离子色谱法同时测定饮用水消毒副产物亚氯酸盐、溴酸盐和氯酸盐的研究

目的建立离子色谱法同时测定饮用水消毒副产物(亚氯酸盐、溴酸盐和氯酸盐)的方法。方法选用Ionpac AS19阴离子分析柱,在线产生8~45mmol/L KOH为淋洗液,大体积进样,梯度淋洗,流速0.80mL/min,电导检测器检测。结果亚氯酸盐和氯酸盐在0~1.50mg/L、溴酸盐在0~0.15mg/L范围内线性良好,精密度高(RSD2.0%)。亚氯酸盐相关系数r=0.9998,回收率92.7%~101.5%,最低检出限0.22μg/L;溴酸盐r=0.9997,回收率97.2%~101.8%,最低检出限0.47μg/L;氯酸盐r=0.9999,回收率94.5%~101.7%,最低检出限0.27μg/L。结论离子色谱法可用于饮水消毒副产物亚氯酸盐、溴酸盐和氯酸盐的同时检测,而且简单、快速、灵敏。     

离子色谱法同时测定饮用水中五种消毒副产物方法研究

目的建立离子色谱法同时测定饮用水中五种消毒副产物亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐、溴酸盐、二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸的方法。方法采用氢氧根淋洗系统,选用IonPac AS19阴离子分析柱,电导检测器检测饮用水中的五种消毒副产物。结果在8～45 mmol/L KOH梯度淋洗,流速0.80 ml/min,柱温25℃,进样体积500μl条件下,亚氯酸盐和氯酸盐在0～1.50 mg/L,溴酸盐、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸在0～0.15 mg/L范围内线性良好,5种消毒副产物精密度高(RSD3.0%)。各组分相关系数0.999 5～0.999 9,回收率90.0%～100.6%;方法最低检出限在0.199～1.25μg/L。结论离子色谱法适用于饮用水中消毒副产物亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐、溴酸盐、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸的同时检测。     

离子色谱法测定水中典型消毒副产物和6种阴离子

为确保饮水安全,消毒剂已广泛使用在饮水生产领域。随着消毒剂种类和消毒方式的增加,各种消毒副产物给饮水卫生带来新的危害。我国生活饮用水卫生标准(GB5749-2006)中,将亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐、溴酸盐列为常规监测项目,对其在水中的最大允许浓度做了明确的限量,氯酸盐、亚氯酸盐均为0.7 mg/L;溴酸盐0.01 mg/L;非常规项目二氯乙酸0.05 mg/L,三氯乙酸0.1 mg/L,饮用天然矿泉水标准(GB8537-2008)规定溴     

离子色谱法测定生活饮用水中氟化物的不确定度影响因素

目的建立离子色谱法测定生活饮用水中氟化物不确定度的评定方法,找出其主要影响因素。方法根据《生活饮用水标准检验方法无机非金属指标》(GB/T 5750.5—2006)建立数学模型,从样品重复测量过程、标准曲线校准过程、标准溶液稀释过程和标准系列配制过程来讨论各不确定度分量。结果 12次重复测定生活饮用水中氟化物含量均值为0.934 mg/L,其扩展不确定度为0.042 mg/L,k=2。结论标准系列配制过程对扩展不确定度的影响较大,是测量不确定度的主要影响因素。     

离子选择电极标准加入法测定水中氟化物的不确定度

JJF1135-2005《化学分析测量不确定度评定》中对测量不确定度定义为表征合理的赋予被测量之值的分散性,与测量结果相联系的参数[1],不确定度的评定已成为理化检验人员的基本技能.氟化物的测定常采用标准曲线法和标准加入法定量,采用标准曲线法评定不确定度已有文献报道[2-7],庞敏晖等所写文章《连续标准加入法测定焚烧飞灰中氟化物的不确定度分析》[8]实际上还是采用标准曲线法进行评定,采用标准加入法的不确定度的分析尚未见报道.文章根据JJF1135-2005《化学分析测量不确定度评定》的要求,对离子选择电极标准加入法测定生活饮用水中氟化物进行不确定度的评定.     

大体积直接进样离子色谱法同时测定饮用水中亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐和溴酸盐

目的 建立大体积直接进样离子色谱法同时测定生活饮用水中亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐和溴酸盐的方法。方法 采用IonPac AS19阴离子交换色谱柱为分离柱,通过EGC Ⅲ KOH淋洗液自动发生器在线产生KOH淋洗液,大体积直接进样,以梯度淋洗的方式同时测定生活饮用水中亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐和溴酸盐。结果 方法的线性范围亚氯酸盐和氯酸盐在25.0～800 μg/L,溴酸盐为2.00～80.0 μg/L,线性相关系数为0.9987～0.9999,3种物质检出限均为1 μg/L,回收率为98.2%～101%之间。将该方法运用于英国FAPAS生活饮用水中氯酸盐、溴酸盐、亚氯酸盐检测的能力验证中,结果（Z≤2）均为满意,其中溴酸盐的Z值为0。结论 本方法操作简单,分离效果好,灵敏度高,准确度好,精密度高,可用于饮用水中亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐和溴酸盐的检测。     

水中氯化物离子色谱法测定结果的不确定度评定

[目的]评定水中氯化物离子色谱法测定结果的不确定度。[方法]参照我国推行的ISO/IEC导则25 (ISO17025)《校准和检测实验室能力的通用要求》,对氯化物标准溶液浓度的标准不确定度、被测样品峰面积的标准不确定度、标准溶液峰面积的标准不确定度分别量化、合成和扩展,对水中氯化物离子色谱法测定结果的不确定度进行评定。[结果]实验综合各不确定度因素,利用数学模型进行量化,计算得到相对扩展不确定度(Urel)为2.4%。[结论]在利用离子色谱法测定水中氯化物实验中,结果不确定度为测定结果的2.4%。     

水中五种消毒副产物的质控样品研制

目的研制模拟自来水中亚氯酸盐、溴酸盐、二氯乙酸、氯酸盐和三氯乙酸五种消毒副产物的质控样品,为准确地测定饮用水中五种消毒副产物的浓度提供质量控制保障。方法分别称取一定量的亚氯酸钠、溴酸钠、二氯乙酸、氯酸钠和三氯乙酸溶于1%氢氧化钠水溶液中,配制成两个不同浓度的溶液,分装于安瓿瓶中。从每个浓度随机选取10个样品测定其中五种消毒副产物的浓度。选取部分样品分别保存于4℃和40℃,分别在不同的时间每次选取3个样品测定其中五种消毒副产物的浓度。结果水中两个不同浓度的亚氯酸盐、溴酸盐、二氯乙酸、氯酸盐和三氯乙酸的分布是均匀的,RSD为0.35%~1.23%。五种消毒副产物4℃保存的稳定期≥90 d,在40℃保存条件下,除了溴酸盐,其他四种化合物的稳定期低于7 d。水溶液p H值调整为1.8时,水中亚氯酸盐、溴酸盐和二氯乙酸的浓度明显降低,而氯酸盐的浓度稍有升高。结论在4℃保存的条件下,水中的五种消毒副产物具有较好的均匀性和稳定性,可用于饮用水中消毒副产物整个测定过程的质量控制和实验室的能力验证。     

生活饮用水中亚氯酸盐、溴酸盐和氯酸盐的检测

随着给水处理技术的发展和人们对饮用水水质的重视,紫外线、臭氧和二氧化氯等消毒技术在饮用水消毒中的应用日益广泛。然而,消毒剂和生活饮用水中天然有机物、无机物反应可生成消毒副产物,例如亚氯酸盐、溴酸盐和氯酸盐。     

广州市售瓶装饮用水3种消毒副产物含量分析

[目的]调查广州市售瓶装饮用水溴酸盐(BrO3-)、亚氡酸盐(ClO2-)、氯酸盐(ClO3-)这3种消毒副产物(disinfection by-products,DBPs)的含量状况.[方法]用离子色谱仪同时测定这3种消毒副产物含量,选用Dionex Ionpac AS19-2mm型分析柱.RFIC淋洗液在线发生器在线生成KOH淋洗液进行梯度淋洗,抑制型电导检测器,进样体积为200 μl.[结果]广州市售瓶装水中BrO3-、CIO2-、lO3-含量均未超标,但部分瓶装矿泉水中BrO3-含量较高.[结论]应关注瓶装矿泉水中BrO3-、ClO2-、lO3-的日常监测.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.