Prospective, randomised, controlled trial comparing suture needle drainage and argon laser drainage of subretinal fluid.

AIMS--This study was designed to compare suture needle drainage (SND) with argon laser drainage (ALD) of subretinal fluid. METHODS--A prospective, randomised, controlled, clinical trial was carried out on 93 patients undergoing external drainage of subretinal fluid during scleral buckling surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. The incidence of successful drainage, incidence of subretinal haemorrhage, incidence of retinal incarceration, and incidence of retinal perforation were determined. RESULTS--The success rate was 97.9% in the ALD group and 84.8% in the SND group (difference-13.1%, 95% CI-26.4% to 2.0%). The incidence of clinically significant subretinal haemorrhage was 4.3% in the ALD group compared with 28.3% in the SND group (difference 24.0%, 95% CI 7.6% to 40.4%). The incidence of incarceration was comparable in each group. There were no cases of retinal perforation. CONCLUSIONS--The use of ALD was associated with a higher rate of successful SRF drainage, and a lower incidence of clinically significant subretinal haemorrhage than SND. ALD is preferred when an endolaser is available.     

External argon laser choroidotomy for subretinal fluid drainage

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of external argon laser choroidotomy for drainage of subretinal fluid (SRF) during scleral buckling procedures for the repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachments. Methods: Fifty eyes of 50 consecutive patients presenting to a hospital-based retinal outpatient clinic with rhegmatogenous detachments underwent choroidotomy with argon endolaser for SRF drainage. The laser parameters used were 0.5 s duration and 0.8 W power. The primary outcome measures were successful drainage of SRF and incidence of complications. The drainage was considered successful if it was sufficient to complete the planned scleral buckling procedure. The extent of subretinal haemorrhage was graded. Results: The mean age of patients was 55 years (range 16–80 years). Successful drainage of SRF was obtained in 47 eyes (94%). The complications observed at the drainage site included subretinal haemorrhage of less than I disc diameter in six eyes (12%) and retinal perforation in one eye (2%). Conclusion: External argon laser choroidotomy appears to be an effective method of draining SRF in rhegmatogenous retinal detachments.     

Modified external needle drainage procedure for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

PURPOSE: To describe the results of a modified external needle subretinal fluid drainage technique to treat eyes with a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. METHODS: One hundred eighty-seven consecutive patients with a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment who underwent scleral buckle and modified external needle drainage at Duke Eye Center or Vistar Eye Associates were included in this study. Subretinal fluid was drained by a technique whereby the intraocular pressure was raised to a supranormal level by tightening an encircling scleral buckle and then the subretinal space was entered by a needle introduced externally while the retina was directly viewed with an indirect ophthalmoscope. Subretinal fluid drainage success rate, one-operation reattachment rate, final retinal reattachment rate, intraoperative and postoperative complication rates, and final visual acuity were the main outcome measures. RESULTS: Subretinal fluid was successfully drained in all eyes. The one-operation reattachment rate was 91%, and the final reattachment rate was 98%. Intraoperatively, 15% of eyes required corneal debridement to obtain an adequate view for safe subretinal fluid drainage. Subretinal hemorrhage of no more than one clock hour occurred in 4.2% of eyes. A total of 2.6% of eyes developed an epiretinal membrane postoperatively that required a vitrectomy to improve the visual acuity. The postoperative visual acuity, 0.54 by logMAR (20/69 by Snellen), was significantly better than the preoperative visual acuity, 1.1 logMAR (20/250 by Snellen) (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The modified external needle drainage technique is a flexible, effective method to drain subretinal fluid in eyes with a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. The retinal reattachment rate and complication rate compare favorably to alternative subretinal fluid drainage techniques.     

两种不同放液方法在环扎加压术中使用的比较

目的 比较2种不同的放液方法在环扎加压术中使用后对于手术成功率以及手术并发症的影响。方法 回顾性分析同一手术者在2002年1月至2003年3月间所进行的80眼环扎加压手术，其中38眼为使用巩膜切开法冷针放液(2002年1月～10月)，42眼为冷针直接穿刺放液(2002年11月～2003年3月)，比较不同的放液方法对于手术成功率和手术中并发症出现的比率的影响。结果 两种不同的手术方法，手术成功率和并发症出现率差异无显著性。结论 冷针直接穿刺放液法是一种安全有效的放出视网膜下液(SRF)的方法。     

改良穿刺放液在外路法视网膜脱离复位术中的应用

目的 探讨外路法视网膜脱离复位手术中改良穿刺放视网膜下液的临床有效性及安全性.设计回顾性病例系列.研究对象2006年1月至2009年9月收住南京医科大学第一附属医院眼科的329例孔源性视网膜脱离的患者.方法 手术显微镜下予巩膜环扎和（或）巩膜外加压术,术中均联合改良穿刺法放出视网膜下液,即穿刺点选在角巩膜缘后11 mm的直肌两侧,避开涡状静脉和视网膜裂孔,采用25 G 5/8-in针头（1ml BD针头,新加坡Becton Dickinson Medical（S）Pte Ltd.）垂直巩膜穿刺放出视网膜下液,穿刺深度不超过针头斜面.收集术前、术后及手术数据并进行分析.主要指标改良穿刺放液的成功率及并发症的发生率.结果 329例外路法视网膜脱离复位手术,327例（99.4%）引流出视网膜下液,2例未引流出视网膜下液.改良穿刺放液的并发症有视网膜下出血2例（0.6%）,出血范围小于2PD,穿刺点正对视网膜裂孔处1例（0.3%）,导致玻璃体自巩膜穿刺口脱出.结论 改良穿刺放液法是外路法视网膜脱离复位术中引流视网膜下液的一种安全、有效的方法.     

激光脉络膜切开视网膜下放液的临床观察

目的 探讨激光脉络膜切开与冷针穿刺脉络膜视网膜下放液的安全性及效果。 方法 孔源性视网膜脱离需行巩膜扣带术的病例70例74只眼，随机分为两组，A组34例36只眼采用冷针穿刺脉络膜放液，B组36例38只眼采用半导体激光眼内激光探头光凝脉络膜放液，比较两种方法的效果及并发症发生情况。 结果 两种放液方法均获成功，冷针穿刺脉络膜放液发生视网膜下出血3例、1例视网膜嵌塞、视网膜穿孔，而激光脉络膜切开放液组未发生明显的并发症。 结论 半导体激光脉络膜切开视网膜下放液可以降低并发症发生率，适用于任何需视网膜下放液的病例，尤其在视网膜下液不多的病例。 (中华眼底病杂志,1998,14:202-203)     

下直肌牵引巩膜外垫压不放液手术治疗上方孔源性视网膜脱离

目的观察下直肌牵引及单纯巩膜外垫压不放液手术治疗上方孔源性视网膜脱离的临床效果。方法对上方孔源性视网膜脱离56例（56眼）术前进行下直肌缝线牵引制动，采用视网膜裂孔冷凝、巩膜环扎、外垫压及术中不放液的手术方法，对治疗结果进行分析。结果56例（56眼）经下直肌牵引制动3～5天后，52眼（92．86％）的视网膜脱离特别是上方球形脱离有明显消退，视网膜下液均有消散，其中28眼（50．00％）完全复位。53眼（94．64％）均行不放液术达到准确封闭孔源的目的。出院前治愈率为96．43％，未愈3．57％。结论下直肌缝线牵引制动可促进视网膜下液消退、平复，有利于术中裂孔准确定位、扣压位置适当，从而有效封闭裂孔。扩大了不放液手术适应范围，提高不放液手术成功率。     

缝针巩膜穿刺放液法在视网膜脱离手术中的应用

目的:探讨缝针巩膜穿刺放液法在视网膜脱离术中应用的有效性和安全性。方法:选取64例孔源性视网膜脱离患者,均采用外路视网膜脱离手术。分为A,B两组,A组采用巩膜切开放液法,B组采用缝针巩膜放液法。比较手术的成功率和并发症。结果:两组手术均获成功,成功率和并发症无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论:缝针巩膜放液法是一种有效、安全的放液方法。     

Shifting subretinal fluid in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

In a consecutive series of 470 cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment 25 (5%) were found to have shifting subretinal fluid (SRF) at the preoperative examination. The study showed that the association between SRF and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is unusual but not rare. Shifting SRF was most often associated with aphakic and longstanding retinal detachment, and found in cases in which the retinal holes were small.     

孔源性视网膜脱离不放液手术的效果分析及影响因素

目的 分析孔源性视网膜脱离不放液手术的效果和影响视网膜下液吸收,视网膜复位的因素。方法 １２６例ＲＲＤ采用视网膜冷凝,巩膜不扎,外加压,不放液的手术方法。结果 １次手术后１１９眼视网膜完全复位,２眼再次不放液手术后视网膜复位,总复位率为９３．１％,ＳＲＦ术后２４ｈ吸收３７眼,７天内吸收１０１眼,术后视力明显提高。     

不放液的节段性外垫压术与放液的巩膜环扎加压术的疗效比较

目的探讨不放液的节段性外垫压手术与放液的巩膜环扎加压术治疗孔源性视网膜脱离(RRD)的疗效,并对两种术式疗效进行比较。方法回顾分析181例(184只眼)增生性玻璃体视网膜病变(PVR)C2级以下改变的RRD行不放液的节段性外垫压手术与巩膜环扎加压、引流视网膜下液手术的临床资料。全部患者均为我院首诊病例,按手术中是否放液分为放液组和不放液组,分别分析各组PVR级别与视网膜解剖复位率的关系,并对二组的手术并发症、术后视力进行比较。181例患者术后随访时间2~48个月,平均8.6个月。结果放液组视网膜复位84只眼,手术成功率为91.3%;不放液组视网膜复位86只眼,手术成功率为93.5%。放液组和不放液组PVR不同级别(B,C级)视网膜复位率比较其差异无显著性意义(P>0.05)。而二组的手术并发症、术后视力进步率比较,不放液组手术并发症明显比放液组低,术后视力进步率较放液组高,其差别有显著性意义(P<0.01)。结论不放液的节段性外垫压手术与放液的巩膜环扎加压术复位率基本一致,但术后视力明显提高,手术并发症少,为手术步骤的重要改变,PVRC2级以下改变的RRD都可适用。     

Does cryotherapy before drainage increase the risk of intraocular haemorrhage and affect outcome?. A prospective,randomised, controlled study using a needle drainage technique and sustained ocular compression

AIMS/BACKGROUND—A prospective, randomised, controlled clinical trial was conducted to investigate the effect of performing cryotherapy before drainage of subretinal fluid (SRF) on the incidence of intraocular haemorrhage (IOH) in the management of retinal detachment.
METHODS—Eighty eyes of 80 patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment requiring SRF drainage were recruited. Thirty four cases were randomised to receive drainage before cryotherapy (drainage, air injection, cryotherapy, and explant = DACE group) while 46 cases had drainage after cryotherapy (cryotherapy, drainage, air injection, and explant = CDAE group). All cases had trans-scleral drainage of SRF using a 27 gauge hypodermic needle combined with prolonged, intraocular hypertension.
RESULTS—There was a low incidence of IOH associated with drainage in both groups with no statistically significant difference between the groups (DACE group = 2.9%; CDAE group = 4.3%; p = 0.43). There was no significant difference between the groups in the rate of anatomical success with a single operation (DACE group = 82.4%; CDAE group = 86.9%; p = 0.38). There was no significant difference between the groups in the visual outcome. An improvement of two Snellen lines or more occurred in 52.9% of the DACE group and in 56.5% of the CDAE group (p = 0.93).
CONCLUSION—It was concluded that the surgical sequence of applying cryotherapy before drainage of SRF can be safely and effectively performed. The sequences CDAE and CDE, when air injection is not required, along with DACE should all be part of the surgical repertoire for the management of retinal detachments.

     

脉络膜脱离孔源性视网膜脱离术中不放液观察

目的 观察视网膜裂孔冷凝，巩膜环扎外加压手术不放液治疗脉络膜脱离型孔源性视网膜脱离的疗效。方法 对28眼脉络膜脱离型孔源性视网膜脱离进行裂孔冷凝，巩膜环扎，外加压，术中不引流视网膜下液，对其治疗结果进行分析。结果 28眼中一次成功25眼，视网膜下液在1～2天吸收为13眼，3天～1周内吸收为12眼，术后均有不同程度的视力提高。结论 在成功封闭裂孔后，脉脱型孔源性视网膜脱离视网膜下液可自行吸收，手术成功率高，可有效减少放液所带来的并发症。     

血清和视网膜下液中氨基酸和VEGF表达水平与孔源性视网膜脱离程度的关系

目的：分析血清和视网膜下液中氨基酸和血管内皮生长因子（vascular endothelial growth factor ,VEGF）表达水平与研究孔源性视网膜脱离程度关系。方法：选取本院诊断治疗的孔源性视网膜脱离患者48例52眼,根据视网膜脱落范围分＜1／2象限组,1／2～3／4象限组和＞3／4象限组,选取同期在我院健康体检者55例55眼作为对照组,比较孔源性视网膜脱离患者与对照组的血清中氨基酸和VEGF水平的差异。比较孔源性视网膜脱离患者不同脱离程度视网膜下液中氨基酸以及VEGF水平的差异。视网膜下液中 VEGF 水平与氨基酸的相关分析。结果：孔源性视网膜脱离患者血清中色氨酸28．59±4.46 mg／L、苯丙氨酸8．95±2．55 mg／L、蛋氨酸8．15±2.17 mg／L、缬氨酸28．62±5．29 mg／L、组氨酸18．96±1.85 mg／L以及血管内皮生长因子589．92±185．34μg／L高于对照组,且差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）;孔源性视网膜脱离患者脱离程度＞3／4象限者视网膜下液的苯丙氨酸9.85±1．21 mg／L、组氨酸20．63±2．07、血管内皮生长因子718．69±283．34μg／L高于＜1／2象限者和1／2～3／4象限者,且差异具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。孔源性视网膜脱离患者视网膜下液 VEGF 与苯丙氨酸呈正相关（ r＝0.542,P＜0．001）,与组氨酸呈正相关（ r＝0．782, P＜0.001）。结论：孔源性视网膜脱离患者的视网膜下液中氨基酸和VEGF的表达高于正常对照组,且随脱离程度的增加而上升。     

Concentration of neuron-specific enolase and S100 protein in the subretinal fluid of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

Background Neuron-specific enolase and S100 protein are markers of neuronal lysis. To assess the neuronal suffering in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment we quantified neuron-specific enolase and S100 protein in the subretinal fluid. Methods The puncture was performed in the sclera with a Merseture 5/0 round needle, and the fluid was collected with a glass capillary tube. Twelve subretinal fluid samples were obtained from 12 eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment undergoing retinal detachment surgery. Vitreous from ten eyes with macular hole or epimacular membrane served as negative control group, and vitreous collected during cornea procurement from ten deceased patients served as positive control group. Results The mean concentration of neuron-specific enolase (in nanogrammes per millilitre) was 602 in the subretinal fluid of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, 10.2 in the serum of these patients, 2.9 in the vitreous of the negative control group, and 364 in the positive control group. The mean concentration of S100 protein (in nanogrammes per millilitre) was 104 in the subretinal fluid of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, <0.1 in the serum of these patients and in the vitreous of the control negative group, and 11.18 in the positive control group. Conclusion Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100 are known to be good markers of brain stress and, thus, are good markers of retinal stress.     

Endoscopy-guided subretinal fluid drainage in vitrectomy for retinal detachment

PURPOSE: To study the usefulness of endoscopy-guided subretinal fluid drainage in pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). PARTICIPANTS/METHODS: A prospective non-comparative study of a small number of RRD cases. The study involved examining 10 eyes of 10 patients with RRD that received PPV. Two eyes had hazy corneas, which hindered the observation by surgical microscopy. Fluid-gas exchange was performed and then subretinal fluid was drained through a primary retinal break guided by an endoscope. No drainage retinotomy was made. Each clinical feature was studied and the surgical outcome and complications were evaluated. RESULTS: All eyes had retinal reattachment by a single operation. No serious complication related to surgery was experienced. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopy-guided subretinal fluid drainage is the safe and effective procedure in PPV for RRD.     

Increased levels of soluble syndecan-1 in the subretinal fluid and the vitreous of eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment

PURPOSE: To investigate whether rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) alters intraocular soluble syndecan-1 levels. METHODS: In all, 39 samples of subretinal fluid (SRF) and 10 samples of vitreous fluid from RRD patients were collected. Using ELISA, soluble syndecan-1 levels were detected, and potential correlations between syndecan-1 levels with clinical parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: Soluble syndecan-1 in the vitreous fluid (2.577+/-0.578 ng/ml) and in the SRF (1.499+/-0.184 ng/ml) from eyes with RRD enhanced significantly compared to that of the controls (0.224+/-0.095 ng/ml) (p<0.0001 and p=0.006). An increase in the syndecan-1 concentrations in SRF samples correlated with a longer duration of retinal detachment (r=0.716, p<0.0001) and a younger age (r= -0.341, p=0.017). CONCLUSIONS: RRD was found to be associated with a significant increase of soluble syndecan-1 in the vitreous fluid and SRF. In SRF, an enhanced soluble syndecan-1 concentration correlated positively with the duration of retinal detachment and inversely with the age of patients.     

孔源性视网膜脱离术中放液方式改进和应用

目的 总结并讨论孔源性视网膜脱离术中改良的放液方式及其临床效果.方法 选择孔源性视网膜脱离患者85例(87只眼),手术方式为“巩膜外冷凝+冷针穿刺放液+外加压(或联合环扎术)”.结果 一次手术治愈82只眼,占94.25％;经2次手术治愈3只眼,占3.45％,总的外路手术成功率97.70％.有2只眼出现放液时出血,经治痊愈,无其他并发症出现.结论 直接巩膜冷针放液方法简单、安全、并发症少,值得应用.     

Transforming growth factor beta(2) increases in subretinal fluid in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with subretinal strands

PURPOSE: To compare transforming growth factor (TGF) beta(2) levels in subretinal fluid of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment with or without subretinal strand formation. METHODS: We assessed total and mature TGF-beta(2) levels in subretinal fluid obtained from 24 eyes with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Group I comprised 18 specimens from eyes without subretinal strands, while group II comprised 6 specimens from eyes with subretinal strands. RESULTS: Total and mature TGF-beta(2) levels were higher in group II than in group I (p=0.01 and p=0.07, respectively). CONCLUSION: The concentrations of total and mature TGF-beta(2) were higher in cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment associated with subretinal strand formation compared to those without subretinal strand formation.     

球形孔源性视网膜脱离的手术探讨

目的：探讨球形孔源性视网膜脱离的手术方法选择与手术预后,方法：回顾性分析1999年在我院手术的球形视网膜脱离患者161例161眼资料。最终手术采用环扎加压不放液53眼,环扎加压放液75眼,玻璃体手术33眼,平均随访3个月。结果：出院时手术复位159眼,复位率98．8％,随访期间复发2眼,最终手术成功157眼,成功率97．5％,术后视力有明显提高,结论：球形孔源性视网膜脱离由于其发病急,就诊快,只要手术方法选择适当,大部分还是可以取得成功,对于膜形成严重,裂孔多,大,靠后,或再手术病例,采用玻璃体手术,其术后解剖复位率和视功能恢复还是相当满意的。