儿童坏死性肺炎诊治进展

儿童坏死性肺炎(necrotizing pneumonia,NP)是儿童社区获得性肺炎的一种严重并发症,近年来,随着儿科医生对儿童坏死性肺炎认识的加深,NP的报道也逐年升高。NP系在肺组织实变的基础上,随着疾病的进展,累及的肺组织出现液化、坏死,最终形成多发囊腔或多发空洞,临床主要依据影像学诊断。既往研究显示NP多见于...     

儿童坏死性肺炎的研究进展

坏死性肺炎(necrotizing pneumonia,NP)是社区获得性肺炎(community acquired pneumonia,CAP)严重的肺部并发症之一,各个年龄段均可发病。最早关于NP的报道见于成人,近年来儿童NP的发病率呈上升趋势。目前关于儿童与成人NP在病原学、临床表现、辅助检查、高危因素、治疗、预...     

儿童坏死性肺炎的早期预测指标研究

目的 研究儿童坏死性肺炎的早期预测指标。方法 回顾性分析43例儿童坏死性肺炎与83例大叶性肺炎的临床资料,对比两组患儿的性别、年龄、发热天数、实验室检查结果及支气管镜表现,将两组间差异有统计学意义的指标纳入多因素logistic回归分析,以了解坏死性肺炎的早期预测指标。结果 坏死性肺炎组女性患儿所占比例高于大叶性肺炎组(PPP结论 WBC升高(≥15.1×109/L)、hs-CRP升高(≥121.5mg/L)、血清LDH升高(≥353.5U/L)、支气管镜下出现痰栓堵塞需要活检钳才能清除以及肺泡灌洗液呈浑浊的米汤样,可作为儿童坏死性肺炎的早期预测指标。     

儿童肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎预测指标研究

目的分析儿童肺炎支原体坏死性肺炎(MPNP)临床特征及实验室结果,寻找MPNP早期诊断指标。方法回顾分析40例MPNP及60例难治性肺炎支原体肺炎(RMPP)的临床资料,比较两组患儿的差异,并绘制ROC曲线,寻找预测MPNP发生的指标。结果 MPNP组患儿的住院时间,发热时间,合并肝损伤、胸腔积液的比例,外周血白细胞(WBC)计数,中性粒细胞比例,C反应蛋白,D-二聚体,乳酸脱氢酶均明显高于RMPP组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。进一步行多因素logistic回归分析显示,WBC(OR=1.35,95%CI:1.09～1.68)、发热时间(OR=1.22,95%CI:1.03～1.44)是MPNP发生的危险因素(P均0.05)。绘制WBC、发热时间预测MPNP的ROC曲线,发现WBC12.6×10~9/L、发热时间13.5天对于预测MPNP发生有较高价值(AUC=0.80、0.83,P均0.001)。结论当肺炎支原体大叶性肺炎患儿出现发热时间13.5天,WBC12.6×10~9/L时,需警惕MPNP的发生。     

细菌感染致儿童坏死性肺炎16例诊治分析

目的 总结细菌感染致坏死性肺炎患儿的临床特点,提高诊治水平。方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2013年7月深圳市儿童医院收治的16例影像学诊断符合坏死性肺炎患儿的临床资料、影像学特点、病原学、治疗及预后。 结果 男9例, 女7例, 年龄4个月至6岁［平均（1.7±1. 5）岁］, 15例既往健康。16例均咳嗽、有痰、发热, 体温（39.4±0.5）℃, 热程6～31（16.4±8.0） d, 治疗1～21（9.1±5.1） d后热退。住院时间11～53（21.4±11.2） d。WBC ＜5×109/L 者3例,（5～12）× 109/L者3例,＞12×109/L者10例,平均（30.20±12.3）×109/L。中性粒细胞比例0.73±0.12。16例CRP增高,33.3～231.0（115.1±73.3 ） mg/L。病程3～18（11.4±4.0） d时胸部X线平片或CT可发现肺部囊性病灶。右肺叶受累多见,均未见纵隔肺门淋巴结肿大。胸腔积液或血培养明确病原7例,肺炎链球菌2例,金黄色葡萄球菌2例,铜绿假单胞菌3例（其中1例肺炎支原体抗体1∶1280）;其中3例与痰培养病原一致。13例使用万古霉素和（或）亚胺培南治疗;5例加用阿奇霉素或红霉素。9例行胸腔闭式引流,其中1例行胸腔脓肿切开引流术及纤维板剥离术;均未行肺叶切除术。所有病例出院后6个月内随访X线平片或CT,提示肺部病灶大部分吸收或基本吸收。结论 儿童坏死性肺炎热程及病程长、血象高、影像学表现较重,但及时抗感染治疗远期预后较好。肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌是较为常见的病原,铜绿假单胞菌值得关注。     

儿童肺炎链球菌坏死性肺炎

肺炎链球菌是儿童呼吸道感染的常见病原菌,他所致的肺炎类型以大叶性肺炎最为典型,通常不表现为坏死性肺炎(necrotizing pneumonia,NP)。国内有关NP的研究报道很少,但这一名称在重症肺炎的有关论述中时常出现。近年儿童肺炎链球菌NP病例报道有增多趋势[1],儿科医生应予以注意。1NP的定义目前并没有明确和统一的NP定义。从病理学变化过程来看,NP与肺脓肿相同。肺脓肿是细菌感染导致的肺实质坏死性病变,形成包含液化坏死物的脓腔,有临床学者将直径<2cm的多发肺内脓腔病变定义为NP或肺坏疽(pulmonary gangrene,PG)[2]。Taussig等[3]认为…     

肺炎支原体感染致儿童坏死性肺炎的临床特征分析

目的分析肺炎支原体(MP)感染致儿童坏死性肺炎的临床特征、治疗及预后。方法回顾分析2016年10月至2017年10月住院确诊为MP感染致坏死性肺炎患儿的临床资料。结果共26例患儿,男10例、女16例,平均年龄(5.76±2.60)岁。所有患儿均表现为发热、咳嗽,高热(≥39.0℃)23例(88.5%),总热程为(16.88±7.42)d;肺部听诊均为呼吸音减低。外周血白细胞计数(9.0～36.8)×10~9/L,中性粒细胞比率峰值平均(69. 2±13. 2)%,C反应蛋白(CRP)(1～202.5)mg/L;乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)平均(448±247)U/L。病初胸部影像学均表现为整叶以上均一的实变高密度影,20例(76.9%)合并胸腔积液;后期复查肺CT示均在肺实变基础上出现薄壁空洞或多发含气囊腔。纤维支气管镜检查,23例(88.5%)表现为黏液栓堵塞管腔。所有患儿均使用甲基泼尼松龙,21例2 mg/(kg·d)有效,5例调整为4 mg/(kg·d)后发热好转,平均激素应用时间为(13.08±8.38)d。中位住院天数为[16.5(7～32)]d。2例失访,24例随访半年,复查肺CT,16例肺部几乎完全恢复,5例遗留胸膜肥厚,1例支气管扩张,2例闭塞性支气管炎。结论 MP感染致儿童坏死性肺炎常表现为持续高热、呼吸音减低、肺部实变、黏液栓堵塞管腔;经积极抗感染、激素综合治疗,预后相对良好。     

增强CT对儿童坏死性肺炎的诊断价值

目的:研究增强CT上肺实变内出现无强化区是否可作为坏死性肺炎的诊断依据。方法:回顾性分析2016年8月至2018年9月在山东大学齐鲁儿童医院呼吸介入科住院的CT显示肺气囊的101例坏死性肺炎患儿(有气囊组)及CT未显示肺气囊但增强CT显示肺实变内出现无强化区的75例大叶性肺炎患儿(无气囊组)的临床资料,对2组患儿的检查...     

儿童坏死性肺炎临床特征分析及随访研究（附80例报告）

目的　分析坏死性肺炎儿童的临床特征、治疗及预后,提高对其认识和诊治水平。方法　回顾性分析2014年1月至2019年12月在苏州大学附属儿童医院诊断为坏死性肺炎患儿的病因、临床表现、实验室检查、影像学改变、并发症、治疗方法、随访情况。结果　80例儿童坏死性肺炎患儿,男39例,女41例,年龄为3.4（1.5,8.2）岁。所有患儿均有高热、咳嗽、咳痰,热峰为39.9（39.2,40.0）℃,热程为13.4（7.0,16.0） d,住院时间为20.0（16.0,29.8） d。外周血白细胞计数为18.3（13.0,22.6）×109/L,中性粒细胞比例为83.5（75.7,89.5）%,C反应蛋白为105.0（41.8,183.3） mg/L,降钙素原为0.4（0.2,2.9） ng/L,血沉为21.0（10.3,47.8） mm/h,乳酸脱氢酶为525.4（365.3,792.0） U/L,纤维蛋白原为5.2（3.8,6.3） g/L,D-二聚体为2040.5（890.0,5351.3） μg/L。病原体检出率为71.3 %（57/80）,其中细菌为41.3%（33/80）,肺炎支原体为28.8%（23/80）,病毒为25.0%（20/80）,前5位的病原体依次为肺炎支原体占
28.8%（23/80）、 肺炎链球菌占27.5%（22/80）、 金黄色葡萄球菌占11.3%（9/80）、 博卡病毒和鼻病毒各占7.5%（6/80）、腺病毒占6.3%（5/80）。混合感染率为26.3%（21/80）,以肺炎链球菌混合流感病毒常见。55例患儿出现肺部并发症,主要是胸腔积液、脓胸、支气管胸膜瘘、气胸,经抗生素、糖皮质激素、丙种球蛋白等药物治疗,支气管肺泡灌洗、胸腔闭式引流等对症支持治疗,临床症状缓解出院。62.5%（50/80）的患儿随访了3个月～1年,患儿均无明显呼吸道症状,复查胸部CT或胸片,10例有少许斑片影,2例遗留纤维条索影,3例遗留肺空腔病变,其余肺部病灶均消失。结论　儿童坏死性肺炎常见病原菌为肺炎支原体、肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌,少数为博卡病毒、腺病毒、流感病毒,其病情重,常合并胸腔积液,经积极抗感染、抗炎及对症支持等治疗,预后良好,极少部分遗留肺结构的破坏。     

儿童肺炎链球菌坏死性肺炎临床特点分析

目的：总结肺炎链球菌所致坏死性肺炎的临床特点。方法选取2008年1月至2011年4月本院儿科临床诊断肺炎链球菌肺炎且影像学证实有坏死性病变者15例。收集临床资料,总结其性别、年龄、最高体温、住院时间、发热时间、肺部影像学特征及白细胞、C-反应蛋白水平,应用纸片扩散法和最小抑菌浓度法分别对15株及其中11株肺炎链球菌进行药敏试验,对各药耐药率、敏感率进行分析。结果15例患儿中,发热、胸腔积液15例,有肺外并发症1例;X线胸片或肺CT表现右肺病变者7例,左肺7例,双肺同时坏死性病变1例。所有病例均有外周血白细胞及C-反应蛋白升高。临床分离肺炎链球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、利福平、左氧氟沙星敏感性高,对青霉素耐药率比较严重,而对红霉素和克林霉素普遍耐药。平均住院时间为39 d,无死亡病例。结论儿童肺炎链球菌坏死性肺炎临床过程延长,耐药严重,症状重,易并发胸腔积液,但通过积极治疗,预后较良好。     

Necrotizing pneumonia in children

AIM: Clinical features and outcome of 36 patients with necrotizing pneumonia (NP) as well as 36 children with parapneumonic effusions (PPE) and 36 with severe control pneumonia (CP) were investigated. The mean age of the patients in the NP, PPE and CP groups were similar (3.8 +/- 3.3 (mean +/- SD), 4.2 +/- 3.0 and 4.2 +/- 3.0 y, respectively (p > 0.05)). The duration of symptoms at presentation were 11.9 +/- 8.5, 9.2 +/- 7.2 and 6 +/- 3.6 d, respectively (p < 0.01). The diagnosis of NP was established by computerized tomography. The mean (mean +/- SD) laboratory results in patients with NP revealed a white blood cell (WBC) count of 19,300 +/- 8700/mm3, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 71 +/- 22 mm/h, C-reactive protein (CRP) of 13.6 +/- 11.7 mg/dl and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of 66 +/- 132 U/L. The values of WBC, ESR, CRP and AST in the NP group were significantly higher than those of the other groups (p < 0.001). The duration of hospitalization in the NP, PPE and CP groups was 26 +/- 9, 16 +/- 6 and 10 +/- 5 d, respectively (p < 0.001). The number of febrile days was 8 +/- 4, 4 +/- 3 and 3 +/- 3 (p < 0.001), and the duration of normalization of CRP was 14 +/- 4, 11 +/- 4 and 7 +/- 3 d (p < 0.001), respectively. The average cost of treatment was 3476 US dollars, 1646 US dollars and 844 US dollars, respectively (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: All NP patients except two (94%) were complicated with PPE. The effusion in patients with NP and PPE was complicated with bronchopleural fistula (55% and 0%, respectively, p < 0.001). Surgical treatment was required in 66%, 8% and 0% in patients with NP, PPE and CP, respectively (p < 0.001). The mortality rate was 5.5%, 2.7% and 0% (p > 0.05).     

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??Objective??To evaluate the diagnostic and therapeutic value of flexible bronchoscopy in children with necrotizing pneumonia. Methods??Clinical data of children diagnosed with necrotizing pneumonia in the Department of Pediatrics of the First Hospital of Jilin University from December 2016 to December 2017 were collected. The general clinical manifestations??laboratory examination results??chest X-ray or lung CT??flexible bronchoscope and other examinations of all the children were analyzed retrospectively. Based on the characteristics??diagnosis??treatment and prognosis??the advantages of flexible bronchoscopy in this disease were analyzed. Results??All the 32 cases were diagnosed as necrotizing pneumonia by imaging examination??with an average diagnosis time of 14.1 d. All 32 cases of children with necrotizing pneumonia received flexible bronchoscopy and alveolar lavage. The alveolar lavage in 32 cases presented turbidity mitota-like changes??which had high sensitivity in the diagnosis of necrotizing pneumonia. The average time for mitota-like changes in alveolar lavage was 6.7 days. Conclusion??Flexible bronchoscopy is an important method in the diagnosis and treatment of necrotizing pneumonia??and the change of alveolar lavage fluid is a sensitive index for early prediction of necrotizing pneumonia.     

儿童吸入性肺炎164 例临床分析

目的探讨儿童吸入性肺炎的临床特点及诊断要点。方法回顾分析2013年1月1日至 2018年12月31日确诊的164例住院吸入性肺炎患儿的临床资料。结果 164例患儿中,男性103例、女性61例,发病年龄29天～13岁,≤6岁124例(75.6%);34例患儿有基础疾病,神经系统异常最常见(27例)。141例(86.0%)患儿有明确吸入史,淹溺是最常见病因;23例(14.0%)无明确吸入史,但均合并神经系统异常或先天性上气道/消化道异常。常见临床症状为咳嗽、呼吸增快、发热、意识障碍,79例(48.2%)患儿同时具有肺炎常见症状及肺部湿啰音。160例患儿行胸片或胸部CT检查,均提示肺炎,142例双侧肺受累,中下肺为主。127例(77.4%)患儿行病原菌检查,共检出革兰阴性菌64株,革兰阳性菌24株,常见细菌为大肠埃希菌(17株)、肺炎链球菌(17株)和流感嗜血杆菌(9株)。所有患儿均使用抗生素治疗,142例好转,22例预后不良。结论儿童吸入性肺炎临床表现复杂,吸入史、吸入风险评估及肺部影像学检查有助于疾病诊断。病原学检查有助于合理用药。     

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??Bacterial pneumonia is the main cause of severe pneumonia in children. It is difficult to collect the samples of children’s respiratory tract infection??especially the acquisition of lower respiratory tract specimens is a challenge for the primary pediatricians??and it also affects the etiological diagnosis of children’s respiratory tract infection. Among children under 5??bacterial pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae??Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is more common in healthy children aged 5 and above. The etiology of bacterial pneumonia in children was reviewed in this paper.     

Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in pre-school-aged children

Aim: To identify risk factors for children developing and being hospitalised with community‐acquired pneumonia. Methods: Children <5 years old residing in urban Auckland, New Zealand were enrolled from 2002 to 2004. To assess the risk of developing pneumonia, children hospitalised with pneumonia (n= 289) plus children with pneumonia discharged from the Emergency Department (n= 139) were compared with a random community sample of children without pneumonia (n= 351). To assess risk of hospitalisation, children hospitalised with pneumonia were compared with the children discharged from the Emergency Department. Adjusted odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the risk of pneumonia and hospitalisation with pneumonia. Results: After adjustment for season, age and ethnicity there was an increased risk of pneumonia associated with lower weight for height (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.10–1.51), spending less time outside (1.96, 1.11–3.47), previous chest infections (2.31, 1.55–3.43) and mould in the child's bedroom (1.93, 1.24–3.02). There was an increased risk of pneumonia hospitalisation associated with maternal history of pneumonia (4.03, 1.25–16.18), living in a more crowded household (2.87, 1.33–6.41) and one with cigarette smokers (1.99, 1.05–3.81), and mould in the child's bedroom (2.39, 1.25–4.72). Conclusions: Lower quality living environments increase the risk of pneumonia and hospitalisation with pneumonia in New Zealand. Poorer nutritional status may also increase the risk of pneumonia. Improving housing quality, decreased cigarette smoke exposure and early childhood nutrition may reduce pneumonia disease burden in New Zealand.     

儿童脱屑性间质性肺炎1 例报告并文献复习

目的探讨儿童脱屑性间质性肺炎(DIP)的病因、临床特点、诊治及预后。方法回顾分析1例按临床-放射-病理(C-R-P)模式确诊的DIP患儿的临床资料,并以"desquamative interstitial pneumonia"与"child" 、"脱屑性间质性肺炎"与"儿童"为检索词,在PubMed、万方数据库检索截止至2019年7月的相关文献。结果 4岁男童,咳嗽1个月,伴气促,肺部中、细湿啰音,杵状指;肺CT示毛玻璃样影和网格影。患儿抗感染治疗临床无好转,行胸腔镜下右肺组织活检术,肺组织病理符合DIP。随之患儿采用激素治疗,随访44个月,症状消失、病灶基本吸收。文献检索到国内病例11例、国外病例42例,除外临床资料不完整者,最终筛选获得30例,加上本例患儿共31例,其中男14例、女13例,4例资料中未提及,年龄从新生儿～13岁。病因主要为先天性表面活性物质代谢缺陷,其他包括特发性、吸入二手烟、药物以及全身性疾病。临床表现主要为呼吸困难和干咳,肺部影像学以毛玻璃影为主,肺功能主要为限制性通气障碍。治疗主要采用糖皮质激素和免疫抑制剂。结论儿童DIP较为少见,病因和发病机制与成人有显著差别,应尽早肺活检病理检查以确诊,激素和/或免疫抑制剂为一线治疗药物。