Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CRPD)--an initial Indian experience

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is a widely accepted mode of renal replacement therapy. CAPD is largely underutilised in India. Twenty patients of chronic renal failure (CRF) were started on CAPD-10 on the standard straight set, 10 on the Y-set. The efficacy of CAPD was evaluated by assessment of laboratory parameters at the onset and after three months of CAPD. Significant improvements in blood, urea, serum creatinine, serum bicarbonate, serum calcium, serum phosphorous, haemoglobin level and blood pressure were observed. There was a significant deterioration in the serum lipid and protein levels on CAPD. Peritonitis was a major complication observed. On the standard set the incidence of peritonitis was one episode per 5.92 patient months compared to one episode per 19.33 patient months with the Y-set (P value = 0.05). Peritonitis occurred more frequently in the summer months. At the end of one year, 70% patients continued on CAPD, with 3 deaths, one each due to malnutrition, myocardial infarction and tunnel infection. Three patients switched over to other replacement therapies. To conclude, CAPD can emerge as a safe, viable mode of renal replacement in developing countries like India.     

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: no longer experimental.

Many patients with end-stage renal disease have now been maintained for 5 years or more with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Viewed initially as an experimental alternative to be used only when hemodialysis was not feasible, CAPD is now seen as the treatment of choice in an increasing number of situations. CAPD is suitable for self-care. The main concern in the early years--peritonitis--is now less frightening and less frequent (one episode occurring every 18 patient-months as compared with every 8 initially), and this has allowed chronic complications of CAPD, such as malnutrition and loss of the peritoneum's capacity for ultrafiltration, to come to light. As would be expected, among patients of advanced age and those who have heart disease or diabetes, survival rates tend to be lower than among other CAPD patients. However, hypertension seems to be more easily controlled, pre-existing anemia can be significantly ameliorated, and young children grow more normally than they do with hemodialysis. Diabetes-related changes in vision stabilize in most CAPD patients, and control of the blood glucose level is good; insulin is administered intraperitoneally. CAPD is thus showing itself to be a feasible form of long-term treatment for end-stage renal disease.     

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and renal transplantation: a five year experience

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is a new and increasingly popular method of routine dialysis, but its effect on renal transplantation is uncertain. A non-randomised comparison was made of the outcome of grafting in patients who had been treated before transplantation with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis with that in patients treated with haemodialysis. During the five years, 1979-84, after continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis was introduced to Newcastle upon Tyne 220 patients have received transplants after either continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (61 patients) or haemodialysis (159 patients). During follow up no significant differences occurred in survival of patients or grafts between the two treatment groups. One year after transplantation the percentages of survivors who had received continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis were 88% and 91% respectively, and overall graft survival was 66% and 72%, respectively. A multiple regression model was used to allow for differences among patients--for example, duration of dialysis and number of preoperative transfusions--on the survival of grafts. When only first cadaver grafts were considered (in 152 patients) graft survival (non-immunological failures excluded) was not significantly different between the patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis is not a risk factor in renal transplantation, and its continued use in treatment of potential renal graft recipients is recommended.     

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in the elderly: a seven-year experience.

This is a retrospective comparison of the status among the elderly (> or = 60 years, 23 patients) and younger patients (< 60 years, 31 cases) who initiated continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) between January 1986 and December 1992 at the National Taiwan University Hospital. The distribution of underlying renal diseases differed in the two groups with diabetes (56%) as the most common disease in the elderly, in contrast to glomerulonephritis (60%) in the younger patients. Haemodialysis intolerance and patient preference were the main reasons leading to the use of CAPD in both groups. Social rehabilitation status was poorer in the elderly group. The difference in cumulative risk of the first peritonitis episode and the technique failure rate were not statistically significant. The major causes of mortality were of vascular origin in both groups. In conclusion, similarities in the technique failure rate and the cumulative risk of peritonitis imply that CAPD is an acceptable alternative long-term dialysis therapy for geriatric patients.     

Amyloidosis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

We report a 53 year old man with chronic renal failure on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Following eight episodes of severe peritonitis over a 2 year period, he died and was found to have widespread AA amyloid at post-mortem.     

不同透析方式对尿毒症性皮肤瘙痒症的影响

目的：对尿毒症维持性血液透析和腹膜透析的患者进行调查,比较不同的透析方式对尿毒症性皮肤瘙痒症的影响。方法：选取91例稳定期维持性透析治疗的尿毒症患者作为研究对象,其中血液透析治疗组（A组）患者50例,腹膜透析治疗组（B组）患者41例。血液透析组按患者治疗模式中有无血液灌流或血液滤过治疗再分为普通血液透析治疗组（27例）和组合型血液透析治疗组（23例）。采用麦吉尔疼痛问卷调查表对每位透析患者进行评分,并记录患者的一般情况及同期的生化指标。结果：血液透析组患者瘙痒发生率及瘙痒程度显著低于腹膜透析组（P〈0.05）。组合型血液透析治疗组瘙痒发生率、瘙痒程度显著低于腹膜透析组（P〈0.01）,而普通血液透析组和腹膜透析组患者比较在瘙痒发生率和瘙痒程度上差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。相关性分析结果显示,在全体透析患者中瘙痒的发生与透析方式及尿量、甲状旁腺素（PTH）和β2微球存在明显相关;在血液透析组患者瘙痒发生情况与透析方式、β2微球相关,腹膜透析组患者瘙痒发生情况与PTH相关。结论：组合型血液透析治疗模式的运用可以显著降低尿毒症维持性透析患者的瘙痒发生以及瘙痒程度。     

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis after the honeymoon: review of experience in Newcastle 1979-84

Two hundred and twenty nine consecutive patients (129 men, mean age 45) were reviewed 12 to 65 months after starting treatment with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) from January 1979 to December 1983. They received CAPD for a mean of 19.8 (range 0.5-62) months. Actuarial patient survival was 79% at 24 months and 72% at 36 months. Half of the 46 deaths were related to cardiovascular disease, while eight patients died of abdominal complications, including three patients with peritonitis. Peritonitis occurred at a rate of one episode per 35 patient weeks, and 88% of episodes were cleared by one or more courses of antibiotics. This still left peritonitis as the commonest cause of failure of CAPD, leading to a permanent change of treatment in 44 patients and temporary interruption in a further 25. CAPD remains a reasonable medium term treatment in chronic renal failure. Despite the persisting problem of peritonitis the results are comparable with those achieved by haemodialysis, and CAPD has become the treatment of first choice for end stage renal failure in Newcastle. In younger patients judged unsuitable for transplantation and facing long term dialysis, however, haemodialysis is preferred.     

持续性非卧床腹膜透析患者退出原因分析

目的探讨持续性非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者的退出原因及相应的防治措施。方法收集2005年1月~2010年1月因慢性肾衰竭接受CAPD的140例患者临床资料,分析患者退出腹膜透析的时间和原因,并对死亡病例的死因进行分析。结果 140例患者中因各种原因退出腹膜透析共37例,退出率为26.4%（37/140）;其中死亡21例,转血液透析7例,肾移植9例。结论死亡是CAPD患者短期内退出腹膜透析的主要原因,而心脑血管事件、腹膜炎是导致CAPD患者死亡的主要原因。因此应积极加强透析前的系统治疗及腹膜透析患者透析后的持续合理管理。     

Peritoneal protein loss in patients with high peritoneal permeability: comparison between continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and daytime intermittent peritoneal dialysis

BACKGROUND: Dialysate protein loss is involved in the etiology of hypoalbuminemia and malnutrition on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Patients with high peritoneal membrane permeability had the lowest serum albumin (Alb) and highest dialysate protein concentrations and achieved higher small solute dialysis/plasma equilibration in a shorter time than patients with low peritoneal transport. The aim of this prospective crossover study was to evaluate whether protein loss might be decreased in patients with high peritoneal permeability on short dwell-time (DT) peritoneal dialysis. METHODS: Five high and nine high-average peritoneal transport patients were subjected to the following sequential dialysis schemes (four exchanges/day, glucose 1.5%): scheme A, three daytime exchanges (4-6 h DT) and one nightly (8-12 h DT) for 2-3 days, scheme B, 3-h DT each and dry peritoneum at night during 5 days, a wash-out period similar to scheme A, and scheme C, 2-h DT each and dry peritoneum the remainder of day and night during 5 days. Dialysate Alb, IgG, IgA, and IgM losses and adequacy of dialysis were evaluated at the end of each scheme. RESULTS: Dialysate IgM was not detected. All protein losses were reduced with the short DT dialysis schemes; however, dialysis CCl and KT/V(urea) were also decreased. In patients with high peritoneal transport type, the 3-h DT dialysis scheme achieved a reduction in Alb loss without significant reduction of adequacy of dialysis. CONCLUSIONS: Peritoneal Alb, IgG, and IgA losses are significantly reduced in patients with high peritoneal permeability on short dwell-time dialysis and extended dry periods. However, a reduction of dialysis contribution to small solute clearances was also observed, Three-hour dwell-time dialysis may be particularly useful in patients with high peritoneal transport type, as it tends to reduce peritoneal protein loss without notably reducing adequacy of dialysis.     

持续不卧床性腹膜透析合并鲍曼不动杆菌腹膜炎2例及文献复习

目的报道2例持续不卧床性腹膜透析（CAPD）合并鲍曼不动杆菌腹膜炎,并进行文献复习。方法2例行CAPD合并腹膜炎患者,培养示为鲍曼不动杆菌,根据药敏结果使用抗生素治疗。结果2例患者腹膜炎均没有得到控制,需要拔除腹膜透析管。结论鲍曼不动杆菌腹膜炎常为难治性腹膜炎,及早拔除腹膜透析管可降低该类患者病死率。     

灯盏花素对腹膜透析患者腹膜转运效能的影响

目的 观察灯盏花素对于腹膜透析患者腹膜转运效能的影响。方法 采用自身对照方法,选取20例终末期尿毒症持续不卧床腹膜透析治疗患者,且腹膜透析效能处于低平均转运以下。在静脉输注灯盏花素15～30d,对比用药前后PET的变化。结果 用药后腹膜肌酐D/P值较用药前升高（0.465±0.049）vs（0.545±0.048）（P<0.01）,葡萄糖D/D0值2、4小时均有所下降（0.799±0.161）vs（0.660±0.053）, （0.609±0.099）vs（0.479±0.049）（P<0.01）,腹膜透析超滤量无明显差异。结论 灯盏花素能够提高持续不卧床腹膜透析患者对于肌酐的清除,减少葡萄糖的重吸收,从而改善腹膜转运效能。     

艾考糊精腹膜透析液改善持续非卧床腹膜透析患者的新生血管化

目的 通过检测腹膜透析(简称腹透)流出液血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和临床超滤量和溶质清除对比,观察艾考糊精腹透液对维持性腹透患者腹腔新生血管化的影响.方法 选择2006年1至12月在我院肾内科透析的54例持续非卧床腹透(CAPD)患者行随机双盲前瞻性研究.入选的CAPD患者根据夜间使用的腹透液被随机分为7.5%艾考糊精腹透液组(ICO组,27例)和2.5%葡萄糖腹透液组(GLU组,27例).为期4周.基线期测定4 h腹透液和血液中肌酐的比值(D/PCr)反映腹膜功能.基线和4周时分别检测夜间腹透流出液超滤量、肌酐清除率(CCr)、VEGF和IL-6水平.为消除超滤和留腹时间可能造成的误差,用腹透流出液VEGF呈现率反映腹腔中新生血管化情况.结果 54例患者入选研究.基线期各组之间差异均无统计学意义.随访2和4周后ICO组超滤量和腹膜CCr均明显高于GLU组.夜间腹透流出液VEGF水平与留腹4 h的D/PCr呈正相关(r=0.68,P＜0.01),与留腹4 h的超滤量呈负相关(r=-0.51,P＜0.01).2组患者基线期VEGF呈现率差异无统计学意义,随访4周后,VEGF呈现率在GLU组有上升趋势,在ICO组有下降趋势,但差异均无统计学意义,而△VEGF呈现率(4周VEGF呈现率-基线期VEGF呈现率)在2组之间差异有统计学意义(9.5±20.2 vs-13.4±26.1,P＜0.01).血IL-6和腹透流出液IL-6水平以及腹透流出液细胞数在2组之间差异无统计学意义.结论 与2.5%葡萄糖腹透液相比,艾考糊精腹透液能显著降低腹透流出液中的VEGF水平从而对改善腹腔局部的新生血管化具有益作用.     

Peritonitis during continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in children.

The use of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in children has proved beneficial. However, peritonitis remains the major complication. A review of the incidence of peritonitis in 55 children (mean age 9.6 years) who underwent CAPD between 1978 and 1984 showed that there were 67 episodes of peritonitis (1 per 9.4 patient-months) in 33 of the 55. Three patients accounted for 22 of the episodes. In all cases, treatment with antibiotics, given intraperitoneally, was successful. Cephalothin was routinely given for infections due to gram-positive organisms, tobramycin for infections due to gram-negative organisms. Peritonitis recurred in seven patients, of whom five had to have their catheters replaced because of associated chronic infections of the deep peritoneal cuff, the exit site or the catheter tunnel. Although peritonitis was a common complication of CAPD in this population, it did not affect the success of the technique.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

The patient was a 72-year-old man who was receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) with a diagnosis of chronic renal failure. Although his response to dialysis therapy was favorable, right hypochondralgia and fever occurred, and gallstones were detected by abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography. Drip-infusion cholangiography (DIC) revealed neither dilation nor calculus in the common bile duct. The patient was diagnosed as having acute cholecystitis and cholecystolithiasis and, in consideration of his general condition, laparoscopic cholecystectomy was carried out. Pneumoperitoneum was performed through a CAPD tube, and a 10 mm-trocar was carefully introduced through a supraumbilical incision so as not to injure the CAPD tube. Since intraoperative cholangiography showed a condition similar to preoperative DIC, only cholecystectomy was undertaken. The postoperative course was uneventful, with neither postoperative hemorrhage nor leakage of dialysate from the wound.     

Intraperitoneal insulin in uraemic diabetics undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

The kinetics of absorption of intraperitoneally administered insulin were studied in nine uraemic insulin-dependent diabetics undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). In each of three studies 20 U of regular insulin was directly injected as a bolus into the peritoneal cavity through an indwelling Tenckhoff catheter. In two procedures the insulin injection was followed by the instillation of either 2 litres of 1.5% dextrose dialysates or 2 litres of 4.5% dextrose dialysate. In the third 20 ml of saline was used to flush the tubing. Plasma free insulin values rose more rapidly and reached significantly higher concentrations (55.6 +/- 18.8 mU/l) when the insulin had been injected into an empty peritoneal cavity than when it was followed by dialysate. These differences were observed despite the fact that most of the insulin injected was retained by the patients. Since the plasma insulin values did not differ after instillations of dialysate containing 1.5% and 4.5% dextrose, the osmolality of the dialysate seemed not to affect insulin absorption, and the dilution of the insulin probably delayed its transfer through the peritoneum. These findings suggest that insulin given intraperitoneally to patients undergoing CAPD will be most effective if it is given into an empty peritoneal cavity at least 30 minutes before the dialysate is instilled.