高效液相色谱法测定灯盏乙素血药浓度及其脂质体大鼠药代动力学的评价

目的研究灯盏乙素脂质体及水剂在大鼠体内的血药浓度,考察大鼠灌胃给药后体内药代动力学参数。方法通过大鼠灌胃灯盏乙素水溶液和脂质体后,用高效液相色谱法测定不同时间点的血浆药物浓度,用DAS2.0软件对血药浓度数据拟合分析,比较药动学参数。结果灯盏乙素水剂和脂质体大鼠灌胃给药后,Cmax分别是(15.35±1.37)μg/mL和(22.04±1.67)μg/mL,AUC0-∞分别为(50.03±13.45)μg/(h·mL)和(80.96±15.26)μg/(h·mL),灯盏乙素包衣脂质体大鼠口服给药后药动学呈双室模型特征,与灯盏乙素水剂相比,其脂质体的灌胃AUC0-∞显著提高(P<0.01)。结论本高效液相色谱法对大鼠血浆灯盏乙素测定,稳定性、灵敏度及专属性强,灯盏乙素脂质体可显著提高灯盏乙素的生物利用度。     

灯盏乙素在家犬体内的药动学研究

目的　建立高效液相色谱法测定家犬血浆中灯盏乙素的浓度 ,研究灯盏乙素在家犬体内的药动学。方法　用高效液相色谱法测定 6只家犬静脉注射灯盏乙素后不同时间血浆中灯盏乙素的浓度 ,绘制药 -时曲线 ,计算药动学参数。结果　灯盏乙素的药 -时曲线符合三室模型 ,其T1 2 pi、T1 2 α和T1 2 β分别为 1.0 5± 0 .80min ,6 .99± 2 .76min和 5 1.6 1± 2 8.78min ;Vc为 880 .1± 5 0 8.3mL ;CL为 189.6± 5 3.8mL·min- 1 ;AUC0 90 和AUC0 ∞ 分别为 5 74 .4 3± 133.95 μg·min·mL- 1 和 5 99.34± 132 .0 0 μg·min·mL- 1 。结论　静脉注射给药后 ,血浆中灯盏乙素浓度迅速下降。灯盏乙素在家犬体内消除较快 ,提示临床给药方法或给药间隔时间的确定、制剂开发的剂型选择都应该考虑其T1 2 。     

基于CYP3A4酶探讨灯盏花素对洛伐他汀的药动学的影响及机制

目的 探究灯盏花素与洛伐他汀联用对大鼠体内药动学的影响,从代谢酶的角度揭示灯盏花素对洛伐他汀药动学产生影响的机制。方法 采用探针药物法及RT-HPLC法测定咪达唑仑在肝微粒体孵育体系中的浓度,评价灯盏花素与洛伐他汀联用对CYP3A4酶活性的影响。通过RT-PCR反应来检测CYP3A4酶mRNA基因表达,采用Western blot法,从蛋白翻译水平上分析灯盏花素与洛伐他汀联用对大鼠肝脏CYP3A4蛋白表达的影响。结果 洛伐他汀与灯盏花素联合用药后,洛伐他汀在大鼠体内的血药浓度显著升高,从0.39 mg?L-1 上升到1.08 mg?L-1 ,清除率从3.36L?h-1?kg-1降低到1.08L?h-1?kg-1,药物半衰期从5.0h延长到6.2h,联合给药后洛伐他汀的AUC从2.42mg?L-1?h-1上升到4.22mg?L-1?h-1。洛伐他汀组与空白组比较CYP3A4酶活性均没有明显变化;灯盏花素组及灯盏花素联合洛伐他汀组与空白组比较发现均抑制CYP3A4酶活性;灯盏花素与灯盏花素联合洛伐他汀组CYP3A4酶mRNA 表达量均较空白组显著降低;CYP3A4酶蛋白含量结果表明,洛伐他汀组与灯盏花素联合洛伐他汀组与空白组比较CYP3A4酶蛋白含量均没有明显变化。结论 洛伐他汀与灯盏花素联用,灯盏花素通过抑制其基因转录水平抑制CYP3A4的活性,使大鼠体内药动学过程发生变化,洛伐他汀药物的代谢减慢。     

冰片对灯盏花素在大鼠体内药动学的影响

目的:观察冰片对灯盏花素在大鼠体内药动学的影响。方法:建立高效液相色谱(HPLC)方法测定大鼠血浆中灯盏乙素的浓度。大鼠尾静脉注射灯盏花素注射液(灯盏乙素24 mg.kg-1)及灯盏花素冰片注射液(灯盏乙素24 mg.kg-1 冰片0.96 mg.kg-1),用HPLC法测定大鼠给药后不同时间血浆灯盏乙素的浓度,BAPP数据处理软件计算药动学参数。结果:灯盏乙素在0.05~60μg.mL-1范围内线性良好(r=0.999 4)。灯盏花素与冰片配伍给药可使灯盏花素中灯盏乙素的药动学参数t1/2α,t1/2β和t1/2γ较单独给药时明显减小[t1/2α:(1.87±0.14)vs(3.46±0.45),P<0.01;t1/2β:(11.18±2.07)vs(14.74±2.89),P<0.05;t1/2γ:(53.31±8.21)vs(161.16±15.48),P<0.01],而K12较单独给药时明显增大[(0.120±0.042)vs(0.039±0.037),P<0.05]。结论:冰片可加快灯盏花素在大鼠体内的分布与消除。     

大鼠口服灯盏花素的肠淋巴通道转运研究

建立清醒大鼠肠系膜淋巴管和颈静脉的双插管模型,以探索灯盏花素口服经肠淋巴通道的转运规律。采用HPLC法测定血浆和淋巴液中灯盏乙素浓度。双插管大鼠模型分别进行静注和口服灯盏花素的药动学实验。灯盏乙素静脉注射后存在从血液循环向肠淋巴系统的分布,肠淋巴累积转运量为(2.78±0.25)μg,是静注剂量的0.079 2%。灯盏乙素口服经肠淋巴通道12 h累积转运量为(0.92±0.08)μg,是口服剂量的0.008 3%;口服主要经门静脉通道吸收,绝对生物利用度为4.91%。灯盏乙素与乳糜微粒表面载脂蛋白的结合可能是其肠淋巴转运的主要形式。本研究为通过促进灯盏乙素肠淋巴转运而获得高生物利用度的灯盏花素脂质给药系统的研制提供了生物药剂学基础。     

灯盏花素β-环糊精包合物在大鼠体内的药物代谢动力学研究

目的 研究灯盏花素β-环糊精包合物在大鼠体内的吸收情况.方法 采用反相高效液相色谱法测定大鼠血浆中灯盏乙素质量浓度,比较大鼠口服灯盏花素β-环糊精包合物和灯盏花素市售片的平均药时曲线及药物代谢动力学参数.结果 灯盏花素β-环糊精包合物最高血药浓度为0.338μg/mL,普通片最高血药浓度为0.184 μg/mL,包含物的口服吸收率优于普通市售片.结论 该方法线性范围良好,准确、方便、可靠,取样量少,灵敏度可达0.025 μg/mL,尤其适用于动物体内药物代谢动力学研究.     

灯盏花素缓释片在兔体内的绝对生物利用度

目的测定兔静注灯盏花素注射剂25 mg及兔口服灯盏花素缓释片120 mg后血浆中野黄芩苷的浓度,研究2种制剂的药动学参数和缓释片的绝对生物利用度。方法采用C_8固相萃取法预处理血浆样品,兔静注和口服灯盏花素后的血药浓度分别采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测法和高效液相色谱-质谱检测法测定。结果兔静注灯盏花素注射剂后的药-时曲线符合三室模型。兔口服灯盏花素缓释片后的药-时曲线难以用现有的房室模型拟合,6只兔的药-时曲线及药动学参数差异较大。经剂量校正,口服给药的绝对生物利用度F为(0.18±0.15)%。结论兔口服灯盏花素缓释片后的绝对生物利用度很低。     

灯盏花素在小鼠体内药物动力学研究

目的:研究灯盏花素在小鼠体内的药物动力学和绝对生物利用度。方法:采用固相萃取 高效液相色谱(SPE HPLC)法,测定小鼠静脉注射灯盏花素5 0mg·kg-1和灌胃15 0mg·kg-1后血浆灯盏乙素浓度,3p97程序处理数据。结果:小鼠静注灯盏花素后灯盏乙素的血浓 时间变化符合三房室模型,AUC、C0 和T1 2 β分别为12 .97±3.5 5mg·L-1·h、132 .2 3±39.90mg·L-1和4 .0 4±1.2 9h。灌胃后药物吸收很快,但血浓低。采用非房室模型法计算AUC为1.97±0 .5 3mg·L-1·h ,T1 2Ke 为3.4 1±1.2 3h。绝对生物利用度为5 .0 5 %。结论:灯盏花素经静注在小鼠体内的药代动力学符合三室模型。灌胃给药吸收快,但吸收差,绝对生物利用度低,且药时曲线变化不规则。     

灯盏花素在家犬体内的药代动力学

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定家犬血浆中灯盏花素主要有效成分灯盏乙素的浓度,研究灯盏花素在家犬体内的药代动力学。方法用高效液相色谱法测定6只家犬iv灯盏花素(以灯盏乙素计为120 mg/只)后不同时间血浆中灯盏乙素的浓度,绘制药-时曲线,计算药代动力学参数。结果灯盏乙素的药-时曲线符合三室模型,其T_1/2 γ,T_1/2α和T_1/2β分别为(1.1±0.8) min,(7.0±2.8) min和(52±29) min;Vc为(880±508) mL;CL为(190±54) mL·min^-1;AUC_0-90和AUC_0-∞分别为(574±134) mg·min·L^-1和(599±132) mg·min·L^-1。结论灯盏花素家犬iv给药后,血浆中灯盏乙素浓度迅速下降,提示制剂开发的剂型选择、临床给药方法或给药间隔时间的确定都应该考虑其T_1/2。     

两种方法测定灯盏花素经Caco-2细胞模型的转运

目的研究灯盏花素经Caco-2细胞模型转运的特性。方法用培养于Transwell上的Caco-2单层细胞模型研究灯盏花素双向转运;采用生物活性测定及HPLC的方法测定介质中灯盏花素或灯盏乙素的转运量。结果两种方法测定结果显示灯盏花素与灯盏乙素的双向转运Papp具有高度一致性,两者Papp(A-B)均小于1×10-6cm.s-1,流出率ER均大于2。结论采用生物活性法测定灯盏花素Papp具可行性。灯盏花素在Caco-2细胞单层吸收上存在明显外排,这可能是其生物利用度极低的重要原因。     

灯盏花素的抗氧化作用及拮抗硒对大鼠肝脏毒性的研究

目的　探讨灯盏花素对人类允许的最高摄入量 (UL upperlimitofintake)硒所致毒性的拮抗作用。 方法　采用体外化学发光法测定灯盏花素清除亚硒酸钠 (Na2 SeO3)产生的活性氧自由基 (ROS)的能力、动物模型研究灯盏花素对大鼠肝脏丙二醛 (MDA)含量、抗氧化酶活性及组织病理学损伤的影响。结果　体外实验表明灯盏花素能有效清除由Na2 SeO3产生的ROS。动物实验中补UL硒及灯盏花素组大鼠肝脏MDA含量低于仅补UL硒组 ;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH Px)活性高于仅补UL硒组 ;肝组织切片显示受损伤程度与仅补UL硒组相比减轻。结论　灯盏花素能有效拮抗UL硒所致的毒性 ,其机制与灯盏花素清除硒产生的ROS的作用有关     

基于转录组学研究野黄芩苷对代谢相关脂肪性肝病的作用及潜在机制

目的 研究野黄芩苷对代谢相关脂肪性肝病（MAFLD）大鼠的改善作用,并基于转录组学探讨潜在机制。方法 将大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和野黄芩苷低、高剂量（50、100 mg·kg^-1）组,采用高脂饮食（HFD）饲喂16周诱导NAFLD大鼠模型,从第8周开始按分组对应ig给药,实验结束后测定体质量及肝脏指数;采用试剂盒检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）、总胆固醇（TC）和三酰甘油（TG）水平;采用苏木素-伊红（HE）、油红O和Masson染色检查肝脏病理变化;采用转录组学技术分析肝脏基因表达。结果 与对照组比较,模型组大鼠16周体质量、肝脏质量及肝脏指数明显增加（P＜0.01）;血清中ALT、AST、TC和TG水平明显升高（P＜0.01）;肝脏出现结构性损伤、脂肪变性及气球样变等病理改变,红色脂滴和蓝色胶原纤维明显变多。与模型组比较,野黄芩苷组大鼠16周体质量、肝脏质量及肝脏指数明显降低（P＜0.05、0.01）;肝损伤及血脂相关指标水平明显恢复（P＜0.05、0.01）;肝脏病理改变趋于正常,红色脂滴和蓝色胶原纤维减少。转录组学结果显示,对照组与模型组间有622个差异表达基因,模型组与野黄芩苷组间有579个差异表达基因,这其中有238个共有差异表达基因,并调控环磷酸鸟苷（cGMP）/蛋白激酶G（PKG）、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（PI3K）/蛋白激酶B（Akt）、松弛素、晚期糖基化终末产物（AGE）-糖基化终末产物受体（RAGE）、钙、胰岛素抵抗和Hippo等信号通路。结论 野黄芩苷可能通过作用于肝脏238个基因,调控cGMP/PKG、PI3K/Akt、松弛素、AGE-RAGE、钙、胰岛素抵抗和Hippo等信号通路发挥对NAFLD大鼠的改善作用。     

Effect of scutellarin on nitric oxide production in early stages of neuron damage induced by hydrogen peroxide.

The aims of the present study were to investigate the regulatory function of scutellarin on production of nitric oxide (NO) as well as activities of constitutive NO synthase (cNOS) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in early stages of neuron damage induced by hydrogen peroxide. Direct detection of NO production was performed on primary cultures of living rat neuronal cells with an electrochemical sensor. Hydrogen peroxide significantly increased culture supernatant levels of NO, the total integral value of the defined areas (500-6500 sxpA) reached 3.68 x 10(6). Pre-treatment with scutellarin, caused the total integral value to decrease in a dose-dependent fashion (3.24 x 10(6), 2.15 x 10(6), 1.84 x 10(6) for groups 10, 50, and 100 uM scutellarin, respectively). After exposure to 2.0mM hydrogen peroxide for 2h, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, a marker of lipid peroxidation, was remarkably increased. The elevation can be suppressed by scutellarin. Hydrogen peroxide also caused significant loss of neuron viability. In comparison with the control group, scutellarin significant attenuated the loss. Results also showed that hydrogen peroxide increased activity of cNOS, which was markedly inhibited by scutellarin. However, exposure of neuronal cells to hydrogen peroxide did not lead to an increase in iNOS activity. In conclusion, our results suggest that NO production, which increased in early stages of neuron damage induced by hydrogen peroxide can be effectively inhibited by scutellarin. Moreover, our results indicate that increase in NO production is mediated by cNOS.     

The protective action of scutellarin against immunological liver injury induced by concanavalin A and its effect on pro-inflammatory cytokines in mice

Scutellarin is a natural compound from a Chinese herb. The purpose of this paper was to study the protective effect of scutellarin on concanavalin A (Con A)-induced immunological liver injury and its effect on liver nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in mice. Mouse liver injury was produced by injection of Con A 25 mg kg-1 via the tail vein. Scutellarin 50 or 100 mg kg-1 was peritoneally administered to mice 9 or 1 h before injection of Con A. The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and asparatate aminotransferase (AST), NO2-/NO3- and TNF-alpha were determined with biochemical kits, and ELISA using Quantikine Mouse TNF-alpha kit according the manufacturer's instructions. Liver lesions were examined by light microscope. The expression of TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, iNOS and Fas mRNA in the livers was detected by RT-PCR; and the expression of c-Fos, c-Jun, iNOS and IkappaB proteins was measured by Western Blotting. As a result, pretreatment with scutellarin 100 mg kg-1 significantly decreased the serum ALT, AST, NO2-/NO3- and TNF-alpha levels, and also reduced liver lesions induced by Con A. Scutellarin 100 mg kg-1 down-regulated expression of TNF-alpha and iNOS mRNA, and c-Fos, c-Jun and iNOS protein, while scutellarin enhanced the degradation of IkappaB in the livers of mice injected with Con A. The results suggest that scutellarin has a protective action against Con A-induced liver injury in mice, and its active mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the NF-kappaB-TNF-alpha-iNOS transduction pathway.     

灯盏花乙素通过调节线粒体融合-分裂平衡抑制氧糖剥夺/复糖复氧诱导的N2a细胞焦亡

目的: 探讨灯盏花乙素对氧糖剥夺/复氧复糖(OGD/R)诱导的N2a细胞焦亡的影响及作用机制。方法: 建立N2a细胞OGD/R损伤模型,设立对照组、模型组、灯盏花乙素给药组和线粒体分裂抑制剂Mdivi-1组。通过CCK-8检测N2a细胞增殖能力,检测各组细胞培养基中LDH和IL-1β水平,通过JC-1探针检测线粒体膜电位,Western blot检测线粒体融合分裂关键蛋白(Drp-1、Mfn-1、Mfn-2、OPA-1)和细胞焦亡标志蛋白(Caspase-1、NLRP-3和GSDMD)表达。结果: 与对照组相比,OGD/R可显著降低N2a细胞活力,灯盏花乙素可明显提高N2a细胞活力。与模型组相比,灯盏花乙素可减少LDH的释放,降低Caspase-1和IL-1β水平,提高线粒体膜势能,降低Drp-1的表达水平,上调Mfn-1、Mfn-2和OPA-1的表达,并减少细胞焦亡关键蛋白NLRP-3和GSDMD的表达。进一步给予Drp-1抑制剂Mdivi-1,与模型组相比,Mdivi-1可明显提高线粒体膜势能,减少Caspase-1、NLRP-3和GSDMD的表达。结论: 灯盏花乙素可通过抑制线粒体过度分裂,改善线粒体融合-分裂失衡与功能异常,进而缓解OGD/R所致N2a细胞焦亡。     

人肝细胞刺激因子对环磷酰胺致S180荷瘤小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

目的：肝细胞刺激因子（HSS）对环磷酰胺（CP）致S180荷瘤小鼠化疗性肝损伤的保护作用及可能机理。方法：采用S180荷瘤小鼠，观察HSS对CP化疗后S180荷瘤小鼠血清生化指标和肝组织匀浆氧化及抗氧化指标、肝组织病理学以及S180瘤重的影响。结果：HSS明显降低CP化疗组S180荷瘤小鼠肝组织丙二醛（MDA）含量，使肝组织谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（GST）和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）活性升高；血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性，HSS治疗组与对照组、CP化疗组比较均无显著性差异；病理学检查发现CP化疗组肝组织点状及小灶性坏死．坏死区及汇管区大量炎性细胞浸润，HSS可部分逆转这些变化；HSS治疗组瘤重与CP化疗组瘤重无显著性差异。结论：CP可致S180荷瘤小鼠化疗性肝损伤，HSS具有保护作用，其抗损伤机制可能与抗氧化应激有关。     

Study on the role of hepatic first-pass elimination in the low oral bioavailability of scutellarin in rats

In the present study, we compared the systemic exposure of scutellarin following intraportal with intravenous administration to understand the contribution of presystemic hepatic elimination to the low oral bioavailability. Results showed that the hepatic first-pass elimination of scutellarin played an insignificant role in the presystemic elimination of orally administered scutellarin. Moreover, our results suggested that the site of first pass extraction was not the liver, but the gastrointestinal tract.     

Protective effects of scutellarin and breviscapine on brain and heart ischemia in rats

Scutellarin is an active molecule existing in Erigeron breviscapus (vant.) Hand-Mazz. The present work was designed to study the antiischemic effects of scutellarin and its mixture with another substance, breviscapine, in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Ligature of left anterior descending arteries was performed to induce acute myocardial infarction (MI), and the middle cerebral artery occlusion was created to induce focal cerebral ischemia. The MI size was significantly reduced by scutellarin (15 and 50 mg/kg) but not by breviscapine (5 to 50 mg/kg); the effect of scutellarin on the anti-MI was dose-dependent. Compared with control group, scutellarin (50 mg/kg) reduced the myocardium cell apoptosis in MI rats. The two drugs together (5 to 50 mg/kg) significantly reduced infarction size in focal brain ischemic rats (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences among the 3 dosages in breviscapine-treated rats, and the effect of scutellarin on the anticerebral ischemia was dose-dependent. The results demonstrate that the protective effects of scutellarin on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular ischemia were better than its mixture, breviscapine, in rats.     

茵陈蒿汤对实验性肝纤维化大鼠肝细胞的保护作用及超微结构观察

目的 :观察茵陈蒿汤对实验性肝纤维化大鼠肝细胞损伤的保护作用及超微结构变化。方法 :Wistar大鼠被随机分为 4组 :正常对照组、CCl4 模型组、秋水仙碱组、茵陈蒿汤组。采用 4 0 % CCl4 皮下注射制备大鼠实验性肝纤维化模型 ,观察茵陈蒿汤对肝功能、肝脏组织病理变化和超微结构变化的影响。结果 :茵陈蒿汤能明显改善实验性肝纤维化大鼠的肝功能、肝脏组织病理变化和超微结构变化 ,与 CCl4 组比较差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :茵陈蒿汤对 CCl4 损伤性肝细胞有保护作用 ,可改善肝功能 ,对线粒体等细胞器的损伤具有保护作用     

丹参素保护肝损伤作用及其作用机制的实验研究

目的探讨丹参素(DSS)保护肝损伤的作用及其可能机制。方法用硫代乙酰胺(TAA)构建急性重型肝损伤大鼠模型。24只雄性Wistar大鼠分为3组:正常对照组(N组),TAA组,TAA+DSS组。检测实验各组血浆内毒素、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)水平的变化判定肝功能情况;检测肝组织匀浆血栓素B2(TXB2)、6-酮-前列环素1α(6-keto-PGF1α)的含量判定肝脏微循环变化;HE染色显示肝组织形态学改变,Weigert染色显示肝脏血管内微血栓。结果TAA+DSS组与TAA组相比,ALT、LDH、内毒素水平及TXB2含量均明显减少,6-keto-PGF1α含量明显升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);HE染色显示TAA组可见肝细胞点片状坏死、大量的炎性细胞浸润;TAA+DSS组上述改变均明显减轻;Weigert染色显示TAA组微血栓计数明显增加,TAA+DSS组较前明显减少(P<0.01)。结论丹参素通过降低肠源性内毒素水平,改善肝脏微循环障碍,从而减轻急性重型肝损伤。