耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌PBP2a 382～443片段的原核表达及鉴定

目的对编码耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)及青霉素结合蛋白2a(PBP2a)382~443位氨基酸的mecA基因片段进行克隆、表达及鉴定。方法根据基因文库登录的mecA基因的编码序列,针对编码PBP2a382~443位氨基酸的mecA基因片段,设计合成4条寡核苷酸片段,再将4条片段人工拼接成目的基因片段,然后克隆至PET-His载体,经酶切鉴定、测序正确后,转化E.coliBL21(DE3)plysS,用IPTG进行诱导表达,并对表达的蛋白以MRSA胶乳凝集试剂盒进行鉴定。结果构建了相应的PET-His克隆,经诱导表达和鉴定,证实成功表达出目的蛋白。结论成功表达出PBP2a382~443片段,为其进一步的纯化和应用奠定了基础。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌PBP2a的原核表达及多克隆抗体的制备

目的 研究耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)青霉素结合蛋白2a (PBP2a)的原核表达,及PBP2a多克隆抗体的制备.方法 根据基因文库登录的mecA基因的编码序列,设计合成了1对寡核苷酸引物,应用PCR法从MRSA基因组中获得编码PBP2a全长的DNA,将此目的 基因片段克隆至pET32a(+)载体,转化E.coli BL21(DE3);经异丙基-β-D-硫代吡喃半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达后,利用Ni2+亲和层析技术纯化目的 蛋白;用目的 蛋白免疫小鼠3～8次后,收获血清并鉴定.结果 成功构建了PBP2a原核表达载体,并获得了高效表达;利用纯化的蛋白制备了理想的多克隆抗体.结论 利用分子克隆技术,获得了高纯度的PBP2a蛋白并制备了多克隆抗体,为其进一步研究奠定了基础.     

结核分枝杆菌ESAT6基因克隆与表达质粒构建

目的　克隆结核分枝杆菌 (MTB)分泌蛋白ESAT6基因 ,并构建重组表达质粒。方法　根据Genbank中ESAT6基因序列 ,针对其编码区合成引物 ,采用PCR方法从结核分枝杆菌H37Rv基因组DNA中扩增出ESAT6基因 ,并连接到T载体 ,然后定向克隆到原核表达质粒pGEX 4T 2 ,阳性克隆用酶切和DNA测序鉴定。结果　经双内切酶消化所切下的片段 ,大小与预计相符 ;测序结果证实基因序列正确 ,符合表达框架。结论　成功构建了重组原核表达质粒 pGEX ESAT6。     

人血管内皮生长因子DNA克隆和在大肠杆菌中的表达

克隆人血管内皮生长因子165(Vascular endothelail growth factor165，VEGF165)并在大肠杆菌中诱导表达。用RT-PCR法从人白血病细胞株TF1扩增VEGF165 DNA片段，将该片段插入质粒pUCmT中并测序鉴定。将测序正确的pUCmT-VEGF165与PET20b( )均用EcoRI和SalI双酶切，回收纯化目的基因片段与表达载体，构建VEGF165的原核表达载体PET20b( )-VEGF165，转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)pLysS，IPTG诱导表达，表达产物用Ni-NTA Resin纯化，SDS-PAGE及Western Blot鉴定重组蛋白。结果表示：1．测序结果示扩增的VEGF165序列与文献报道相符；2．SDS-PAGE电泳示IPTG诱导后出现分子质量约23kd的重组蛋白条带；3．Western Blot分析表明重组蛋白可与兔抗人VEGF单克隆抗体特异性结合。成功克隆、表达及纯化VEGF165，为研究其功能奠定基础。     

结核分枝杆菌ESAT6基因克隆与表达质粒构建

目的 克隆结核分枝杆菌(MTB)分泌蛋白ESAT6基因，并构建重组表达质粒。方法 根据Genbank中ESAT6基因序列，针对其编码区合成引物，采用PCR方法从结核分枝杆菌H37Rv基因组DNA中扩增出ESAT6基因，并连接到T载体，然后定向克隆到原核表达质粒pGEX-4T-2，阳性克隆用酶切和DNA测序鉴定。结果 经双内切酶消化所切下的片段，大小与预计相符；测序结果证实基因序列正确，符合表达框架。结论 成功构建了重组原核表达质粒pGEX-ESAT6。     

重组日本血吸虫亲环素B的克隆、表达及免疫分析

目的克隆、表达日本血吸虫亲环素B(SjCyPB)基因,鉴定并分析重组蛋白的免疫性。方法根据Genbank中日本血吸虫序列设计一对特异性引物,以日本血吸虫cDNA为模板扩增SjCyPB基因,酶切后连接到表达载体pET28,构建pET28a(+)-SjCyPB重组质粒,转化入感受态大肠杆菌BL21/DE3后对质粒进行双酶切和测序鉴定。IPTG诱导表达后,经亲和层析纯化重组蛋白。采用Western Blotting分析鉴定重组蛋白的抗原性。将纯化的重组蛋白免疫大鼠,获得免疫血清,ELISA检测抗SjCyPB特异性抗体滴度。结果构建的pET28a(+)-SjCyPB重组质粒经双酶切和测序鉴定证实SjCyPB基因成功连接到pET28a(+)质粒中。经原核表达后获得纯化的重组蛋白,Western Blotting结果显示,该重组蛋白可与感染日本血吸虫的兔血清结合形成明显的条带。采用ELISA检测重组蛋白免疫后大鼠免疫血清的特异性IgG抗体滴度为1∶51 200。结论成功克隆了日本血吸虫CyPB基因,并获得大量纯化的重组蛋白,重组SjCyPB具有免疫原性和抗原性。     

人B型钠尿肽原核表达载体的构建、表达及蛋白纯化

目的构建人B型钠尿肽(Human B-type Natriurtic Peptide,BNP)原核表达载体并诱导其表达、纯化及鉴定。方法根据已报道的人BNP基因序列,采用RT-PCR技术从人心肌组织中获得B型钠尿肽cDNA序列。将所得的PCR产物插入克隆载体pGEM-T-easy中,得重组质粒,经酶切、PCR及测序鉴定正确后,将酶切目的片段插入原核表达载体pGEX-6P-1中并转化大肠杆菌E.coliBL21,通过IPTG诱导表达出带有GST-BNP的融合蛋白。经Glutathione Sepharose4B亲和层析纯化融合蛋白。结果序列分析表明,人B型钠尿肽基因活性肽编码区含有96bp,编码32个氨基酸,与GenBank(NM002521)中已报道的BNP核苷酸序列一致。经IPTG诱导表达、SDS-PAGE电泳和免疫印迹分析显示,表达的融合蛋白占菌体蛋白总量的30%,相对分子质量约为29KD,并与商品化的人BNP单抗呈特异性反应。经Glu-tathione Sepharose4B纯化获得SDS-PAGE电泳下单一条带。结论获得了人GST-BNP蛋白,为制备BNP检测试剂奠定了基础。     

人可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体1基因的克隆、表达及鉴定

[目的]构建人可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体1基因的重组质粒,进行原核表达.[方法]以Hela细胞的总RNA为模板,用RT-PCR方法扩增sTNFRl全编码区基因片段,构建舍有目的片段的T载体克隆及原核表达载体pMAL-c2x重组质粒亚克隆,经异丙基-β-D半乳糖苷酶(IPTG)诱导重组质拉菌表达sTNFR1,以淀粉树脂亲和层析法纯化重组蛋白,用十二烷基硫酸钠聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)和Western-blotting对重组蛋白进行分析鉴定.[结果]经核苷酸序列测序和Western-blot鉴定,成功构建了人sTNFR1重组质粒基因工程菌,表达了具有sTNFR1免疫活性的融合蛋白.[结论]构建了人sTNFR1重组质粒克隆,获得了具有sTNFR1的免疫活性的融合蛋白,为今后的研究打下了基础.     

基因重组降钙素原蛋白在大肠杆菌中的克隆表达及纯化

目的构建降钙素原（PCT）基因的原核表达载体，并在大肠杆菌中进行表达，以获取高产量、低成本、高纯度的PCT蛋白。方法按人的全长PCT cDNA序列，设计引物用标准的聚合酶链反应（PCR）法全基因合成步骤合成扣除信号肽外PCT的片段，应用基因重组技术将该片段克隆到质粒pET21a（＋）中，进行限制性内切酶酶切分析和DNA测序鉴定。将重组质粒转化大肠杆菌E．coli（DH5α），经异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷（IPTG）诱导表达后，用镍-氮三乙酸（Ni-NTA）亲和层析纯化获取蛋白，用十二烷基硫酸-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）和免疫印迹（Western blot）的方法鉴定。结果扩增出的人PCT片段于原核表达载体中克隆，经酶切和核酸测序鉴定，得到正确的重组质粒pET-PCT，并在大肠杆菌中得以表达。纯化后的蛋白经考马氏亮蓝染色呈单一条带；用抗PCT的抗体进行Western blot分析证明目的蛋白有反应性。结论本研究成功构建了表达基因重组人PCT的原核表达载体，基因重组人PCT蛋白在大肠杆菌中获得了表达和纯化，为进一步获取高纯度、高效价的单克隆抗体和开展临床检测提供了必要的条件。     

肺表面活性物质相关蛋白C原核表达载体的构建、表达及纯化

背景:研究表明肺表面活性物质蛋白基因缺陷导致肺表面活性物质蛋白的结构发生变化。早期检测肺表面活性物质的含量对于预测肺部疾病的发生意义重大。目的:克隆人肺表面活性物质相关蛋白C(surfactant associated protein C,SP-C)基因,构建原核表达载体PET-28a/SP-C,并纯化SP-C蛋白。方法:提取正常人肺组织总RNA,RT-PCR技术获得SP-C cDNA序列,纯化后的SP-C基因插入至中间载体PMD-18T,得到重组质粒PMD-18T-SP-C,重组质粒经过Bam HⅠ和HindⅢ双酶切后纯化回收得到具有黏性末端的SP-C cDNA,将质粒PET-28a同样经过双酶切后纯化回收得到与SP-C cDNA具有相同黏性末端的质粒片段,将具有黏性末端的SP-C cDNA与PET-28a定向连接后得到重组质粒PET-28a/SP-C。然后将鉴定正确的PET-28a/SP-C重组质粒转入BL21中诱导表达。结果与结论:酶切鉴定及核苷酸序列测序证实扩增的SP-C cDNA及其重组质粒经过Bam HⅠ和HindⅢ双酶切鉴定后,在5000～7500bp和250～1000bp处可检测到2条条带。核苷酸序列测序结果证实,质粒中插入基因长597bp,为一开放阅读框架,与GeneBank中公布的人SP-C cDNA序列相符。Western-blot检测结果显示,纯化后的SP-C蛋白在相对分子质量约27000处出现1条新生条带,与预期的大小一致。结果证实,实验成功克隆人SP-C基因并插入至质粒PET-28a中,构建了PET-28a/SP-C重组质粒,将其体外转化至BL21后可以表达SP-C蛋白。     

In vitro selection and characterization of ceftobiprole-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics because it expresses penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), a low-affinity penicillin-binding protein. An investigational broad-spectrum cephalosporin, ceftobiprole (BPR), binds PBP2a with high affinity and is active against MRSA. We hypothesized that BPR resistance could be mediated by mutations in mecA, the gene encoding PBP2a. We selected BPR-resistant mutants by passage in high-volume broth cultures containing subinhibitory concentrations of BPR. We used strain COLnex (which lacks chromosomal mecA) transformed with pAW8 (a plasmid vector only), pYK20 (a plasmid carrying wild-type mecA), or pYK21 (a plasmid carrying a mutant mecA gene corresponding to five PBP2a mutations). All strains became resistant to BPR by day 9 of passaging, but MICs continued to increase until day 21. MICs increased 256-fold (from 1 to 256 microg/ml) for pAW8, 32-fold (from 4 to 128 microg/ml) for pYK20, and 8-fold (from 16 to 128 mug/ml) for pYK21. Strains carrying wild-type or mutant mecA developed six (pYK20 transformants) or four (pYK21 transformants) new mutations in mecA. The transformation of COLnex with a mecA mutant plasmid conferred BPR resistance, and the loss of mecA converted resistant strains into susceptible ones. Modeling studies predicted that several of the mecA mutations altered BPR binding; other mutations may have mediated resistance by influencing interactions with other proteins. Multiple mecA mutations were associated with BPR resistance in MRSA. BPR resistance also developed in the strain lacking mecA, suggesting a role for chromosomal genes.     

The structure and function of the mecA gene in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus]

Penicillin binding protein (PBP) 2' is the most important mechanism of the resistance to beta-lactams in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). And the mecA gene is the coding gene of PBP2', and located in the SmaI fragment G of the chromosome map by Pattle P.A.,. A part of the structure of mecA is similar to that of the penicillinase gene. The resistance of MRSA to beta-lactams were influenced by the presence of penicillinase plasmid and the alternation of femA gene.     

DNA vaccination by mecA sequence evokes an antibacterial immune response against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

More than 90% of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates produce a penicillin-binding protein PBP2' (or PBP2a) with low affinity for beta-lactam antibiotics. PBP2' is encoded by the mecA gene, a foreign gene integrated into the chromosome of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA). DNA vaccination by injection of transgene-expressing plasmids has been demonstrated to elicit an immune response against transgene-encoded protein. We hypothesized that the application of DNA vaccination with the mecA sequence would elicit protective immunity against MRSA. This immunity was evoked by injection of a mecA-expressing plasmid into BALB/c mice. Anti-PBP2' antibody was detected in the sera obtained from the DNA-vaccinated mice. These sera produced a five-fold increase in phagocytosis of MRSA compared with sera from mice treated with control plasmid. However, there was no difference in phagocytosis of MSSA among these groups. In addition, the in-vivo antibacterial effect of DNA vaccination was demonstrated in mice infected with MRSA. Eight days after iv inoculation of 10(8) cfu of MRSA into mice, the number of bacteria in the kidneys obtained from mice vaccinated with mecA-expressing plasmid (1.48 +/- 0.27 x 10(5) cfu/mg kidney; n = 18) was significantly lower than that from mice vaccinated with negative control plasmid (3.59 +/- 0.57 x 10(5) cfu/mg kidney; n = 17) (P < 0.02) or that from sham-treated mice (3. 43 +/- 0.66 x 10(5) cfu/mg kidney; n = 9) (P < 0.02). Interestingly, PBP2' was found in both the bacterial membrane fraction and the supernatant, thus being accessible to serum antibodies. Together these observations indicate that PBP2' or the mecA sequence may be eligible as a candidate molecule for vaccination against MRSA.     

PBP 2a mutations producing very-high-level resistance to beta-lactams

Resistance to the beta-lactam class of antibiotics in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is mediated by PBP 2a, a synthetic bacterial cell wall penicillin-binding protein with a low affinity of binding to beta-lactams that is encoded by mecA. Beta-lactams that bind to PBP 2a with a high affinity and that are highly active against MRSA are under development. The potential for the emergence of resistance to such compounds was investigated by passage of homogeneous MRSA strain COL in L-695,256, an investigational carbapenem. A highly resistant mutant, COL52, expressed PBP 2a in which a two-amino-acid deletion mutation and three single-amino-acid substitution mutations were present. To examine the effects of these mutations on the resistance phenotype and PBP 2a production, plasmids carrying (i) PBP 2a with two or three of the four mutations, (ii) wild-type PBP 2a, or (iii) COL52 PBP 2a were introduced into methicillin-susceptible COL variants COLnex and COL52ex, from which the staphylococcus cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) has been excised, as indicated by the "ex" suffix. Two amino acids substitutions, E-->K(237) within the non-penicillin-binding domain and V-->E(470) near the SDN(464) conserved penicillin-binding motif in the penicillin-binding domain in COL52, were important for high-level resistance. The highest level of resistance was observed when all four mutations were present. The emergence of PBP 2a-mediated resistance to beta-lactams that bind to PBP 2a with a high affinity is likely to require multiple mutations in mecA; chromosomal mutations appear to have a minor role.     

Detection and expression of methicillin/oxacillin resistance in multidrug-resistant and non-multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Central Sydney,Australia

Ninety clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates from separate patients were examined phenotypically and genotypically for susceptibility to methicillin/oxacillin. Thirty were methicillin/oxacillin susceptible and 60 were methicillin and oxacillin resistant (MRSA). The 60 MRSA isolates examined were subdivided into two groups according to their antibiotic profiles and comprised 30 non-multidrug-resistant (NMDR) isolates, resistant to less than two non-beta-lactam antibiotics, and 30 multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates, resistant to three or more non-beta-lactam antibiotics. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of methicillin/oxacillin showed that despite use of the guidelines published by the NCCLS for the testing of S. aureus susceptibility to methicillin/oxacillin, MIC values of some NMDR MRSA isolates fell below the NCCLS-recommended breakpoints. Etest strips failed to detect two NMDR MRSA isolates tested with oxacillin and four tested with methicillin. Lowering the NCCLS-recommended oxacillin screen agar concentration from 6 to 2 mg/L and temperature of incubation to 30 degrees C, improved the specificity and sensitivity of NMDR MRSA detection from 87% to 100%. On PFGE analysis these NMDR MRSA strains were genotypically different. Genotypic tests, such as multiplex PCR for the mecA/nuc genes and DNA hybridization for the mecA gene, or phenotypic monoclonal antibody-based tests to detect penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a) offer advantages for problematic isolates in detecting or confirming low-level phenotypic heterogeneous mecA expression of oxacillin and methicillin resistance in NMDR MRSA.     

Detection of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type XI carrying highly divergent mecA, mecI, mecR1, blaZ, and ccr genes in human clinical isolates of clonal complex 130 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Methicillin resistance in staphylococci is mediated by penicillin binding protein 2a (PBP 2a), encoded by mecA on mobile staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements. In this study, two clonal complex 130 (CC130) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from patients in Irish hospitals were identified that were phenotypically PBP 2a positive but lacked mecA by conventional PCR and by DNA microarray screening. The isolates were identified as methicillin-susceptible S. aureus using the GeneXpert real-time PCR assay. Whole-genome sequencing of one isolate (M10/0061) revealed a 30-kb SCCmec element encoding a class E mec complex with highly divergent blaZ-mecA-mecR1-mecI, a type 8 cassette chromosome recombinase (ccr) complex consisting of ccrA1-ccrB3, an arsenic resistance operon, and flanking direct repeats (DRs). The SCCmec element was almost identical to that of SCCmec type XI (SCCmec XI) identified by the Sanger Institute in sequence type 425 bovine MRSA strain LGA251 listed on the website of the International Working Group on the Classification of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Elements. The open reading frames (ORFs) identified within SCCmec XI of M10/0061 exhibited 21 to 93% amino acid identity to ORFs in GenBank. A third DR was identified ca. 3 kb downstream of SCCmec XI, indicating the presence of a possible SCC remnant. SCCmec XI was also identified in the second CC130 MRSA isolate by PCR and sequencing. The CC130 MRSA isolates may be of animal origin as previously reported CC130 S. aureus strains were predominantly from bovine sources. The highly divergent nature of SCCmec XI relative to other SCCmec elements indicates that it may have originated in another taxon.