The Proliferation of Plasma Cells from Mouse Bone Marrow in Vitro III. Primary and Secondary Immune Responses Associated with Thymic RNA

In vitro primary and secondary immune responses involving the proliferation of IgG-forming plasma cells from cultures of normal or antigen-primed mouse bone marrow cells have been investigated in order to clarify the relationships between the bone marrow cells and thymic RNA derived from each animal. By an administration of soluble and insoluble antigens with thymic RNA to bone marrow cultures, 54 ± 13% of IgG-forming plasma cells were found to produce specific immunoglobulin following stimulation with antigen. Thymus independent antigen polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) induced the proliferation of anti-PVP specific antibody forming cells in the abcence of thymic RNA, although more of these cells were generated when PVP-primed thymic RNA was administered with PVP to normal bone marrow cultures. Other antigens such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), flagellar antigen of Salmonella, apofferitin and SRBC were investigated using the same bone marrow culture system. These antigens induced various numbers of antibody forming cells from the cultures. Antigen-primed thymic RNA derived from mice inoculated with antigen caused secondary immune response-patterns of plasma cell proliferation from normal bone marrow cultures. Bone marrow cells, however, derived from antigen primed animals proliferated with patterns of primary immune response when cultured with normal thymic RNA and the same antigen. On the basis of these observations, it is concluded that anamnestic immune memory is mainly associated with thymic RNA and not with immunoblasts in bone marrow.     

Antibody Formation in Mouse Bone Marrow During Secondary Type Responses to Various Thymus-Independent Antigens

The data presented in this paper show that different thymus-independent (TI) antigens have a differential capacity of inducing antibody formation in mouse bone marrow, both after primary and secondary intravenous immunization. Primary immunization with certain TI antigens (e.g., lipopolysaccharide [LPS], TNP-LPS, DNP-Ficoll) induces the appearance of antibody-forming cells not only in the spleen, but also in the bone marrow. A single injection of certain other TI antigens (e.g., pneumococci [Pn], TNP-conjugated detoxified LPS [TNP-dLPS], TNP-conjugated Brucella abortus bacteria [TNP-BA]), on the other hand, induces antibody formation in the spleen only. After secondary immunization with these TI antigens only TNP-BA induces a PFC response in the bone marrow. Pn, TNP-dLPS and TNP-BA, but also DNP-Ficoll, are unable to induce bone marrow antibody formation after secondary injection of the antigen, in spite of the clear-cut secondary type character of the splenic response. Thus, the absence of a bone marrow PFC response after secondary immunization with these antigens is not due to a failure to induce memory B cells. This data implies that either two subpopulations of memory B cells exist, one giving rise to antibody formation in the spleen and the other accounting for the bone marrow response, or that antibody can selectively inhibit the secondary bone marrow antibody response to certain TI antigens.     

骨髓源性侧群细胞的体外增殖及定向诱导分化为肝样细胞的实验研究

目的 (1)过观察骨髓源性侧群细胞(BMSP)在体外培养条件下能否保持侧群细胞的特性,以探讨BMSP在体外扩增的可能性。(2)观察在肝细胞生长因子定向诱导下大鼠BMSP转分化情况,初步探讨肝细胞生长因子在大鼠BMSP转分化为肝样细胞中发挥的作用及机制。方法 (1)从大鼠的股骨和胫腓骨分离骨髓细胞并制备骨髓细胞悬液,通过流式细胞仪分选获取BMSP;用低糖DMEM+10%FBS培养基培养BMSP。采用RT-PCR检测细胞中ABCG-2基因表达水平。(2)在体外向BMSP中加入不同浓度的肝细胞生长因子诱导其向肝样细胞分化,并分别于第3、7、14、21天,通过RT-PCR、免疫印迹等技术检测ALB、AFP细胞表面标志物的表达情况。结果 (1)每只SD大鼠的双侧股骨和胫腓骨所制备的骨髓细胞悬液的细胞总数约2~10×108个,经分选可获得5~10×105个BMSP。(2)BMSP在体外培养6小时后开始贴壁生长,细胞形态以长梭形为主。第7天细胞按1∶2传代培养,传代后细胞于24小时内完全贴壁,细胞传至第10代时,细胞增殖能力仍然很强。(3)诱导分化实验表明:一定浓度的肝细胞生长因子具有明显的促进BMSP转分化为肝样细胞。RT-PCR检测显示:培养第3天的BMSP空白组及因子组的未见AFP、ALB mRNA表达;第7天的因子组见AFP mRNA表达、ALB mRNA不表达,空白组AFP、ALB mRNA均未表达;第14天的因子组见AFP mRNA表达减弱、ALB mRNA表达,空白组AFP、ALB mRNA均未表达;第21天因子组见AFP mRNA不表达、ALB mRNA表达减弱,空白组AFP、ALB mRNA均未表达。结论 (1)通过流式细胞仪分选获得BMSP在一定时间内可以在体外扩增并保持干细胞的特性,且传代的BMSP仍具有很强的自我更新和增殖能力。(2)扩增的BMSP在肝细胞生长因子的诱导下可以逐渐向肝样细胞分化。     

体外培养小鼠骨髓树突状细胞的扩增、鉴定及形态学观察

目的建立体外培养和扩增树突状细胞(dendritic cell-DC)的方法,并进行形态学观察。方法在无菌条件下提取BALB/c小鼠骨髓细胞,分离单个核细胞,以小鼠重组粒细胞—巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和白细胞介素(IL-4)协同诱导下培养,免疫组织化学染色、光镜和电镜下观察树突状细胞的形态。结果体外培养2周后小鼠树突状细胞可达70%~80%,光镜下可见典型的树突状细胞形态,S-100蛋白染色均呈阳性。电镜下,培养的细胞具有典型树突状细胞的形态特征,细胞功能活跃。结论体外大量培养和扩增小鼠骨髓树突状细胞,具有典型的树突状细胞的形态,为研究树突状细胞的功能和表型以及抗肿瘤作用提供体外实验材料。     

骨髓基质干细胞体外诱导分化为施旺细胞的研究进展

骨髓基质干细胞是一种具有多向分化潜能的细胞,除了分化为间充质细胞谱系外,还具有向非间充质细胞谱系如神经细胞分化的潜能,在体外适宜的条件下可以诱导分化为施旺细胞。多种抗氧化剂可以诱导骨髓基质干细胞分化为施旺细胞,分化所需时间较短;多种生长因子亦有同样的作用,诱导的施旺细胞传代时寿命延长;抗氧化剂和生长因子合用,分化施旺细胞的数量更多,传代时寿命更长。     

兔骨髓成骨细胞同种异体移植免疫反应的初步观察

以观察新生兔骨髓诱导分化为成骨细胞的能力 ,探讨同种异体成骨细胞移植的可行性 ,为进一步的研究奠定基础。取新生新西兰大白兔胫骨骨髓 ,分离后加入条件培养液体外培养。传 5代后对细胞进行形态学、碱性磷酸酶 (ALP )染色及体外矿化能力的检测。将冻存复苏的细胞以明胶海绵吸附 ,植入异体成年兔皮下、肌肉内 ,第 2、 4、 8、 12周时取材观察 ,分析其成骨能力及免疫排斥反应情况。结果显示体外诱导培养的骨髓成骨细胞是一较纯的细胞系 ,以带突起的梭形细胞为主 ,ALP染色阳性 ,连续培养 4 0d可见矿化结节形成。异体植入的成骨细胞大部分存活 ,4周后开始有类骨基质形成 ,并可见不规则的矿化骨组织 ,植入细胞周围仅见少量的淋巴细胞和嗜酸粒细胞浸润。骨髓基质细胞具有多向分化的潜力 ,异体植入的细胞仍保持基本的生物学功能 ,免疫排斥反应比较轻微 ,提示细胞异体移植是可行的     

Enhanced Cellular Responses of Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Cultured on Pretreated Surface with Allogenic Platelet-Rich Plasma

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of surface pretreatment with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on the cellular functions of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs). The surfaces of tissue culture plates (TCPs) were pretreated by adding PRP followed by centrifugation to bring platelets closer to the surface, followed by incubation for 60 min at 37°C. Then, hBMSCs were seeded onto TCP and TCP pretreated with PRP (TCP-PRP), followed by culture in osteogenic medium. Cell attachment, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation were evaluated. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM; JSM-7401F, JEOL Ltd., Japan) observations were conducted. The attachment of hBMSCs was significantly lower on TCP-PRP than on TCP. However, when the cell numbers were normalized with those observed on day 1 of culture, cellular proliferation on 5 days was significantly higher on TCP-PRP. Alkaline phosphatase activity, an index of early phase of osteoblastic differentiation, was significantly higher on TCP-PRP on day 14. Calcium deposition amount, an index of terminal osteoblastic differentiation, was also significantly higher on TCP-PRP on days 14 and 21. The results of von Kossa staining confirmed that, on day 21, the area of mineralized nodules was significantly larger on TCP-PRP. FE-SEM observation demonstrated that activated platelets and fibrin network covered the surface after PRP treatment. An increase in the number of hBMSCs and their cellular products was evident on the FE-SEM observation, and the fibrin network remained on day 21. Our results demonstrate that a PRP-treated surface enhanced early proliferation and late osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs.     

小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的分离与培养

探索在体外分离培养小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞 (Bone m arrow m esenchym al stem cells,BMSCs)的最适条件。以密度梯度离心技术及贴壁筛选法相结合 ,在体外分离 BAL B/C小鼠的 BMSCs,通过 MTT法测定了不同离心力、不同换液时间、不同血清浓度、不同种植密度等因素对 BMSCs分离和培养的影响。在 5 0 0 g× 30 min的离心力下分离细胞 ,加入 10 %的胎牛血清 ,原代按 (12～ 2 0 )× 10 5/m l的细胞密度接种 ,接种 2 4 h后换液 ,继代种植密度为 6 .4～ 2 5 .6× 10 4 /ml时最适宜细胞生长 ;在此条件下 ,细胞快速增殖 ,传代后 8h贴壁达 90 %以上 ,2 4 h便进入对数生长期 ,直至第 5 d,细胞约增殖 3倍。本研究建立了在体外分离培养骨髓间充质干细胞的细胞生物学方法和技术参数。     

The Effects of Mouse Alpha-Fetoprotein on T-Cell-Dependent and T-Cell-Independent Immune Responses In Vitro

Mouse alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) suppressed the specific antibody response to the T-cell-dependent antigen sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and the phytohemagglutinin- and concanavalin-A-stimulated DNA synthesis of purified T lymphocytes but failed to inhibit the T-cell-independent antibody response to dinitrophenyl-substituted Ficoll (DNP-Ficoll) and the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated polyclonal B-cell antibody synthesis. Mouse amniotic fluid (MAF) suppressed antibody responses to both T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent antigens; however, the effects could be differentiated since dialysis of the MAF removed most of the suppressive effect on the DNP-Ficoll response but did not diminish the inhibitory action on the anti-SRBC response. The results indicate that AFP suppresses certain T-lymphocyte functions in vitro and does not act by directly inhibiting B-cell functions.     

Inhibition of In Vitro Immune Responses by a Fraction from Seminal Plasma

We studied the inhibitory effect of a fraction of bovine seminal plasma on in vitro lymphocyte responses to specific and nonspecific ligands. Seminal plasma was fractionated by Sephadex G-100 chromatography, and the inhibitory component was found to have a molecular weight of above 100,000 daltons. This fraction was devoid of lymphocytotoxicity and could inhibit, in a dose-dependent mode, both the primary antibody response of normal mouse spleen cells to the thymus-dependent antigen sheep erythrocytes and the one-way mixed lymphocyte reactions. Concanavalin A-induced proliferative T-cell responses were also inhibited by the same fraction. The inhibition of the T-lymphocyte responses to Con A was complete at suboptimal concentrations of the mitogen and could only partially be overcome at supraoptimal concentrations. Four other fractions in seminal plasma were also studied in this particular system, three being without effect and one being stimulatory. The inhibitory fraction was also found to inhibit the polyclonal B-cell responses induced by fetal calf serum. The importance of the present findings for the immunophysiology of reproduction are discussed.     

Leptin Signaling Protects NK Cells from Apoptosis During Development in Mouse Bone Marrow

Increasing evidence indicates a role of leptin in immune response, but it remains largely unclear whether leptin signaling is involved in regulating NK cell development in the bone marrow （BM）. In this study, we have characterized NK cell differentiation and maturation in the BM of leptin-receptor deficient db/db mice at a prediabetic stage. Although the BM cellularity was similar to the control value, the total number of NK cells was severely reduced in mutant mice. Flow cytometric analysis of db/db BM cells revealed significantly decreased frequencies of developing NK cells at various stages of differentiation. BM db/db NK cells displayed markedly increased apoptosis but maintained normal cell cycling status and proliferative capacity. Moreover, recombinant leptin could significantly enhance the survival of NK cells from wild-type mice in cultures. Further examination on NK cell functional activity showed that db/db NK cells exhibited normal intrinsic cytotoxicity with significantly increased IL-10 production. Taken together, our findings suggest that leptin signaling regulates NK cell development via enhancing the survival of immature NK cells in mouse BM.     

小鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞的分离与扩增培养

目的 :探讨树突状细胞 (DC)分离纯化及其体外扩增的方法。方法 :无菌制备C57BL/6小鼠骨髓 ;依次用红细胞裂解液去除红细胞 ,通过半粘附法去除T、B细胞 ,又在粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子 (GM CSF)和白细胞介素 4 (IL 4 )协同诱导下培育 ,DC前体分化发育成DC并扩增。在第 7天用脂多糖 (LPS)和肿瘤坏死因子 a (TNF a)刺激 4 8h ,检测细胞因子白介素 12 (IL 12 )浓度及细胞表面标志CD11c、CD80、CD86和MHCⅡ。结果 :DC细胞数增加 ,其形态在光镜下多为特征性星形 ,也有梭形和多角形 ;至培养第 9天DC细胞表面标志CD11c、CD80、CD86、MHCⅡ阳性率分别为 86 .32± 12 .14 %、76 .4 2± 8.4 5%、77.12± 9.0 5%、6 8.4 5± 6 .84 % ,IL 12浓度较未用LPS和TNF a组明显增加 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :①结果所得细胞的形态和功能符合DC ;②用LPS和TNF a刺激可以获得成熟DC。     

狼疮鼠骨髓树突状细胞的分离培养和免疫学特性

目的对狼疮鼠骨髓树突状细胞进行分离、培养并分析其免疫学特性,为进一步研究和应用狼疮鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞（DC）奠定基础。方法分离、纯化6周龄雄性BXSB狼疮鼠骨髓单核细胞,以含10%胎牛血清、2ng/ml重组小鼠粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（GM-CSF）和20ng/ml重组小鼠白细胞介素-4的RPMI-1640培养基培养,以脂多糖（LPS,1μg/ml）刺激24h体外诱导BXSB狼疮鼠骨髓细胞分化为DC,倒置显微镜动态观察细胞形态学变化,流式细胞仪分析细胞表面分子,混合淋巴细胞反应检测其刺激T细胞增殖能力。结果经体外诱导培养第2～8天可见大量细胞集落形成,培养的DC具有典型树突状形态,同时DC可显著刺激同种异体混合淋巴细胞增殖。结论体外诱导培养可稳定获得BXSB狼疮鼠骨髓来源DC。     

Age-Related Changes in Primary and Secondary Immune Organs of the Mouse

The present work describes the murine immune tissue evolution with age with special emphasis on the bone marrow. To that effect we monitored the weights of the thymus, spleen and axillary lymph nodes over the first year of life in C57BL/6 male and female mice. In addition, we monitored the relative proportions of erythroid, lymphoid and myeloid cells in the bone marrow, and performed in vitro migration assays of bone marrow cells to thymic supernatants, with the aim of determining whether the migration of such cells or the thymic attractive capacity are affected by age. Before puberty, a remarkable decline in the relative weight of the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes was observed; after that stage, however, only the thymus showed an involution. The proportion of myeloid cells in the bone marrow showed an increase with age. Furthermore, the migration of myeloid cells to thymic supernatants increased with age and paralleled the time-course of the myeloid cell increase found in the bone marrow. More interestingly, the proportion of lymphoid cells to total bone marrow cells showed a clear decline with age. The time-course of this decline closely paralleled that of thymus weight, suggesting that the involution of the thymus may be related to changes in the cell composition of the bone marrow.     

Age-Related Changes in Primary and Secondary Immune Organs of the Mouse

The present work describes the murine immune tissue evolution with age with special emphasis on the bone marrow. To that effect we monitored the weights of the thymus, spleen and axillary lymph nodes over the first year of life in C57BL/6 male and female mice. In addition, we monitored the relative proportions of erythroid, lymphoid and myeloid cells in the bone marrow, and performed in vitro migration assays of bone marrow cells to thymic supernatants, with the aim of determining whether the migration of such cells or the thymic attractive capacity are affected by age. Before puberty, a remarkable decline in the relative weight of the thymus, spleen and lymph nodes was observed; after that stage, however, only the thymus showed an involution. The proportion of myeloid cells in the bone marrow showed an increase with age. Furthermore, the migration of myeloid cells to thymic supernatants increased with age and paralleled the time-course of the myeloid cell increase found in the bone marrow. More interestingly, the proportion of lymphoid cells to total bone marrow cells showed a clear decline with age. The time-course of this decline closely paralleled that of thymus weight, suggesting that the involution of the thymus may be related to changes in the cell composition of the bone marrow.     

Thymic and Bone Marrow Output in Patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency

Objective  

The study aims to obtain more information about the immune deficit of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients.     

IL-3对小鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞分化发育的影响

比较 GM- CSF IL- 4与 IL- 3 IL- 4两种方法培养制备的树突状细胞 (Dendritic cell,DC)在形态、产量、免疫表型和抗原摄取能力方面的差异。用 GM- CSF IL- 4和 IL- 3 IL- 4分别诱导小鼠骨髓来源的前体细胞分化为成熟树突状细胞 ,通过相差显微镜、扫描电镜、激光共聚焦扫描显微镜进行形态观察 ,流式细胞术分析细胞免疫表型和摄取抗原能力。结果表明 ,IL- 3 IL- 4诱导的 DC产量高 ,细胞纯度好 ,形态上与 GM- CSF IL- 4诱导的DC类似 ;细胞免疫表型显示高表达 MHC 类分子 ,但低表达或不表达 CD80、CD86 ;IL- 3 IL- 4诱导的 DC具有强大的摄取抗原能力。 IL- 3替代 GM- CSF可诱导低表达共刺激分子的耐受型 DC     

体外诱导兔骨髓间充质干细胞分化为类许旺细胞的初步研究

目的：探索将兔骨髓间充质干细胞（Mesenchymal Stem Cells，MSCs）在体外定向诱导分化为类许旺细胞（Schwann Cells，SC）有效的诱导方法。方法：（1）中国白兔5只，穿刺抽取股骨大转子骨髓3mL，用密度为1．073g／mL的percoll淋巴分离液行密度梯度分离，吸取中间白色膜状细胞层，接种在加有10％FCS的DMEM培养液的塑料培养瓶中，观察细胞形态并传代。（2）MSCs传至第3代，实验组加入加有0．5mmol β-巯基乙醇、20ng／mL全反式黄酸、2．5μmol Forskolin、5ng／mL bFGF、20ng／mL PDGF、100ng／mL HRG的培养液培养24h，然后换用10％FBS的DMEM培养液培养24h，同样方法再诱导一次。对照组不加诱导剂，用10％FCS的DMEM培养液培养。观察两组MSCs的细胞形态，7d后用抗S-100、GFAP和P75抗体做免疫组织化学染色来鉴定诱导后MSCs。结果：MSCs在体外培养以梭形细胞为主，细胞平行排列或旋涡状生长，胞浆丰富，核大，核染色质细，有些核仁明显。细胞经多次传代后，呈长梭型。加入诱导剂后有少量细胞死亡，诱导后的细胞免疫组化阳性。诱导后细胞S-100、GFAP、P75免疫组化染色阳性率分别为74.9％、83％、70％。结论：兔MSCs可以在体外培养、增殖，并经β-巯基乙醇、全反式黄酸、Forskolin、bFGF、PDGF、HRG联合诱导分化为类SC。     

力学应变对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞增殖和成骨分化能力的影响

探讨周期性双轴力学应变对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(M esenchym a l stem ce lls,M SC s)增殖和成骨分化能力的影响。选用9月龄健康SD雌性大鼠,分离股骨、胫骨提取骨髓,采用密度梯度离心法分离M SC s。体外培养M SC s传至第3代,以1×105细胞浓度接种于双轴力学应变系统,选取4 000μstra in,频率为1hz的力学应变对M SC s加载。每天加载3次,每次2 h,间隔2 h。观察力学应变作用后1 d、3 d,M SC s增殖和成骨分化能力的变化,并与相应未加力学应变对照组比较。结果表明:(1)力学应变可增高M SC s的碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和骨桥蛋白(OPN)表达量;力学应变作用3 d后M SC s的ALP和OPN表达量明显高于力学应变作用1 d。I型胶原(COL I)仅在力学应变作用3 d增高;骨钙素(OCN)在各组无明显变化。(2)力学应变可促进M SC s增殖,但力学应变作用1 d和3 d对M SC s增殖的作用无明显差异。上述结果提示:力学应变可以促进M SC s的增殖和成骨分化能力。