原发性肾病综合征患儿动态血压与肾损害的关系

目的 研究原发性肾病综合征(PNS)患儿24 h动态血压监测(ABPM)数值的异常变化,探讨PNS患儿24 h动态血压(ABP)与肾损害指标的关系,从而揭示血压对肾脏的损害机制.方法 采用动态血压监测仪对114例PNS患儿进行24 h动态血压监测,与随机血压(CBP)比较,并分析血压与肾损害的关系.结果 114例PNS患儿ABP与CBP呈现不同的组合关系,从而出现不同的分类诊断,而且ABPM敏感度高.通过ABPM发现隐匿性高血压和白大衣性高血压,尤其隐匿性高血压发病率高.ABPM发现PNS患儿24 h动态血压节律的减低.非杓型血压(non-dipper)发病率高.PNS患儿的ABP均值、负荷、非杓型血压与肾损害密切正相关.结论 ABPM与CBP存在不平行性,ABPM具有更高的阳性率,更能反映血压变化趋势.ABPM的应用有利于发现24 h动态血压节律减低的non-dipper患儿,给积极防治肾损害提供依据.     

原发性肾病综合征儿童24小时动态血压与肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮水平的关系

目的：应用24 h动态血压监测(24 h ABPM)探讨原发性肾病综合征（PNS）儿童血压变化并探讨肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统（RAAS）致24 h动态血压（ABP）变化的机制。方法：对114例PNS儿童进行24 h ABP和随机血压（CBP）监测,并检测血浆肾素（PRA）、血管紧张素II（AngII）和醛固酮（ALD）水平及与24 h ABP相关关系。结果：114例PNS儿童动态血压升高101例（88.6%）,轻度、重度隐匿性高血压45例（39.5%）,非杓型血压80例(70.2%)。收缩压（SBP）血压指数与负荷大于舒张压（DBP）血压指数与负荷。PNS儿童睡眠血压指数与负荷大于醒时血压指数与负荷。PNS儿童男性血压DBP指数与负荷均大于女性儿童DBP指数与负荷。PNS组卧位血PRA、AngII、ALD水平高于正常对照组,同时PNS儿童血压升高组卧位血AngII水平高于血压正常组。AngII与SBP、DBP指数和负荷均明显正相关。结论：PNS儿童发生高血压的比例较高,其中隐匿性高血压、非杓型血压占较大比例,SBP升高较DBP明显, 睡眠血压升高更明显,男性DBP升高较女性更明显。PNS儿童RAAS水平升高可能主要通过AngII使血压上升。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（10）：788-792］     

原发性和继发性高血压患儿动态血压监测特点

目的 探讨儿童原发性高血压与继发性高血压的血压特点,提高对儿童高血压的病因识别.方法 选择2003年11月-2011年3月在首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院高血压科住院的高血压患儿为研究对象,按其病因分为原发性高血压和继发性高血压2组.患儿均常规测定身高、体质量、空腹血糖、血Cr、血尿酸、血脂及肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ和醛固酮水平,并计算体质量指数(BMI).行手测血压、24 h动态血压监测,分析2组间日间、夜间收缩压(SBP)及舒张压(DBP)水平、日间、夜间SBP及DBP血压负荷等指标.结果 高血压患儿中男19例,女6例;年龄(12.4±2.5)岁.原发组患儿体质量和BMI均高于继发组患儿[(70.94±31.46)kg vs (45.93±14.62)kg; (24.98±6.96) kg·m-2 vs (19.13±4.89) kg·m-2],2组间差异均有统计学意义(P =0.013,0.031).与原发组患儿比较,继发组患儿的日间平均DBP水平[(91.14±10.67) mmHg vs (79.06±10.42) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133kPa)]、夜间平均DBP水平明显升高[(81.43±12.71)mmHg vs (66.83±12.49) mmHg],日间SBP负荷[(79.46±18.17)％ vs(46.88±33.29)％],夜间SBP负荷[(89.02±15.74)％vs54.22 ±27.91)％],日间DBP血压负荷[(62.87±31.33)％ vs(30.94±27.36)％],差异均有统计学意义(Pa＜0.05).结论 原发性高血压患儿多伴有肥胖.继发性高血压患儿动态血压监测中日间和夜间DBP水平增高、日间和夜间SBP负荷、日间DBP负荷高.在儿童中动态监测血压水平,可帮助鉴别病因.     

24小时动态血压监测直立性高血压患儿血压类型的病例对照研究

目的采用24 h动态血压(ABPM)方法探讨直立性高血压(OHT)患儿的血压类型。方法选取2009年10月至2013年9月在中南大学湘雅二医院(我院)儿童晕厥门诊就诊或住院的患儿,以不明原因晕厥及先兆晕厥为主诉,经直立倾斜试验确诊为OHT者为OHT组。与OHT组年龄及性别匹配,选择同期来我院儿童保健门诊检查的健康儿童为对照组。OHT组和对照组均行ABPM监测,观察收缩压昼夜差值、舒张压昼夜差值,24 h、日间、夜间平均收缩压和舒张压参数,并探讨血压类型。结果 OHT组40例,男23例,女17例,年龄(11.5±1.9)岁。对照组40例,男22例,女18例,年龄(10.6±2.4)岁。1收缩压昼夜差值对照组高于OHT组,(9.8±3.3)vs(8.4±4.7)mm Hg,P0.05。OHT组24 h、日间、夜间的平均收缩压和舒张压稍高于对照组(P0.05)。舒张压昼夜差值对照组稍高于OHT组(P0.05)。2OHT组以非勺型血压为主(72.5%),对照组以勺型血压为主(55.0%),两组血压类型差异有统计学意义(P=0.012)。结论 OHT患儿收缩压昼夜差值较正常儿童明显降低,血压类型以非勺型血压多见,多数患儿血压昼夜节律消失。     

原发性肾病综合征儿童24小时动态血压与肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮水平的关系

目的应用24h动态血压监测(24hABPM)探讨原发性肾病综合征(PNS)儿童血压变化并探讨肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)致24h动态血压(ABP)变化的机制。方法对114例PNS儿童进行24hABP和随机血压(CBP)监测,并检测血浆肾素(PRA)、血管紧张素II(AngII)和醛固酮(ALD)水平及与24hABP相关关系。结果 114例PNS儿童动态血压升高101例(88.6%),轻度、重度隐匿性高血压45例(39.5%),非杓型血压80例(70.2%)。收缩压(SBP)血压指数与负荷大于舒张压(DBP)血压指数与负荷。PNS儿童睡眠血压指数与负荷大于醒时血压指数与负荷。PNS儿童男性血压DBP指数与负荷均大于女性儿童DBP指数与负荷。PNS组卧位血PRA、AngII、ALD水平高于正常对照组,同时PNS儿童血压升高组卧位血AngII水平高于血压正常组。AngII与SBP、DBP指数和负荷均明显正相关。结论 PNS儿童发生高血压的比例较高,其中隐匿性高血压、非杓型血压占较大比例,SBP升高较DBP明显,睡眠血压升高更明显,男性DBP升高较女性更明显。PNS儿童RAAS水平升高可能主要通过AngII使血压上升。     

儿童体位性心动过速综合征24h动态血压变化研究

目的总结儿童体位性心动过速(POTS)24 h动态血压监测(ABPM)变化特点。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2013年6月因不明原因晕厥先兆、晕厥症状在中南大学湘雅二医院儿童晕厥门诊就诊或住院,经直立倾斜试验(HUTT)诊断明确并同时行ABPM的70例POTS患儿,年龄4~14岁。对照组为同期来门诊进行体检的健康儿童,年龄4~14岁。根据血压昼夜节律将两组再分成"勺型"血压和"非勺型"血压两种情况,并进行比较。结果(1)POTS组昼夜平均血压均低于对照组(P0.05)。收缩压昼夜差值亦低于对照组(P0.05),而舒张压昼夜差值在两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)血压昼夜节律:"非勺型"血压在POTS组高于对照组(72.9%vs.45.0%,P0.01)。POTS组日间平均收缩压、收缩压昼夜差值、舒张压昼夜差值在"勺型"血压亚组高于"非勺型"血压亚组(P0.05),而夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压在"勺型"血压亚组低于"非勺型"血压亚组(P0.05)。结论 POTS儿童平均血压与健康儿童无明显差异,但POTS儿童血压昼夜节律以"非勺型"血压多见。     

儿童严重脓毒症连续性血液净化治疗时肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的变化

目的 探讨连续性血液净化(continuous blood purification,CBP)治疗严重脓毒症患儿时肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统的变化.方法 前瞻性研究,对象为上海交通大学附属儿童医院PICU2012年6月至2014年5月收治的严重脓毒症患儿35例.监测中心静脉压、动脉血压及平均动脉压,在抗生素、液体治疗等常规治疗基础上,进行连续性静-静脉血液滤过透析或高容量血液滤过模式治疗.放射免疫法测定CBP治疗前及CBP治疗后24 h时的血浆肾素活性及血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮水平;并以同时期、同年龄段25例健康体检儿童作为对照组.结果 35例严重脓毒症患儿CBP治疗前后和对照组儿童血中肾素活性分别为(2.11±1.93)μg/(L·h)、(1.27±1.56) μg/(L·h)和(0.37±0.22) μg/(L·h);血管紧张素Ⅱ分别为(426.78±332.37) ng/L、(364.40±325.51) ng/L和(41.70±10.81);醛固酮分别为(255.12±218.18) ng/L、(134.92±104.13) ng/L和(106.88±43.18) ng/L.严重脓毒症患儿肾素活性及血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮水平较对照组明显升高,CBP治疗后明显减低,醛固酮降至对照组水平,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).35例患儿中,经治疗好转24例,死亡5例,放弃治疗6例.CBP治疗24 h后,脓毒症合并心血管功能障碍的26例患儿平均动脉压较治疗前显著上升(P＜0.01);多巴胺用量下降(P＜0.01).结论 严重脓毒症患儿肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统反应水平明显升高;CBP治疗可降低严重脓毒症患儿血液中肾素活性及血管紧张素Ⅱ和醛固酮水平,但不加重或造成循环功能障碍.     

24小时血压监测评价儿童神经介导性晕厥治疗效果

目的：探讨24 h血压监测（ABPM）评价儿童神经介导性晕厥（NMS）治疗效果。方法：选择2010年 2月至2012年8月以不明原因晕厥或先兆晕厥为主诉,经直立倾斜试验（HUTT）诊断明确的NMS患儿28例,其中男12例,女16例,年龄6～13岁。经健康教育结合口服补液盐（ORS）治疗后复查临床症状、HUTT及ABPM。结果：（1）28例NMS患儿中,血管抑制型22例,混合型5例,心脏抑制型1例。（2）治疗效果随访：临床症状好转率96%（27/28）,HUTT好转率64%（18/28）。（3）ABPM随访：全天平均收缩压、全天平均舒张压、日间平均收缩压、日间平均舒张压、夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压、收缩压昼夜差值、舒张压昼夜差值在治疗前后差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。（4）ABPM参数昼夜变化模式：“勺型血压”从治疗前的29%（8/28）提高到治疗后的50%（14/28）;“非勺型血压”从治疗前的71%（20/28）下降到治疗后的50%（14/28）。结论：ABPM作为一种有效、客观、无创性监测方法,对评价儿童NMS治疗效果具有一定的临床意义。     

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近100年来,用水银血压计测量白天静息时的诊所血压(OBP)或称随机血压(CBP)是评价血压的经典方法,但是它的可重复性较差,测量者偏倚较多,易受环境、情绪的影响。20世纪60年代末期开始,动态血压监测(ABPM)作为一种新的测量工具迅速兴起,它测量的是24h日常活动睡眠时的动态血压(ABP)。ABPM在成人中已得到广泛应用,国外近年来在儿科中也开展了不少研究。本文简述目前ABPM在儿童中的临床研究情况。1测量方法和评价指标1.1测量方法1.1.1仪器设备ABPM仪小巧轻便,可携带,一般对小儿的日常活动和睡眠影响很小。目前ABPM仪主要有听诊型和…     

体质量指数和腰围与肥胖儿童心血管危险因素关系的研究

目的 探讨体质量指数(BMI)、腰围与肥胖儿童心血管危险因素的关系.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2005年12月在上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院肥胖病专科门诊就诊的6～18(11.8±3.0)岁患儿283例,其中男179例(11.4±3.0)岁,女104例(12.3±3.0)岁,测体重、身高、腰围、臀围、血压、血清总三酰甘油(甘油三酯,TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C),并计算BMI和腰臀比.结果 283例患儿血脂水平异常147例(51.9%),其中1项指标异常100例,2项异常34例,3项异常和4项全部异常为11例和2例.131例患儿TG升高,42例TC升高,HDL-C降低和LDL-C升高分别为20例和17例.283例患儿中高血压131例(46.3%),收缩压(SP)增高112例,舒张压(DP)增高88例,69例两者均增高.校正年龄和性别后,BMI与血清TG水平正相关(r=0.13,P<0.05).腰围不仅与血清TG水平呈正相关(r=0.21,P<0.01),还与血清HDL-C负相关(r=-0.14,P<0.05).腰围与血脂紊乱程度也呈正相关,而BMI则无类似关系.BMI和腰围均与SP、DP呈正相关.腰围异常患儿SP、DP和血清TG明显增高,而HDL-C明显降低.高血压组儿童腰围、血清Tc、LDL-C水平明显高于血压正常组儿童.结论 肥胖儿童易并发脂质代谢紊乱和高血压等心血管危险因素.BMI和腰围与肥胖儿童心血管危险因素关系密切.不同年龄、性别,腰围第95百分位值可作为腰围正常与否的临界点.     

Home, clinic, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children with chronic renal failure

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) provides superior information for diagnosis and treatment of pediatric hypertension, but for reasons of practicality, clinic blood pressure measurements (CBP) are still the primary diagnostic tool. Regular home blood pressure measurements (HBP) may be an alternative to ABPM, but this technique awaits validation in practice. We analyzed the concordance of ABPM, CBP and HBP in 118 pediatric patients (3-19 y) with chronic renal failure. HBP readings (10.5 +/- 5.4 per patient) were averaged for one week around the day of ABPM and CBP. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) measured by HBP (84.0 +/- 10 mm Hg) was significantly lower than both CBP (86.1 +/- 14.1 mm Hg, P< 0.05) and daytime ABPM (90.3 +/- 10.4 mm Hg, P< 0.05). HBP detected hypertensive patients with greater specificity (82 versus 70%), but lower sensitivity (52 versus 70%) than CBP. The fraction of patients rated erroneously hypertensive was 23% with CBP, but only 14% with HBP. The 95% limits of agreement with ABPM were narrower for HBP (-23 to10 mm Hg) than for CBP (-30 to 21 mm Hg). CBP, but not HBP measurements, were less precise in the upper BP range. The accuracy of HBP measurements did not change with use over a six months time period. In conclusion, HBP was superior to CBP in predicting ABPM, but neither CBP nor HBP detected hypertension with enough sensitivity or specificity to replace ABPM. The greater specificity of HBP compared with CBP makes it a more suitable tool for diagnosis, rather than screening, of hypertension in children.     

Circadian blood pressure changes in untreated children with kidney disease and conserved renal function

Abstract Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring over 24 h was applied in 31 children with kidney disease, aged 3–19 (median 11) years, in the absence of renal insufficiency and without antihypertensive therapy. Median creatinine clearance was 112ml/min/1.73m². Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring revealed that eight patients (26%) were hypertensive during the daytime, compared to 62% through casual recordings obtained in the office and 38% when blood pressure was taken at home. Nocturnal hypertension was detected by ambulatory monitoring in six patients, two of whom had normal blood pressure in the daytime. Median nocturnal dipping was 13% for systolic and 21% for diastolic blood pressure, i.e. similar to healthy children. Rhythm analysis recognized a distorted circadian pattern for systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure in eight patients. In conclusion, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring allows the evaluation of hypertension more reliably than casual recordings in the office. Nocturnal hypertension, as a major risk factor for renal deterioration, is detected in a similar proportion as daytime hypertension in almost 20% of untreated children with kidney disease and normal renal function.     

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children with unilateral multicystic dysplastic kidney

Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is one of the most common congenital renal anomalies. Arterial hypertension is a potential complication of MCDK. Blood pressure (BP) has so far been measured only casually and the frequency of hypertension has been estimated to be between 0%–8%. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) provides more precise information on BP than the casual BP measurement. The aim of this study was to investigate the BP profile in children with MCDK using ABPM. A group of 25 children (16 girls), with a mean age of 7.8 years (range 3.8–17.7 years) were investigated. ABPM was performed using the oscillometric SpaceLabs 90207 device. Hypertension was defined as mean systolic and/or diastolic BP during the day and/or in the night exceeding 95th percentile for ABPM. Five (20%) children showed hypertension, two of them had combined daytime and night-time hypertension and three had isolated nocturnal hypertension, although daytime BP was between the 90th–95th percentile in two of them. Children with ultrasonographical and/or laboratory signs of contralateral kidney abnormalities showed a higher incidence of hypertension than those without abnormalities (two of four versus 3 of 21). The mean night-time systolic and diastolic BP of children with MCDK was significantly higher than in healthy children (+0.50 and +0.54 SDS, respectively, P=0.012 and 0.03, respectively). Three of the hypertensive children were already nephrectomised. All five hypertensive children showed ultrasonographical and/or laboratory signs of contralateral kidney abnormalities. Hypertensive children had significantly higher microalbuminuria than normotensive children (6.9 ± 3.2 mg/mmol creatinine versus 1.8 ± 0.7, P=0.03). The nocturnal BP fall (dip) was attenuated in five children, only one of whom was hypertensive. Conclusion Arterial hypertension in children with multicystic dysplastic kidney is seen more often if based on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring than on casual blood pressure recordings. The main risk factor for developing hypertension is contralateral kidney damage. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring should be performed in children with multicystic dysplastic kidney, especially in those with contralateral kidney abnormalities. Received: 20 July 1999 and in revised form: 27 November 1999, 24 March 2000, 3 May 2000 Accepted: 3 May 2000     

24 hour blood pressure monitoring in healthy and hypertensive children

24 Hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed to provide data on the normal daily blood pressure of healthy schoolchildren and on patients with hypertension. The subjects studied were 123 healthy schoolchildren with a mean (SD) age of 12.5 (1.6) years (range 9.5-14.5 years), 24 children with borderline or mild hypertension, 17 with renal hypertension and normal renal function, 10 with chronic renal failure, and six with a renal allograft. In eight children with definite renal disease a second measurement was performed after treatment modification. The monitor used for ABPM was validated with a mercury column manometer. The mean (SD) of the signed differences of the blood pressure measured by the two methods was -0.19 (1.75) mmHg for the systolic and -0.21 (2.11) mmHg for the diastolic blood pressure (n = 60). Normal values for daytime and night time blood pressure were determined for those aged 10-14 years. The mean (SD) blood pressure of the 123 children was 109 (7)/66 (8) mmHg (systolic/diastolic) for the daytime and 96 (8)/52 (7) mmHg at night time. Of the 24 children with borderline or mild hypertension 14 had a raised blood pressure on ABPM. The circadian rhythm was disturbed in three children of this group. Even children with normal daytime blood pressure had significantly higher systolic blood pressure in the night when compared with the controls. The incidence of disturbed circadian rhythm was higher in the groups with renal hypertension (4/17 in the subgroup with normal renal function, 5/16 in the group with renal failure and/or transplantation). All children undergoing a second ABPM measurement had a lower average blood pressure after treatment adjustment. ABPM measurements were reproducible and accurate. The method provided new data on the physiological circadian variation of blood pressure in healthy children. It proved to be a helpful tool in the diagnosis of hypertension, particularly in the detection of cases of disturbance of the circadian rhythm of blood pressure pattern and individual adjustment of treatment.     

24 hour blood pressure monitoring in healthy and hypertensive children.

24 Hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) was performed to provide data on the normal daily blood pressure of healthy schoolchildren and on patients with hypertension. The subjects studied were 123 healthy schoolchildren with a mean (SD) age of 12.5 (1.6) years (range 9.5-14.5 years), 24 children with borderline or mild hypertension, 17 with renal hypertension and normal renal function, 10 with chronic renal failure, and six with a renal allograft. In eight children with definite renal disease a second measurement was performed after treatment modification. The monitor used for ABPM was validated with a mercury column manometer. The mean (SD) of the signed differences of the blood pressure measured by the two methods was -0.19 (1.75) mmHg for the systolic and -0.21 (2.11) mmHg for the diastolic blood pressure (n = 60). Normal values for daytime and night time blood pressure were determined for those aged 10-14 years. The mean (SD) blood pressure of the 123 children was 109 (7)/66 (8) mmHg (systolic/diastolic) for the daytime and 96 (8)/52 (7) mmHg at night time. Of the 24 children with borderline or mild hypertension 14 had a raised blood pressure on ABPM. The circadian rhythm was disturbed in three children of this group. Even children with normal daytime blood pressure had significantly higher systolic blood pressure in the night when compared with the controls. The incidence of disturbed circadian rhythm was higher in the groups with renal hypertension (4/17 in the subgroup with normal renal function, 5/16 in the group with renal failure and/or transplantation). All children undergoing a second ABPM measurement had a lower average blood pressure after treatment adjustment. ABPM measurements were reproducible and accurate. The method provided new data on the physiological circadian variation of blood pressure in healthy children. It proved to be a helpful tool in the diagnosis of hypertension, particularly in the detection of cases of disturbance of the circadian rhythm of blood pressure pattern and individual adjustment of treatment.     

Abnormal circadian blood pressure regulation in liver transplanted children

HT is a frequent cardiovascular risk factor in liver transplant recipients. However, there are only few studies in the literature regarding the risk of HT in liver transplanted children. The aim of this study was to assess the 24 h BP profiles of liver transplanted patients and to compare the results with healthy children. ABPM was performed on 20 liver transplanted patients and 27 healthy children aged 7.1 ± 4.8 and 8.5 ± 2.9 yr, respectively. HT was defined as SDS > 1.64 (i.e., >95th percentile) adjusted for gender and height. The mean duration of post-transplant follow-up was 32 ± 19 months. Six (30%) patients were found to be hypertensive. The physiological nocturnal BP fall was attenuated significantly in the study group for diastolic BP (11.5 ± 6.1 mmHg vs. 17.7 ± 7.1 mmHg, p = 0.006). Specifically, the number of patients with high nighttime systolic and diastolic BP SDS (p = 0.02 and p = 0.004, respectively) as well as elevated nighttime systolic (p = 0.03) and diastolic (p = 0.003) BPLs was found to be significantly higher than those in the controls. Alteration of the "normal" circadian rhythm is very frequent in liver transplant recipients. Thus, it is recommended to perform ABPM on all liver transplanted children not to underdiagnose HT.     

Ambulatory blood pressure measurements

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has emerged as a valuable clinical and research tool in the assessment of pediatric hypertension. Large databases of 24-hour blood pressure monitorings in healthy children are under development for establishing normal reference values analogous to the Task Force data for casual blood pressure. In the clinical setting, pediatric studies using ABPM to evaluate elevated blood pressure have shown that the prevalence of white coat hypertension in children is similar to that reported in adults. Furthermore, 24-hour blood pressure parameters are correlated with hypertensive end-organ injury such as left ventricular hypertrophy. ABPM has allowed detailed assessment of circadian blood pressure patterns that show early subtle abnormalities in some high-risk groups and normal patterns in other groups previously thought to be at high risk. These studies will assist in the practice of evidence-based medicine regarding pediatric hypertension that will improve the long-term care that pediatricians provide to their patients.     

Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure profiles in liver transplant recipients

Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has proven to have better reproducibility than office blood pressure (BP) and is increasingly used for the study of hypertension in children and adolescents. The aim of our study was to assess 24-h BP profiles and to compare the results of office BP measurements with ABPM in stable liver transplant recipients transplanted before the age of 18 yr. ABPM was performed in 29 patients (nine males, 20 females), aged 3.9-24.8 yr (median 10.8 yr). The investigation was conducted 1.1-11.5 yr (median 5.1 yr) following transplantation. ABPM confirmed hypertension in one out of three office hypertensive patients. Seven patients (24%), whose office BP recordings were within the normotensive range, were reclassified as hypertensive. Non-dippers (n = 17), arbitrarily defined as patients with less than 10% nocturnal fall in BP, were similarly distributed among patients with ambulatory normotension and ambulatory hypertension (chi(2), p = 0.79). In addition, non-dippers showed a negative correlation between 24-h total urinary albumin excretion and both systolic and diastolic nocturnal decline in BP (Rho = -0.48, p < 0.05 and Rho = -0.86, p < 0.01, respectively). Our study found office BP readings to be poorly representative of 24-h BP profile. Larger studies are needed to confirm our observations as well as to determine whether routine BP measurements in the follow-up of paediatric liver transplant recipients should be based solely on office BP.     

Day- and night-time blood pressure elevation in children with higher grades of renal scarring

OBJECTIVE: We used 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurement (ABPM) to screen for early changes in children with renal scarring compared with healthy controls, and we investigated correlations between the extent of renal damage and blood pressure (BP).Study design Untreated patients (n = 61) with renal scars associated with recurrent urinary tract infection and vesico-ureteric reflux were investigated and compared with 904 healthy controls. RESULTS: A significant positive correlation between the extent of renal scarring and systolic and diastolic BP standard deviation score (SDS) was found by using ABPM. Mean systolic day-time BP SDS in ABPM was significantly elevated in girls with renal scars compared with healthy controls, but failed to be significant in boys. Mean systolic and diastolic night-time BP SDS were significantly elevated in patients. Compatible with these results, diastolic dipping was significantly lower in patients compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in BP obtained by ABPM is positively correlated with the degree of scarring in our group of patients. Elevated night-time BP might be the most sensitive indicator of BP elevation in these children.