Transfemoral venous liver biopsy: common problems and complications

Liver biopsy is still most commonly done via the percutaneous route; however, increasingly, transvascular venous liver biopsy has been used in patients with bleeding disorders. Although the jugular route is now generally favoured, a transfemoral route can be a useful alternative technique when the jugular route is not available. We describe the transfemoral technique and outline a number of commonly encountered problems and complications and suggested methods of addressing them.     

Two cases of lethal complications following ultrasound-guided percutaneous fine-needle biopsy of the liver

Two cases with lethal complications are reported among 1750 ultrasound (US)-guided percutaneous fine-needle liver biopsies performed in our department. The first patient had angiosarcoma of the liver which was not suspected after computed tomography (CT) and US studies had been performed. The other patient had hepatocellular carcinoma in advanced hepatic cirrhosis. Death was due to bleeding in both cases. Preprocedure laboratory tests did not reveal the existence of major bleeding disorders in either case. Normal liver tissue was interposed in the needle track between the liver capsule and the lesions which were targeted.     

Transjugular liver biopsy with use of the shark jaw needle: diagnostic yield, complications, and cost-effectiveness

PURPOSE: Obtaining transjugular liver biopsy specimens with use of single-use needle systems is expensive, whereas biopsy specimens obtained with use of reusable needle systems are frequently associated with inadequate core specimens. The authors report their experience with the reusable Cook Shark Jaw biopsy needle, including diagnostic yield, complications, and cost-effectiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective audit was performed of a cohort of 134 patients who underwent 136 transjugular liver biopsies with use of a reusable 16-gauge Shark Jaw needle during a 30-month period. Specimen adequacy and complication rates were assessed and direct costs of expendable components calculated. Cost-effectiveness was expressed as cost-per-successful biopsy. RESULTS: Biopsies were technically successful in 126 of 136 (93%) patients, with diagnostic histologic core specimens obtained in 124 of 126 (98%) patients, for an overall success rate of 91%. Complications included capsular penetration in six (4.4%) patients, cardiac arrhythmia in two (1.5%) patients, and puncture site hematoma or bleeding in 10 (7.4%) patients. Three tract embolizations were performed for capsular penetration. No instances of subcapsular hematoma, hemoperitoneum, or sepsis occurred, and no deaths were attributed to the procedure. The cost of expendable components totaled $103 per biopsy, corresponding to a cost-effectiveness of $113/successful biopsy. CONCLUSION: Transjugular liver biopsy specimens obtained with use of the Shark Jaw needle have a diagnostic yield comparable to those obtained with use of single-use biopsy systems, at a substantially lower cost with no increase in serious complications.     

肝脏占位性病变经皮穿刺活检术出血并发症的危险因素分析

【摘要】 目的 寻找影像引导肝脏原发或继发占位性病变经皮穿刺活检术后发生出血并发症的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析2015年1月至2020年7月515例肝脏占位性病变行超声或CT引导穿刺活检患者的临床资料。将术后出现腹腔或肝包膜下出血作为因变量,将患者性别、年龄、病变类型、病理结果、肿瘤大小、位置、是否位于肝包膜下、有无肝硬化、穿刺引导方式、穿刺组织条数、穿刺深度、术前血小板、凝血酶原时间国际标准化比值（INR）及血红蛋白作为自变量,所有自变量行单因素logistic回归分析,将P＜0.05自变量行多因素logistic回归分析,筛选肝脏占位性病变经皮穿刺活检术出血并发症的危险因素。结果 共纳入453例肝脏占位性病变行穿刺活检的患者,术后发生腹腔或肝包膜下出血者19例（4.2%）。单因素logistic回归分析显示肝硬化、穿刺组织条数及穿刺深度与术后发生出血有关。多因素logistic回归分析显示肝硬化与穿刺深度为出血并发症的危险因素（P＜0.05）。受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线预测肝硬化患者穿刺活检术后发生出血并发症的敏感性为32%,特异性为97.9%。结论 肝硬化及穿刺深度是肝脏占位性病变经皮穿刺活检术出血并发症的危险因素。     

肝移植术后并发症与介入治疗 七、其他

肝移植术后除了常见的肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉和胆道并发症外,本文归纳了其他少见的并发症,这些不常见的并发症多数以个案或短篇报道的方式出现在以往的文献中,部分此类并发症也可以采用介入方法进行治疗.另外,介入医师应该了解在不同病因下的肝移植术后并发症的发生情况,有助于全面认识肝移植术后并发症.     

锥形束CT引导同轴穿刺在胸部肿瘤活检中的应用

目的 探讨锥形束CT的穿刺导航功能在胸部肿瘤活检中的应用价值。方法 2019年7月至12月四川省肿瘤医院行胸部肿瘤穿刺活检术(percutaneous transthoracic needle biopsy, PTNB)患者139例。比较锥形束CT的穿刺导航功能引导同轴针穿刺针与常规CT引导非同轴穿刺针在PTNB中的有效性和安全性,分析不同引导穿刺方式与病灶大小、病灶深度和手术耗时之间关系。结果 常规CT组平均耗时19.08 min,锥形束CT组平均耗时14.36 min,差异有统计学意义(t=-6.034,P<0.05)。活检时患者俯卧位平均耗时15.75 min,仰卧位平均耗时16.94 min,侧卧位平均耗时18.22 min,特殊体位平均耗时20.84 min,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。病灶位于不同肺段穿刺耗时比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者病灶大小、病灶深度和病灶位置比较,差异均无统计学意义(t=-1.621、-0.402、χ²=24.222,P=0.107、0.687、0.114)。穿刺次数与并发症的发生率相关...     

Image-guided pleural biopsy: diagnostic yield and complications

BACKGROUND: Pleural biopsy and cytology are standard procedures for the investigation of pleural disease. Recent medical literature has suggested that image-guided pleural biopsy shows improved sensitivity for the diagnosis of pleural malignancy, when compared with the more commonly performed reverse bevel needle biopsy such as Abrams' needle. In our centre there has been an increasing trend towards performing image-guided pleural biopsies, and to our knowledge there is no large published series documenting the complication rate and diagnostic yield. METHODS: The radiology and pathology databases were searched for all image-guided [computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US)] pleural biopsies from January 2001 to December 2004. All imaging and histology were reviewed, and final diagnostic information about patients was obtained from the respiratory multidisciplinary team database and patient notes. A record was made of complications following biopsy, presence of pleura in the biopsy, and adequacy of tissue for histological diagnosis. RESULTS: A total of 82 patients underwent 85 image-guided pleural biopsies over a 4-year period. 80 cases were performed under CT and five under US guidance. The rate of new pneumothorax detected by chest radiography was 4.7%. No patient required a chest drain or blood transfusion to treat complications. In 10 (12%) cases, there was inadequate tissue to reach a confident histological diagnosis and in eight (9%) of these, no pleura was present. Assuming all suspicious and inadequate biopsies are treated as benign, which is the worst case scenario, image-guided pleural biopsy has a sensitivity and specificity of 76% and 100%, respectively, for the diagnosis of malignant disease. CONCLUSIONS: Image-guided pleural biopsy is a safe procedure with few associated complications and has a higher sensitivity than previously published series for reverse cutting needle biopsy in the diagnosis of malignant pleural disease.     

Percutaneous biopsy of the liver

Retrospective evaluation of 510 percutaneous CT-guided biopsies of the liver mainly fineneedle aspiration biopsies for cytology (89% of cases), yielded an overall accuracy rate of 92% and a sensitivity of 94%. The relatively high percentage of false-positive diagnoses (7% of all benign tumors) may be reduced by more consistent consideration of possible errors in cytology and a more consistent use of large bore biopsies.     

Diagnostic yield of MR-guided liver biopsies compared with CT- and US-guided liver biopsies

PURPOSE: To compare diagnostic yield and complication rates of magnetic resonance (MR)-guided versus computed tomography (CT)- and ultrasound (US)-guided liver biopsies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MR-, CT-, and US-guided liver biopsies performed between 9/96 and 9/98 were compared. Sixty patients (21 men and 39 women, mean age 60 years) underwent MR-guided biopsy of liver lesions. Thirty patients (16 men and 14 women, mean age 59 years) underwent CT-guided biopsy. Eighteen patients (seven men and 11 women, mean age 50 years) underwent US-guided biopsy. MR procedures were performed in an open-configuration 0.5-T Signa SP MR unit. Lesion localization used standard T1 and T2 sequences, whereas biopsies were performed with multiplanar spoiled gradient recalled echo and fast gradient recalled echo sequences. A coaxial system with an MR-compatible 18-gauge stabilizing needle and a 21-gauge aspiration needle was used to obtain all samples. In CT and US procedures, a 19-gauge stabilizing needle and a 21-gauge aspiration or a 20-gauge core biopsy needle were used. A cytotechnologist was present to determine the adequacy of samples. RESULTS: MR had a diagnostic yield of 61%. CT and US had diagnostic yields of 67% and 61%, respectively. No serious complications were reported for MR and US procedures. Two CT biopsies resulted in postprocedural hemorrhage. One patient required surgical exploration and died. CONCLUSIONS: MR-guided biopsy of liver lesions with use of a 0.5-T open-configuration magnet is safe and accurate when compared with CT and US. No statistical difference was observed between the diagnostic yield of biopsies performed with MR, CT, and US guidance. MR enabled biopsy of a number of lesions in the hepatic dome and lesions with low contrast, which would normally be difficult to sample safely with use of CT or US.     

CT-guided liver biopsy: an update

Computed tomography (CT)-guided liver biopsy has become an accepted part of the diagnostic evaluation of patients with benign and malignant hepatic disease The advantages of imaging guidance over blind percutaneous biopsy are now well established in the literature. Controversy continues to exist, however, over the safety and accuracy of the procedure, as well as over the proper choice of needle: large-caliber cutting needle versus small caliber aspiration needle. In 1984, our group reported the results in a preliminary set of 180 patients in whom CT-guided biopsy of focal liver lesions was performed. The study indicated that cutting-needle sampling could provide increased diagnostic accuracy over fine-needle aspiration in both benign and malignant hepatic disease without a significant increase in complications. This paper reports the results in a series of 179 new patients who underwent CT-guided liver biopsy using a variety of needles. Comparison is again made between fine-needle and cutting-needle biopsy with respect to diagnostic accuracy and safety. A detailed discussion of the proper choice of biopsy needle as well as of the causes of both biopsy failure and complications is provided.     

CT-guided needle biopsy of the lung: factors affecting risk of complications

PURPOSE: To analyze factors influencing the risk of complications associated with CT-guided percutaneous needle biopsy for lung lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty patients, aged 24-85 years (37 men and 23 women), underwent CT-guided needle biopsy. A definite diagnosis was made in 49 of 60 cases (81.7%), including 38 of 43 malignant lesions (88.4%) and 11 of 17 benign lesions (64.7%). Complications associated with biopsy were observed in 35 patients (58.3%). Major complications included pneumothorax (n = 26) and pulmonary hemorrhage (n = 20). Chest tube placement was needed in 5 (19.2%) of 26 pneumothorax cases (8.3% of all biopsies). RESULTS: The high frequency of pneumothorax (43.3%) in this series had several contributing factors, including the presence of pulmonary emphysema, lesion size, and traversal of aerated lung. Chest tube replacement was necessary more frequently in patients with pulmonary emphysema. The number of pleural passes, location of lesions, and size of needles were not correlated with the incidence of pneumothorax. CONCLUSION: The presence of pulmonary emphysema, lesion size, and traversal of aerated lung are the predominant risk factors for pneumothorax in patients with CT-guided lung biopsy.     

彩超引导定位移植肝活组织穿刺检查的安全性评价

目的:评价彩超引导定位移植肝脏活组织穿刺检查的安全性。方法:分析2002年4月~2005年12月间,我中心肝脏移植受者中186例次彩超实时引导下肝脏穿刺活检的安全性及与穿刺方法、凝血功能和穿刺次数之间的关系。结果:141例肝穿活检中除1例出现肝内出血合并胆瘘外,未出现任何穿刺相关并发症。结论:凝血功能轻度异常患者进行肝穿刺活检是安全的,而穿刺方法、穿刺次数在本组研究中与肝穿刺活检的安全性无明显相关;彩超引导定位移植肝组织穿刺活检是一种具有较高安全性的诊断方法。     

Defective closure of the laryngeal vestibule: frequency of pulmonary complications

Aspiration and its potential complications, bronchopneumonia and other pulmonary diseases, were studied in 67 fully conscious and mobile patients with cineradiographically verified dysfunction of swallowing. They were compared to a group of 67 patients of similar age with normal swallowing. Bronchopneumonia was found in nine (13%) of the patients with aspiration compared to two (3%) of the patients without (p = 0.05). Chronic pulmonary disease was more frequently observed in patients with aspiration than in those without, seven (10%) and one (1.5%), respectively (p = 0.03). Even though pulmonary complications of defective closure of the laryngeal vestibule are not frequent, swallowing training for fully conscious and relatively mobile patients would seem desirable.     

CT引导下肺活检和并发症的预防

CT引导肺活检作为一种安全有效的活检技术已广泛应用于临床,在肺部疾病的诊断和治疗中的地位日益突出.本文对该技术的适应证、禁忌证、术前准备、介入技术和常见的并发症及其预防进行总结,供大家参考和借鉴.