鉴定。结果鉴定显示Zn-DDC羟丙基β环糊精包合物已形成,包合物的稳定常数为3451.57L/mol,且以溶液搅拌法制备更合适。结论羟丙基β环糊精可以显著增加Zn-DDC的溶解度。     

蓝萼甲素-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物的制备

目的:制备蓝萼甲素-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物,提高药物体外溶解性能。方法:以羟丙基-β-环糊精为包合材料,制备蓝萼甲素包合物。使用差示热分析法对包合物进行鉴定,紫外分光光度法进行含量测定,并进行相溶解度、溶解度、体外溶出速率实验研究。结果:蓝萼甲素经羟丙基-β-环糊精包合后,溶解度、体外溶出速率均有显著提高。结论:用羟丙基-β-环糊精制备蓝萼甲素包合物,能显著改善蓝萼甲素体外溶解性能。     

伊曲康唑-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物颗粒的制备与质量控制

目的制备伊曲康唑-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物颗粒，并对其进行质量控制。方法采用加热搅拌法，在酸性条件下将伊曲康唑制备成羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物，采用制备颗粒一般方法制备伊曲康唑-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物颗粒。采用紫外分光光度法对其进行质量控制。 结果伊曲康唑-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物颗粒制备工艺简单，增加伊曲康唑的溶出度，质量控制方法简单易行。结论该制备工艺简便，增加了伊曲康唑的溶出度。     

莪术油-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物的制备与表征

目的考察莪术油-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物的制备工艺与表征。方法采用水溶液搅拌法与研磨法制备莪术油-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物,采用气相色谱测定包合物中莪术油的含量,采用红外、差热分析、薄层等多种方法进行物性鉴定。结果莪术油-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物采用水溶液搅拌法和研磨法均可以得到合格产品,包合物中莪术油质量分数为3.9%。结论莪术油-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物制备工艺简单,水溶性强,稳定性高,较之β-CD包合物更适合制成注射制剂。     

羟丙基-β-环糊精对桂利嗪的包合作用

目的:制备桂利嗪-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物并对其加以鉴定.方法:采用饱和溶液法制备桂利嗪-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物,并通过红外光谱、紫外光谱、薄层色谱、熔点等方法对包合物进行鉴定.结果:桂利嗪与羟丙基-β-环糊精已形成包合物.包合物主、客分子之比为1:1.结论:羟丙基-β-环糊精可使桂利嗪在水中的溶解度增大22.4倍.     

酮康唑-羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物滴眼剂的研制

为了提高酮康唑的溶解度和稳定性 ,满足眼科抗霉菌治疗需要 ,采用加热搅拌法 ,在酸性条件下将酮康唑制备成羟丙基 - β-环糊精包合物 ,偏重亚硫酸钠为抗氧剂 ,羟苯乙酯为防腐剂 ,按照制备滴眼剂的一般方法制备酮康唑 -羟丙基 -β-环糊精包合物滴眼剂。结果所得制剂稳定 ,无刺激性 ,质量可控。酮康唑-羟丙基 - β-环糊精包合物滴眼剂处方合理 ,制备工艺简便 ,可满足临床需要     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.