城乡一体化基本医疗保险制度探讨

笔者分析目前我国建设城乡一体化基本医疗制度中存在着如户籍制度、筹资公平性等障碍,提出促进城乡基本医疗保险一体化的建议,以期为我国逐步构建城乡一体化基本医疗保险制度提供借鉴.     

城乡经济社会发展一体化与城乡医疗保险一体化内涵解析

在解析党的十七大提出的城乡经济社会发展一体化内涵的基础上,阐述城乡医疗保险一体化的内涵;以成都城乡医疗保险一体化为例证,分析实现城乡一体化和城乡医疗保险一体化的可能性与路径.提出与我国实现城乡经济社会发展一体化的关键和难点一样,城乡医疗保险一体化建设的关键和难点是打破城乡二元分割的体制障碍和政策限制,应根据我国和地区城...     

农民工健康与城乡医疗保险分析——基于健康选择视角

系统梳理了不同迁移类型农民工医疗保险政策,基于健康选择视角分析城乡迁移背景下农民工健康变化与城乡医疗保险的相关性。针对农村劳动力迁移过程带来患病财务风险的重新分布以及由此带来城乡医疗保险制度的低效率问题,提出如下建议:一是通过促进稳定就业推动农民工市民化;二是应加快城乡医疗保险一体化改革,整合城乡医疗保险制度,提高农民工医疗保障水平。     

我国社会医疗保险制度城乡一体化的路径探析

医疗保险是社会保障体系中涉及面最广、险种最多和涉及时间最长的险种之一,伴随着改革开放的推进,我国的社会医疗保险制度基本建立,但同时也暴露出不少的弊端。为了缓解现行社会医疗保险制度运行中凸显的矛盾,不同地区都在积极地尝试对社会医疗保险制度进行改革。从4种不同的路径对＂渐进式＂社会医疗保险制度城乡一体化之路进行探析,以寻求一条适合中国国情的社会医疗保险制度。     

我国基本医疗保险城乡一体化研究综述

当前我国分立的三项医疗保险制度筹资水平、待遇水平、管理部门等均不相同,医疗保险体系存在显失社会公平、管理效率和基金使用效率低下等问题,亟需推进基本医疗保险城乡一体化。但机遇与挑战并存,经济的发展、国家政策的支持给一体化带来了良好机遇,而整合制度及协调既得利益是其面临的巨大挑战。学者们对医疗保险城乡一体化的实现路径取得了渐进式改革、分阶段推进的基本共识,但在整合方式及管理部门选择上存在分歧,这需要进一步的研究和探讨。     

从分割到融合:建国以来我国城乡基本医疗保险制度的变迁过程

历史制度主义注重从长时期的历史脉络中,分析制度变迁的功能与动力机制。以历史制度主义为分析工具,本文把建国以来我国城乡基本医疗保险制度变迁分为城乡分割形成、城乡持续分割、城乡融合探索和城乡融合四个时期,发现我国城乡基本医疗保险制度从分割到融合的变迁过程亦体现为不同的经济社会条件下国家对人民医疗保障需求的有效回应。在不同时期,价值理念、行为主体和外部环境共同作用于制度变迁的方向和演化方式,从而推动城乡基本医疗保险制度不断打破分割,逐步走向融合。同时,在城乡基本医疗保险制度变迁的不同过程,都呈现出路径依赖、诱致性和强制性相结合的渐进性演化路径。但由于路径依赖等因素的影响,城乡基本医疗保险制度的全面融合任重而道远,在后续变迁过程中,需在统一筹资机制和完善支付制度的同时,还要保障城乡基本医疗保险制度的可持续性发展。     

关于我国农民工医疗保险问题的研究

通过农民工的科学界定,分析了我国农民工医疗保险的现状及存在问题,从加强法律知识的宣传与培训、制定农民工医疗保险法律制度、建立并完善城乡一体化的社会保障制度等方面提出了保障措施。     

统筹城乡基本医疗保险制度的路径研究

目前,我国城乡医疗保险制度存在许多问题,如不同制度之间待遇相差甚远、城乡医疗状况差距较大等。为此,统筹城乡医疗保险制度势在必行。统筹城乡医疗保险制度的路径选择逐步清晰:统一制度运行模式、新型农村合作医疗与城镇居民医疗保险并轨为城乡居民医疗保险、城乡居民医疗保险与城镇职工医疗保险并轨为国民基本医疗保险、推行全民基本医疗保险。此外,要给予财政、管理、法律、技术和人力资源等保障。     

我国城乡居民基本医疗保险制度衔接的现状、问题与建议

医疗保障作为城乡居民生存和发展的基本需求,是"城乡统筹发展"的重要保证。现行的城乡基本医疗保险制度建设取得了明显的成效,提高了城乡居民抵御疾病风险的能力,缓解了居民"看病难、看病贵"的压力。但城乡分治的医疗保险制度在推进过程中也存在着一些问题,如法律保障欠缺、卫生资源分配不均、制度衔接困难、统筹层次低等。因而,必须加强城乡医保制度尤其是城镇居民医保和新型农村合作医疗之间的制度衔接,逐步建立城乡一体化的医疗保障制度,推进城乡社会经济协调发展。     

东莞市社会基本医疗保险制度的特点与评价

分析东莞市城乡一体化社会基本医疗保险制度的特点,评价其对各地发展和完善社会基本医疗保险的启示,在此基础上探讨东莞市社会基本医疗保险需要进一步完善的方面。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.     

Eggs enriched in omega-3 fatty acids and alterations in lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and in blood pressure

Effects of dietary eggs enriched with omega-3 fatty acids on lipid concentrations in plasma and lipoproteins and blood pressure were determined in 11 men and women in two groups. Group 1 consumed four omega-3 eggs per day during the first 4-wk period and four control eggs for the second 4-wk period. Group 2 ate the same number of eggs in the reverse order. Mean plasma cholesterol concentration was significantly increased by control eggs (P less than 0.01) but unchanged by omega-3 eggs. Mean plasma triglyceride concentration was decreased by omega-3 eggs but increased by control eggs. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly lowered by omega-3 eggs in group 1 whereas only systolic pressure was significantly decreased on omega-3 eggs in group 2. The control eggs did not change blood pressure. In conclusion, the omega-3 eggs may be more healthful than the control eggs.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries