溶剂系统对18-甲基炔诺酮渗透皮肤的影响

本文对乙醇、水、油酸等溶剂系统对左旋18-甲基炔诺酮(简称LNG)及消旋18-甲基炔酮(简称NG)渗透皮肤的影响进行了研究。实验采用Vaila-Chien双室扩散池及成人离体皮肤。结果表明,在80%乙醇水溶液中,LNG与NG的皮肤渗透速率比用生理盐水提高5～6倍,其中NG的皮肤渗透速率比LNG高1～2倍.含水乙醇与油酸复合使用时,对LNG通透皮肤具有明显的协同促进作用。当油酸—80%乙醇(0.75:9.25v/v)作为复合溶剂时。所获得的LNG皮肤渗透速率为0.53μg/cm²·h,分别比油酸或80%乙醇单独使用时提高29倍和3倍。提示正确地采用复合溶剂系统,能有效地提高LNG或NG透皮速率。     

光学活性18-甲基炔诺酮化学全合成的研究

18-甲基炔诺酮为一有效的女用口服避孕药。本文报道了用 L-脯氨酸为光学活性催化剂,全合成光学活性18-甲基炔诺酮的方法。对三个副产物(文献未见报道)的结构作了肯定。     

18-甲基炔诺酮中间体的拆分

D-及L-18-甲基炔诺酮是以消旋19-去甲基13β-乙基-3β,17β-双羟基17α-乙炔基-4-雄甾烯(Ⅲ)为原料,经Ⅲ的丁二酸单醋与(+)α-甲基苯乙胺成盐,然后分离,分别水解,氧化即得D-左旋18-甲基炔诺酮(Ⅶa)和L-右旋18-甲基炔诺酮(Ⅶb)。如用(—)α-甲基苯乙胺,首先得L-构型的右旋18-甲基炔诺酮(Ⅶb),而母液中的D-左旋体未进行分离。     

~3H-左旋18-甲基炔诺酮在小鼠体内的吸收、分布与排泄

由北京第三制药厂试制生产的左旋18-甲基炔诺酮(D-Norgestrel)经药理实验证明较之消旋18-甲基炔诺酮有较强的孕素活性,服用剂量可减少一半,副作用也相应减少,是当前避孕药中较优的药物。关于左旋18-甲基炔诺酮在体内的吸收、分布和排泄过程,国     

11-酮基-△~9-炔诺酮的合成

在甾体分子的9-位、11-位引入二个双键往往可以增强或改变其生理活性,例如18-甲基三烯炔诺酮与三烯炔诺酮均有比母体18-甲基炔诺酮与炔诺酮更强的抗生育活性。将11-位双键改为11-位酮基,即在11-位引入氧原子,则有抗着床与降胆固醇作用,11-酮基-△~9-炔诺酮(9)100ν对大鼠有抗着床作用,法国Roussel-Uclaf公司进行了全合成,并作简单报道。我们采用炔诺酮中间体,19-羟基-△~4-雄甾烯-3,17-二酮(1)为原料,用半合成路线仅8步反应合成了化合物(9)。     

用HPLC法同时测定皮肤渗透液中18-甲墓炔诺酮和雌二醇的含量

用HPLC法同时测定皮肤渗透液中18-甲基炔诺酮和雌二醇的含量。色谱柱:Shim-PackCLC-ODS,检测波长:280nm(0—7.20min),242nm(7.21—8.90min),流动相:甲醇-水(75:25).线性范围均为0.2～4.0μg/ml(rLNG=0.9999,rE2=0.9998);最低检测量LNG为1ng,E2为5ng,LNG与E2在等浓度条件下平均回收率分别为LNG100.64±0.75%,E2　99.99±0.84%,日内RSD分别为LNG0.44%,E21.06%,日间RSD分别为LNG0.78%,E2　1.30%。该方法简便、快速,结果准确。     

长效口服避孕药“复方18-甲”对服药妇女细胞遗传学初步观察

我国自制的长效口服避孕药复方18-甲基炔诺酮(乙炔雌二醇环戊醚3毫克,18-甲基炔诺酮12毫克,北京制药厂制)已广泛应用。每月服1片,有效率达98％,深受育龄妇女欢迎。但长期服用甾体类激素对妇女及其后代遗传学影响是一个非常重要的课题。本文对20例服用长效“复方18-甲”3年以上妇女和18例正常对照组妇女外周血淋巴细胞染色体畸     

18-甲基炔诺酮中间体——“缩酮”工艺改进

18-甲基炔诺酮(以下简称18-甲)是继炔诺酮、甲地孕酮之后在临床上使用比较普遍的一种口服避孕药。由于它效果确实,副作用小,颇受广大工农兵欢迎。18-甲是国内用全合成方法生产的第一个激素类药物,由于工艺比较复杂,目前收率尚低。我厂在生产中间体3-甲氧基-13-乙基-17,17-乙撑二氧-1,3,5(10),8-四烯甾(简称缩酮)时,反应不稳定,收率很低,自缩合物至缩酮三步收率仅30～35％(重量收率,下同)。     

复方18-甲基炔诺酮紧急避孕18例临床观察

目的观察复方18-甲基炔诺酮紧急避孕药物的临床效果。方法随机选择18例为紧急避孕组,按要求服用复方18-甲基炔诺酮药物,选择18例为安全期避孕组,对两组的避孕效果进行分析、对比。结果紧急避孕组较安全期避孕组在月经准时、月经延期及避孕有效率方面有显著的差异(P<0.05),有统计学意义。结论复方18-甲基炔诺酮作为育龄妇女的紧急避孕药物是安全有效的。     

口服避孕药光学活性高诺酮及光学活性强诺酮的合成

高诺酮(18-甲基炔诺酮(Ⅰ)是一个高效的甾体口服避孕药,高诺酮0.3毫克与乙炔雌二醇(Ⅱ)0.03毫克配伍为短效避孕药,每月服用22片,避孕效果肯定,已推广使用。高诺酮12毫克与乙炔雌二醇环戊醚(Ⅲ)3～3.5毫克配伍,为长效避孕药,每月服一片,也在试用。强诺酮(18-甲基-4,9,11-三烯炔诺酮(Ⅳ)是高诺酮的衍生物,两者基本结构相似,所不     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.