模拟运动病大鼠中枢NE、5－HT、GABA和Glu含量的变化

本研究以正负交变加速度旋转刺激制备大鼠运动病模型，并测定发病前后大鼠脑内ＮＥ、５－ＨＴ、ＧＡＢＡ和Ｇｌｕ的含量，以探讨脑觉醒状态与运动病的机理和抗运动病作用的关系。结果：运动病组大鼠与对照组比较，脑干ＮＥ含量降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），大脑及脑干内５－ＨＴ含量增加（Ｐ＜０．０５），脑干及小脑内Ｇｌｕ含量显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示运动病的发生与中枢神经系统抑制作用增强、脑兴奋性或觉醒程度降低有关。     

运动病的中枢及外周递质能机制探讨

采用绕垂直轴交替加速，减速旋转刺激诱发大鼠运动病的模型，测定了大鼠间脑和延桥脑内去甲肾上腺素，紧上腺素和５－羟色胺的含量，以及脑内乙酰胆碱酯酶的活性变化。同时测定了外周血液中乙酰胆碱，ＮＡ和Ａ的含量及红血球ＡｃｈＥ活性的变化。     

“神乐康”对原油蒸气染毒大鼠脑单胺类递质的影响

目的：探讨“神乐康”对原油蒸气急性染毒大鼠脑内单胺类神经递质的影响。方法：用ＨＰ－５８９０气相色谱仪测定油气浓度。染毒大鼠置于含原油蒸气３０ｇ／ｍ￣３的染毒室内８小时，然后用荧光分光光度计法检测脑组织中单胺类递质含量。结果：单纯染毒大鼠脑内去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）降低，多巴胺（ＤＡ）和５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）增高，预先饲服“神乐康”的染毒大鼠脑内ＤＡ和５－ＨＴ较单纯染毒组明显降低，ＮＥ变化不明显。结论：“神乐康”可在一定程度上保持和恢复大鼠脑内单胺类递质的平衡，因而对原油蒸气所致神经衰弱症具有一定的治疗作用。     

脑损伤后脑和血清5－HT及5－HIAA含量与免疫组化研究

采用荧光分光仪检测了脑损伤后不同时间脑皮质及血清中５－羟色胺（５－ＨＴ）及５－羟吸哚醋酸（５－ＨＩＡＡ）含量，并应用免疫组化（ＡＢＣ）方法对脑内５－ＨＴ代谢变化进行定位和定性研究。结果：脑损伤后６ｈ，脑皮质中５－ＨＴ和５－ＨＩＡＡ含量上升（１．９９±０．３５和２．８４±０．７５μｇ／ｇ）。伤后４８ｈ，５－ＨＴ含量达高峰（４．２９±０．４４）；而５－ＨＩＡＡ含量于伤后２４ｈ即达高峰（５．４８±０．４１）。血清中５－ＨＴ含量变化不明显；５－ＨＡＡ含量升高较明显。免疫组化观察发现，脑损伤后６～２４ｈ，脑干中缝核群５－ＨＴ能神经元中５－ＨＴ变化不明显，伤后７２ｈ开始减少。脑损伤后，脑微血管壁中５－ＨＴ明显增多，血管周围间隙扩大，脑水肿加剧。提示脑内５－ＨＴ代谢紊乱是导致外伤性脑水肿，加剧脑继发性损害的重要因素之一。     

中华航海医学杂志1994年第1卷主题词索引

中华航海医学杂志１９９４年第１卷主题词索引（按汉语拼音字母顺序排列）Ａｒ－氨基丁酸＊模拟运动病大鼠中枢ＮＥ、５－ＨＴ、ＧＡＢＡ和Ｇｌｕ含量的变化（金淑仪等）（１）：１７氨基酸类原油蒸气吸入对大鼠氨基酸代谢的影响（顾君一等）（４）：２１１Ｃ插管法，气管...     

晕复静对豚鼠诱发性运动病的作用

目的探讨中成药晕复静对豚鼠诱发性运动病的作用。方法将１５只健康豚鼠分成三组：Ａ组（ｎ＝５）肌注庆大霉素（２５０ｍｇｋｇ－１ｄ－１）３天；Ｂ组（ｎ＝５）口服抗眩晕中药晕复静１片后１ｈ；Ｃ组（ｎ＝５）给动物口服安慰剂１片，１ｈ后进行正弦摆动下的眼震电图（ＥＮＧ）记录和加速度旋转过程中胃电图（ＥＧＧ）记录，与平静状态下和用药前的记录相比较，并用电镜进行内耳形态学观察。结果①旋转加速度刺激使ＥＧＧ振幅明显增加。②当前庭性眼震明显减弱，前庭终器部分受损时，加速度刺激不能诱发豚鼠的ＥＧＧ变化。③晕复静能降低前庭摆动性眼震和旋转加速度刺激引起的ＥＧＧ振幅变化。结论旋转加速度可做为豚鼠运动病的诱发方式。ＥＧＧ振幅的改变可做为豚鼠运动病模型的客观评判指标。晕复静确能有效地抑制豚鼠诱发性运动病的前庭眼反射和前庭植物神经反射。     

核因子-κB活化对肿瘤坏死因子表达的调控

为观察脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）处理单核细胞（Ｍ）后对核因子－κＢ抑制蛋白（ＩκＢα）降解,ＮＦ－κＢ活化及α肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦα）表达的影响,分离、培养Ｍ,分为正常对照组和ＬＰＳ刺激组（ＬＰＳ１０μｇ／ｍ ｌ）;分别在刺激前（０）、刺激后１５、３０ｍ ｉｎ 和１、２、４ｈ,留取Ｍ 和细胞培养上清。检测Ｍ ＩκＢ水平和核提取物中ＮＦ－κＢ的活性和细胞培养上清中ＴＮＦα的含量。结果发现,ＬＰＳ刺激组ＩκＢ水平１５ｍ ｉｎ 开始降低,３０ｍ ｉｎ 降到最低值;ＮＦ－κＢ活性在３０ｍ ｉｎ～４ｈ 显著增高,峰值在刺激后１～２ｈ;ＬＰＳ刺激后１～２ｈ,ＴＮＦα显著升高（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,峰值在刺激后１ｈ。ＮＦ－κＢ活性与ＴＮＦα含量在刺激后１ｈ 峰值呈显著正相关（ｒ＝ ０．９０１,Ｐ＜ ０．０１）。结果提示, ＬＰＳ可诱导Ｍ 的ＩκＢ降解和ＮＦ－κＢ激活。ＮＦ－κＢ活化后可导致ＴＮＦα的基因转录和表达增加。     

重力变化对小鼠神经内分泌及免疫功能的影响

为研究航天特殊环境对机体神经内分泌免疫功能的影响，探讨了超重与模拟失重对小鼠脑递质去甲肾上腺素（ＮＡ）、多巴胺（ＤＡ）、五羟色胺（５～ＨＴ）、血浆皮质酮及淋巴细胞转化的影响。结果表明，３级起飞曲线峰值５Ｇ加速度（约８００Ｇｓ）作用后即刻ＮＡ、ＤＡ升高，皮质酮和Ｔ细胞转化增加，Ｂ细胞转化显著降低，作用后７２小时ＮＡ、ＤＡ、皮质酮恢复，Ｔ、Ｂ细胞转化明显升高，５－ＨＴ升高，作用后１４４小时ＮＡ、ＤＡ、５－ＨＴ均恢复正常组水平，皮质酮则明显降低，Ｔ、Ｂ细胞转化开始恢复，但仍高于正常对照组水平。模拟失重等因素作用１２ｄ，小鼠脑ＮＡ、ＤＡ升高，５－ＨＴ无变化，皮质酮明显升高，Ｔ、Ｂ细胞转化明显降低。     

模拟运动病大鼠脑干单胺类递质的变化

运动病由于前庭器官受刺激而引起的中枢及植物神经系统功能紊乱，表现为眩晕、恶心、呕吐、嗜睡及心率、皮肤温度改变等，发生时神经递质和激素-去甲肾上腺素（NA）、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）、5-羟色胺（5-HT）、血管紧张素等变化明显。Wood等。认为运动病的发生是由于中枢神经递质系统失去平衡造成的。本研究通过交变加速度旋转刺激制备大鼠运动病模型，观察运动病及适应过程中大鼠自主行为和脑干单胺类神经递质的改变，探讨运动病适应机理，为运动病的防治提供理论依据。     

运动病中某些激素和无机盐的变化

在平行秋千前庭刺激和大视野４５°／ｓ的垂直视动刺激下，观察了１０名男性健康人诱发的运动病症状和刺激前后尿中７种激素：抗利尿激素（ＡＶＰ）、皮质醇（ＣＯＲＴ）、醛固酮（ＡＬＤＯ）、血管活性肠肽（ＶＩＰ）、甲状腺素Ｔ４、去甲肾上腺素（ＮＥ）、肾上腺素（Ｅ），五种无机盐：钾（Ｋ）、钠（Ｎａ）、钙（Ｃａ）、镁（Ｍｇ）、磷（Ｐ）的含量的变化。结果表明：秋千和垂直视动刺激的两种不同刺激方式，在诱发运动病的敏感性程度上有不同的影响。平行秋千诱发的运动病症状严重程度高于垂直视动刺激；在秋千刺激下，８名被试者出现严重程度的（ＭⅠⅠⅠ）运动病症状；而视动刺激下，７名被试者只有轻度（Ｍ１）运动病症状。秋千实验后尿中ＡＶＰ、ＣＯＲＴ有显著性增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）。秋千刺激下，尿中ＡＶＰ含量增加与运动病症状之间有相关性。在视动刺激下，尿中ＡＬＤＯ、ＶＩＰ有显著性增加。甲状腺素Ｔ４、Ｅ、ＮＥ和五种无机盐（Ｋ，Ｎａ，Ｃａ，Ｍｇ，Ｐ）在秋千或视动刺激下未见显著性改变。结果提示，运动病中内分泌指标的测定对空间运动病的预测和航天员的选拔有一定的参考价值     

Catecholaminergic responses to rotational stress in rat brain stem: implications for amphetamine therapy of motion sickness

The fact that amphetamine, a noradrenaline releaser, prevents motion sickness leads the hypothesis of Wood and Graybiel that the noradrenergic neuron system in the brain stem acts against the development of motion sickness. To evaluate the hypothesis, the effects of rotational stress on the turnovers of noradrenaline and dopamine in the rat brain stem were examined. Rats were rotated about two axes simultaneously (double rotational) or about one axis (single rotation) for 60 min. Measurement of kaolin intake (pica) induced by rotation, as an index of motion sickness, showed that double rotation produced motion sickness, whereas single rotation did not. Both single and double rotation significantly increased the turnovers of noradrenaline and dopamine in the brain stem. However, there were no significant differences between the increases in catecholamine turnover induced by double and single rotations. Moreover, pretreatment of rats with methamphetamine (5 mg/kg) just before double rotation, which prevented the induction of motion sickness by double rotation, did not affect increases of the catecholamine turnover in the brain stem by double rotation. These findings do not support the hypothesis of Wood and Graybiel, suggesting that the catecholaminergic neuron systems in the brain stem are not involved in motion sickness and that the therapeutic effect of methamphetamine is not due to its direct effect on the brain stem.     

脑益嗪抗运动病时大鼠脑中c-fos基因表达水平的变化(论著)

目的：探讨脑益嗪抗运动病作用的神经中枢机理与脑细胞ｃ－ｆｏｓ基因表达的关系。方法：采用正负交变加速度旋转刺激ＳＤ大鼠制备运动病模型，为运动病组；在脑益嗪组，ＳＤ大鼠预先注射脑益嗪，１小时后如运动病组进行旋转刺激；正常ＳＤ大鼠作为对照组。用ｃ－ｆｏｓ基因探针对３组大鼠的大脑皮质、小脑皮质及脑干前庭区进行原位杂交。用免疫组化方法检测３组大鼠脑组织中Ｆｏｓ蛋白的含量。观察运动病组大鼠和脑益嗪组大鼠大脑皮质、小脑皮质和脑干前庭区脑细胞ｃ－ｆｏｓ基因表达变化。结果：大鼠实施刺激后这三种脑组织中ｃ－ｆｏｓ转录水平增高及Ｆｏｓ蛋白含量均增高。在脑益嗪组ｃ－ｆｏｓ基因表达水平和Ｆｏｓ蛋白含量均低于运动病组。结论：脑益嗪抗运动病的中枢机理之一可能与ｃ－ｆｏｓ基因快速表达有关。     

The effects of serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonists on gastric tachyarrhythmia and the symptoms of motion sickness

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the serotonin (5-HT3) receptor-antagonist antiemetics ondansetron and granisetron on the development of gastric tachyarrhythmia, nausea, and other symptoms of motion sickness. METHODS: In a double-blind, counterbalanced, repeated measures design, 12 motion sickness susceptible college students participated in 3 sessions with an intersession interval of 1 wk. Participants received either 8 mg of ondansetron, 2 mg of granisetron, or placebo 1 h before exposure to a rotating optokinetic drum. Electrogastrograms (EGGs) were recorded during a 6-min baseline period and a subsequent 16-min drum rotation period. Subjective symptoms of motion sickness (SSMS) were obtained every 3 min during drum rotation. RESULTS: During drum rotation, gastric tachyarrhythmia increased significantly more during the placebo condition than during either of the serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonist conditions. However, maximum SSMS scores were not different among conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The serotonin (5-HT3) receptor antagonists inhibited the development of tachyarrhythmia, but did not prevent the development of nausea and other symptoms of motion sickness. The antiemetics ondansetron and granisetron may act as gastric anti-dysrhythmics, but their ability to arrest the development of gastric tachyarrhythmia was not sufficient for the prevention of nausea.     

Adaptation to vection-induced symptoms of motion sickness

The visual-vestibular-proprioceptive sensory mismatch of vection provokes motion sickness in approximately 60% of healthy subjects. Approximately 60% of astronauts experience motion sickness in microgravity where vestibular/otolith function is altered. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which symptoms of motion sickness and tachygastria, an abnormal 4-9 cpm rhythm of the stomach, decrease or adapt during three repeated exposures to a rotating circular vection drum. Subjects sat in the drum for 45 min: 15 min baseline, 15 min drum rotation at 60 degrees.s-1, and 15 min recovery. Gastric myoelectric activity was continuously recorded with the electrogastrogram (EGG). Symptom reports were obtained during rotation. In Experiment I, 10 subjects were exposed to the drum 3 times with intersession intervals of 4-24 d. They failed to show adaptation based on subjective reports and all showed tachygastria. In Experiment II, 14 new subjects were exposed to the drum 3 times with intersession intervals of 48 h. The group experienced a reduction in symptoms and tachygastria with repeated exposure to the drum. Thus, symptomatic and physiological improvement occurred after training in subjects susceptible to vection-induced motion sickness. Preflight adaptation to visual-vestibular sensory mismatch may reduce motion sickness experienced in the environment of microgravity.     

偏心旋转刺激下大鼠前庭核c-fos表达的观察

目的 观察偏心旋转刺激下前庭核早期即刻基因Ｃ－ｆｏｓ的表达特征和抗运动病药物对这种表达的影响。方法 取ＳＤ大鼠１９只分为对照组,旋转组、药物组三组。庄园２组用偏心旋转刺激方式刺激６０ｍｉｎ;药物组在偏心旋转刺激前４５ｍｉｎ腹腔注射抗运动病药物盐酸扁桃桥哌酯（ＰＡＰＭ）,对照组不进行旋转刺激。用免疫组化法和图象分析技术对大鼠脑干前庭神经ｆｏｓ蛋白含量变化进行定量、定位、测定。结果 偏心旋转刺激。用免     

Serum levels of eleven steroid hormones following motion sickness

In order to grade motion sickness objectively, the following 11 adrenal hormones were investigated in subjects with different motion sickness susceptibility: Aldosterone, corticosterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, progesterone, 17-OH-progesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, cortisol, cortisone, testosterone, androstendione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Motion sickness was induced by the coriolis effect on a rotary chair. Both severe kinetosis after short rotation time and mild motion sickness after 30 min of rotation occurred together with small hormonal changes. Androstendione and 11-deoxycortisol appear to be sensitive indicators of motion sickness if the rotation time is taken into consideration. A significant increase of all hormones except progesterone, cortisone, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate was observed when pronounced malaise had come after a long rotation stress (24.6 min). The changes in plasma aldosterone concentration appeared to correlate with time only. The present study demonstrates that hormonal analysis can be helpful in estimating the degree of motion sickness.     

经皮穴位电刺激对跑台运动大鼠血浆氨基酸及中缝背核细胞外液5-HT含量的影响

目的:探讨经皮穴位电刺激(TEAS)对急性跑台运动大鼠血浆氨基酸及中缝背核(DRN)细胞外液5-HT含量的影响。方法:20只雄性SD大鼠行DRN立体定位术后,随机分为运动组(n=10)和TEAS组(n=10)。术后第2天,所有大鼠开始接受适应性运动,TEAS组介入TEAS治疗,取右侧足三里穴进行电针治疗,参数为连续波,频率2Hz,强度5mA,时间30min,每日1次,连续治疗6天。术后第7天,行微透析采样,收集基础液后进行急性跑台运动(先以10m/min的速度运动10min,在随后4min内将跑速调至24m/min并持续运动1h,坡度为0),微透析采样直至运动后5h。记录运动中毛刷刺激频次;采用脑微透析采样技术和高效液相电化学法(HPLC-ECD)连续观察运动前后大鼠DRN细胞外液5-HT水平动态变化;运动后5h时,采用高效液相紫外法(HPLC-UV)检测血浆氨基酸含量。结果:(1)TEAS组毛刷刺激频次显著低于运动组(P<0.05)。(2)与运动组比较,TEAS组大鼠血浆总色氨酸(T-TRP)和支链氨基酸(BCAA)含量变化不明显(P>0.05),而血浆游离色氨酸(f-TRP)含量(P<0.01)、f-TRP/T-TRP(P<0.01)和f-TRP/BCAA比值(P<0.05)显著降低。(3)运动组运动后即刻DRN细胞外液5-HT水平显著高于基础水平(P<0.05),在随后2h内降低,而在运动后3h和4h时又呈升高趋势,显著高于运动后2h时;TEAS组在运动后各时段均低于运动组,尤以运动后5h为显著(P<0.05)。结论:TEAS足三里穴可有效提高大鼠运动能力,可能通过降低血浆TRP游离度和f-TRP转运入脑,进而减少脑内5-HT的部分合成实现的。     

不同负荷跑台训练对大鼠脑神经介质含量的影响

本文观察了不同训练周期、不同负荷跑台训练对大鼠脑神经介质的影响。结果表明，长时期的耐力训练可使大鼠脑内ＮＥ和５－ＨＴ含量明显升高，ＤＯＰＡ含量明显下降。