吸烟行为对男性精神分裂症患者临床结局的影响

目的分析吸烟对慢性精神分裂症男性患者疾病状况的影响,探讨住院慢性精神分裂症患者吸烟行为的管理策略。方法收集长期住院的慢性精神分裂症男性患者99例,其中吸烟53例,不吸烟46例。采用阳性和阴性症状量表(Positiveand Negative Symptoms Scale,PANSS)、住院患者护士观察量表(Nurses Observation Scale for In-patient Evaluation,NOSIE)评价患者精神及日常状况。结果精神分裂症吸烟患者在PANSS总分、阴性症状分量表分,NOSIE精神病、迟缓、总消极因子分显著低于非吸烟患者(P0.05),吸烟患者NOSIE社会能力、社会兴趣、总积极因子分及总分显著高于非吸烟患者(P0.05);相关分析未发现吸烟量与PANSS、NOSIE各评分存在显著相关(P0.05)。结论吸烟可能对慢性精神分裂症患者具有自我治疗作用,对住院患者吸烟行为采取"疏导式管理"可能对患者的康复更有益。     

认知行为治疗对首发精神分裂症患者康复的影响

目的 探讨认知行为治疗对首发精神分裂症患者康复的影响.方法 将80例精神科住院的首发精神分裂症患者分为两组,对照组40例,采用常规药物治疗和护理,研究组40例,在患者住院2周后增加认知行为治疗.干预前后采用阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）、住院患者护士观察量表（NOSIE）、住院精神患者社会功能评定量表（SSPI）、症状评定量表（SCL-90）进行评定,并与对照组进行比较.结果 干预后两组患者NOSIE各因子分、总积极分、总消极分和SSPI量表、PANSS量表评分比较,经统计学分析,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）.研究组患者SCL-90量表因子中人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性因子分明显减少（P〈0.05）.结论 认知行为治疗干预可明显加快首发精神分裂症患者的社会功能的恢复,提高患者生活质量,促进患者的康复.     

内观疗法联合综合护理干预对康复期精神分裂症患者的影响

目的:探讨内观疗法联合综合护理干预对康复期精神分裂症患者的影响。方法:将60例康复期精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组和对照组各30例,对照组给予综合护理干预,研究组在7 d集体内观疗法后实施综合护理干预,比较两组护理效果。结果:研究组护理后护士用住院病人观察量表(NOSIE)社会能力、社会兴趣、激惹、抑郁、总积极因素、总消极因素等评分低于对照组(P0.05);研究组住院精神病人社会功能评定量表(SSFPI)评分高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:内观疗法联合综合护理干预可有效改善康复期精神分裂症患者的临床症状,促进其社会功能康复。     

心理干预联合抗精神病药物治疗对精神分裂症患者社会功能恢复的影响

目的:探讨心理干预联合抗精神病药物治疗对精神分裂症患者社会功能恢复的影响。方法:将收治的60例精神分裂症患者按照随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组各30例,对照组给予帕里哌酮治疗,研究组在对照组的基础上给予心理干预;应用阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评价精神分裂症状,韦氏成人记忆量表(WMS)评价认知状况,个人和社会功能量表(PSP)评价社会功能,比较治疗前、后PANSS评分、WMS评分和PSP评分,并比较两组脱落情况。结果:研究组脱落率显著低于对照组(P0.05);治疗后两组PANSS评分均显著降低(P0.05),WMS评分和PSP评分显著升高(P0.05),且研究组优于对照组(P0.05)。结论:心理干预联合抗精神病药物治疗对精神分裂症具有较好的效果,能明显改善患者的社会功能和认知状态。     

品管圈在防范精神分裂症患者发生攻击行为中的应用研究

选择2013年5月~2015年6月在我院精神科住院的精神分裂症患者66例,按时间段进行分组:2013年5月~2014年5月的33例精神分裂症患者作为对照组,按照精神分裂症护理常规进行护理;2014年6月~2015年6月的精神分裂症患者33例作为观察组,在常规护理的基础上实施品管圈护理。采用住院患者观察量表(NOSIE)和阴性症状和阳性症状量表(PANSS)对两组患者护理前后的攻击行为进行评分。结果护理后观察组激惹、精神症状、社会兴趣等NOSIE因子与护理前相比均有所改善,且明显优于对照组,差异显著(P0.05);护理后观察组攻击性、激活性等PANSS症群评分与护理前相比均有所改善,且明显优于对照组,差异显著(P0.05)。对精神分裂症患者实施品管圈护理干预能有效防范攻击行为的发生,提高护理安全和患者安全。     

认知心理护理对老年精神分裂症患者GAS与PANSS评分的影响

目的探讨认知心理护理对老年精神分裂症患者大体评定量表(GAS)及阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)评分的影响。方法选取该院收治的80例老年精神分裂症患者作为研究对象,分析不同护理方法对患者GAS评分、PANSS评分及患者满意度的影响。结果研究组患者的评分情况略优于对照组,≥81分和51～60分的评分情况比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者护理后的阳性症状评分及一般精神病理症状评分情况与护理前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),研究组改善更为明显(P0.05),阴性症状与护理前比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),研究组患者PANSS总分与护理前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。护理后研究组与对照组评分比较,一般精神病理症状差异有统计学意义(P0.05),护理后研究组阳性症状评分、阴性症状评分及总分与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组患者总满意度(95.00%)大于对照组(77.50%),差异有统计学意义(P=0.023)。结论认知心理护理可显著改善老年精神分裂症患者GAS及PANSS评分。     

院内系统康复对慢性精神分裂症病人阴性症状的影响

[目的]探讨院内康复训练对慢性精神分裂症病人阴性症状的影响.[方法]将143例长期住院的精神分裂症病人,随机抽样分为实验组(70例)和对照组(73例),实验组实施康复训练,对照组只进行常规的精神科护理,在干预前及干预后6个月、12个月用护士用住院病人观察量表(NOSIE)、阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)和住院病人康复疗效评定量表(IPROS)进行评定分析.[结果]干预后12个月,实验组NOSIE总消极分降低26.84%,总积极分升高46.94%;对照组NOSIE总消极因素分降低4.91%,总积极因素分升高4.15%.实验组在干预前后PANSS阴性症状分、IPROS各因子分差异有统计学意义;而对照组在干预前后PANSS阴性症状分、IPROS各因子分差异均无统计学意义.[结论] 对病人实施系统的康复训练能明显地减少病人的阴性症状和改善病人的社会功能.     

护理干预对康复期精神病患者心理问题及生存质量的效果研究

目的探讨康复期精神病患者的心理健康水平,实施相应的护理对策对患者心理与生存质量的影响.方法在干预前和干预后1个月对93例康复期精神病患者以症状自评量表(SCL-90)和世界卫生组织生存质量量表简表(WHOQOL-BREF)进行评定并加以比较.结果康复期精神病患者SCL-90各因子分及阳性项目数显著高于全国常模.针对存在的躯体症状多、强迫症状、人际关系差、抑郁、焦虑等心理问题进行护理干预后,WHOQOL-BREF量表评分明显提高(P＜0.05或P＜0..01).结论康复期精神病患者存在多方面的心理问题,采用以心理干预为主的综合护理,可改善患者的心理健康水平,提高患者的生存质量.     

康复期精神分裂症患者心理干预疗效研究

目的探索康复期精神分裂症心理干预的方法与疗效.方法以简明精神病量表(BPRS)和护士用住院病人观察量表(NOSIE)为量化指标,对46例患者进行心理干预研究,并以5日例患者做对照.结果研究组与对照组相比较,BPRS中的总分及4个因子减分值和NOSIE中的总估计分及5个因子减分值均有显著性差异.结论心理干预对康复期精神分裂症有较好疗效.     

血清性激素水平检测在精神分裂症病人风险评估与护理干预中的应用价值

目的:探讨血清性激素水平检测在精神分裂症病人风险评估与护理干预中的应用价值.方法:选取2018年7月—2020年5月医院收治的179例精神分裂症病人为研究对象,并根据血清性激素中的血清泌乳素水平将其分为观察组(n=92)和对照组(n=87),采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)及护士用住院病人观察量表(NOSIE)评估病人精神症状的严重程度,并进行风险评估.比较两组病人的PANSS评分、NOSIE评分及风险评估结果.结果:观察组病人的PANSS阳性症状评分和NOSIE总消极因素评分均明显高于对照组(P<0.05),同时观察组病人风险值明显高于对照组(P<0.05).结论:血清性激素水平的检测有助于预测病人精神症状严重性,在风险评估中具有较高的应用价值,有助于后续护理干预方案的制订与选择.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.